1
|
Chang X, Li J, Mu J, Ma CH, Huang W, Zhu HF, Liu Q, Du LH, Zhong SC, Zhai ZH, Das S, Huang YL, Zhu GB, Zhu LG, Shi Q. Impact of the uniaxial strain on terahertz modulation characteristics in flexible epitaxial VO 2 film across the phase transition. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13243-13254. [PMID: 37157465 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exploring flexible electronics is on the verge of innovative breakthroughs in terahertz (THz) communication technology. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) with insulator-metal transition (IMT) has excellent application potential in various THz smart devices, but the associated THz modulation properties in the flexible state have rarely been reported. Herein, we deposited an epitaxial VO2 film on a flexible mica substrate via pulsed-laser deposition and investigated its THz modulation properties under different uniaxial strains across the phase transition. It was observed that the THz modulation depth increases under compressive strain and decreases under tensile strain. Moreover, the phase-transition threshold depends on the uniaxial strain. Particularly, the rate of the phase transition temperature depends on the uniaxial strain and reaches approximately 6 °C/% in the temperature-induced phase transition. The optical trigger threshold in laser-induced phase transition decreased by 38.9% under compressive strain but increased by 36.7% under tensile strain, compared to the initial state without uniaxial strain. These findings demonstrate the uniaxial strain-induced low-power triggered THz modulation and provide new insights for applying phase transition oxide films in THz flexible electronics.
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng T, Hu Y, Chang X, Huang W, Wang D, Zhu H, An T, Li W, Meng K, Lu X, Roul B, Das S, Deng H, Zaytsev KI, Zhu LG, Shi Q. Highly Flexible Ti 3C 2T x MXene/Waterborne Polyurethane Membranes for High-Efficiency Terahertz Modulation with Low Insertion Loss. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:7592-7601. [PMID: 36705674 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic control of terahertz (THz) wave transmission on flexible functional materials is a fundamental building block for wearable electronics and sensors in the THz range. However, achieving high-efficiency THz modulation and low insertion loss is a great challenge while maintaining the excellent flexibility and stretchability of the materials. Herein, we report a Ti3C2Tx MXene/waterborne polyurethane (WPU) membrane prepared by a vacuum-assisted filtration method, which exhibits excellent THz modulation properties across stretching. The hydrophilic Ti3C2Tx MXene and WPU enable the uniform 3D distribution of Ti3C2Tx MXene in the WPU matrix. Particularly, the stretchability with the maximum strain of the membranes can reach 200%, accompanied by dynamic tuning of THz transmittance for more than 90% and an insertion loss as low as -4.87 dB. The giant THz modulation continuously decreases with MXene content per unit area, accompanied by a lower density of the MXene interface and diminished THz absorption during stretching. Such a design opens a pathway for achieving flexible THz modulators with a high modulation depth and low insertion loss, which would be used for THz flexible and wearable devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tangdong Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiwen Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xue Chang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanxia Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Daoyuan Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongfu Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianyu An
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenping Li
- Qingdao QUNDA Terahertz Technology Co. Ltd, Qingdao266104, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Meng
- Qingdao QUNDA Terahertz Technology Co. Ltd, Qingdao266104, Shandong, China
| | - Xueguang Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Basanta Roul
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore560012, India
- Central Research Laboratory, Bharat Electronics Limited, Bangalore560013, India
| | - Sujit Das
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore560012, India
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kirill I Zaytsev
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russia Academy of Science, Vavilova Street 39, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Li-Guo Zhu
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang621900, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiwu Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Peng S, Lu X, Tang L, Chang X, Yan J, Shi Q, Chen K, Li J, Du L, Huang W. Thermal and mechanical THz modulation of flexible all-dielectric metamaterial. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:2644-2653. [PMID: 36785273 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of Terahertz (THz) modulation is critical for applications in high-speed wireless communications, security screening and so on. Therefore, it is particularly significant to obtain THz wave modulation devices with stable and flexible performance, easy manipulation of the modulation method, and multi-functionality. Here, we propose a flexible all-dielectric metamaterial by embedding zirconia (ZrO2) microspheres into a vanadium dioxide/polydimethylsiloxane (VO2/PDMS) composite, which can achieve thermal and mechanical tuning of THz wave transmission. When the temperature of the ZrO2/VO2/PDMS metamaterial increases, VO2 changes from the insulating phase to the metallic phase, and the 1st (at 0.304 THz) and 2nd (at 0.414 THz) order magnetic resonances exhibit the tunability of 20 GHz and 15 GHz, respectively. When stretched, the 1st and 2nd order magnetic resonances show the tunability of 12 GHz and 10 GHz, respectively. In the meantime, there are accompanying changes in transmittance at the resonances. The ZrO2/VO2/PDMS all-dielectric metamaterial presented in this work provides an alternative strategy for developing actively tunable, flexible, and versatile THz devices. In addition, it has the merits of simple preparation and low cost, promising large-area and rapid preparation of meta-arrays.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang J, Ding M, Cai W, Xu D, Park CB. Lightweight and flexible sensors based on environmental‐friendly poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) composite foams with porous segregated conductive networks. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Mingqi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Wenrui Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Dawei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Meng Q, Ding J, Peng B, Zhang B, Qian S, Su B, Zhang C. Terahertz modulation characteristics of three nanosols under external field control based on microfluidic chip. iScience 2022; 25:104898. [PMID: 36043051 PMCID: PMC9420507 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, with the widespread application of metamaterials in the terahertz (THz) modulation field, solid-state THz modulators have made breakthrough progress; however, there are still challenges in preparing flexible THz modulators with wide modulation bandwidths. In this study, a THz microfluidic chip was fabricated using cycloolefin copolymers with high transmission (90%) of THz waves. The THz modulation characteristics of TiO2, Ag, and Fe3O4 nanosols under the control of an optical field, electric field, and magnetic field, respectively, were investigated. Under the action of photogenerated carrier migration, colloidal electrophoresis, and magneto-optical effect, all three nanosols exhibit broadband modulation performance in the frequency range of 0.3–2.4 THz, and the maximum modulation depth is 24%, 33%, and 54%, respectively. Contrary to previous studies based on traditional solid-state materials, this study innovatively explores the possibility of modulating THz waves with liquid materials, laying the foundation for the application of flexible liquid-film THz modulators. THz broadband amplitude modulation of liquid nanosols under external fields Using a microfluidic chip to reduce the absorption of THz waves by hydrogen bonds The experimental results lay a foundation for liquid-film THz modulators
Collapse
|
6
|
Ren Z, Xu J, Liu J, Li B, Zhou C, Sheng Z. Active and Smart Terahertz Electro-Optic Modulator Based on VO 2 Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26923-26930. [PMID: 35652202 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modulating terahertz (THz) waves actively and smartly through an external field is highly desired in the development of THz spectroscopic devices. Here, we demonstrate an active and smart electro-optic THz modulator based on a strongly correlated electron oxide vanadium dioxide (VO2). With milliampere current excitation on the VO2 thin film, the transmission, reflection, absorption, and phase of THz waves can be modulated efficiently. In particular, the antireflection condition can be actively achieved and the modulation depth reaches 99.9%, accompanied by a 180° phase switching. Repeated and current scanning experiments confirm the high stability and multibit modulation of this electro-optic modulation. Most strikingly, by utilizing a feedback loop of "THz-electro-THz" geometry, a smart electro-optic THz control is realized. For instance, the antireflection condition can be stabilized precisely no matter what the initial condition is and how the external environment changes. The proposed electro-optic THz modulation method, taking advantage of strongly correlated electron material, opens up avenues for the realization of THz smart devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Ren
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jinyi Xu
- Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | | | - Bolin Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Chun Zhou
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Zhigao Sheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, HFIPS, Anhui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Feng T, Huang W, Zhu H, Lu X, Das S, Shi Q. Optical-Transparent Self-Assembled MXene Film with High-Efficiency Terahertz Reflection Modulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10574-10582. [PMID: 33605142 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of the terahertz (THz) wave is fundamental for its applications in next-generation communications, biological imaging, sensing, and so forth. Searching for higher efficient modulation is still in progress, although plenty of materials have been explored for tuning THz wave. In this work, optical-transparent self-assembled MXene films are used to modulate the THz reflection at the SiO2/MXene/air interface based on the impedance matching mechanism. By adjusting the number of stacked MXene layers/concentrations of MXene dispersions, the sheet conductivity of the MXene films will be changed so that the impedance at the SiO2/MXene/air interface can be tuned and lead to a giant modulation of THz reflection. Particularly, we demonstrate that the MXene films have highly efficient THz modulation from antireflection to reflection-enhancing with a relative reflection of 27% and 406%, respectively. This work provides a new pathway for developing the MXene films with the combination of optical-transparency and high smart THz reflection characteristics, and the films can be applied for THz antireflection or reflection-enhancing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tangdong Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanxia Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongfu Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xueguang Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Sujit Das
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Qiwu Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Kong Q, Yu H, Luo Z, Wang B. Design and fabrication of conductive composite films with high elasticity and strength using hybrid polymer matrix. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1793197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingning Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhonglin Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Biaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shin JH, Rhu H, Ji YB, Oh SJ, Lee W. Anodically Induced Chemical Etching of GaAs Wafers for a GaAs Nanowire-Based Flexible Terahertz Wave Emitter. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50703-50712. [PMID: 33125230 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A generic top-down approach for the preparation of extended arrays of high-aspect ratio GaAs nanowires (NWs) with different crystallographic orientations (i.e., [100] or [111]) and morphologies (i.e., porous, nonporous, tapered, or awl-like NWs) is reported. The method is based on the anodically induced chemical etching (AICE) of GaAs wafers in an oxidant-free aqueous HF solution at room temperature by using a patterned metal mesh and allows us to overcome the drawbacks of conventional metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) processes. Local oxidative dissolution of GaAs in contact with a metal is achieved by externally injecting holes (h+) into the valence band (VB) of GaAs through the metal mesh. It is found that injection of holes (h+) through direct GaAs contact, rather than the metal mesh, does not yield uniform nanowires but porosify GaAs wafers due to the high cell potential. On the basis of experiments and numerical simulation for the spatial distribution of an electric field, a phenomenological model that explains the formation of GaAs NWs and their porosification behaviors is proposed. GaAs NWs exhibit excellent terahertz (THz) wave emission properties, which vary with either the length or the shape of the nanowires. By taking advantage of controlled porosification and easy transfer of GaAs NWs to foreign substrates, a flexible THz wave emitter is realized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ho Shin
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Rhu
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Ji
- Gimhae Industry promotion & Bio-medical Foundation (GIBF), Gimhae, 50969 Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Oh
- YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Institute, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|