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Wang G, Zhou T, Sun X, Gao L, Yao X, Zhao B, Guo W. Study on Deformation Behavior of Glass in High-temperature Molding for Massive Unit Microlens Arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:43038-43048. [PMID: 39082273 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Microlens arrays (MLAs) with a large number of units, known as massive unit microlens arrays (MUMLAs), are increasingly sought after for their ability to achieve high-power conversion in infrared optical systems. Precision glass molding (PGM) is considered the ideal manufacturing method for MUMLAs. However, the stress distribution and deformation behavior during molding lack detailed understanding, resulting in poor filling consistency and forming accuracy. Consequently, this leads to inconsistent diffuse spot size and irradiance in MUMLAs. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the glass filling behavior during the molding process of MUMLAs using both simulation and experimental approaches. It explains the impact of glass filling behavior and consistency on the optical performance of MUMLAs. Additionally, the effects of molding parameters on the filling consistency of the lenses are investigated. By optimizing these parameters, a high-consistency 128 × 128 MUMLA is fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tianfeng Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xiuwen Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liheng Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weijia Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Xu M, Bian Z, Chen Q, Wang H, Chen C, Lu H. Polymeric microlens array formed on a discontinuous wetting surface using a self-assembly technique. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:4380-4385. [PMID: 38856617 DOI: 10.1364/ao.518091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a facile way to prepare polymeric microlens arrays (MLAs) based on a discontinuous wetting surface using a self-assembly technique. A patterned hydrophobic-octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) surface was prepared by U V/O 3 irradiation through a shadow mask. The area exposed to U V/O 3 irradiation turned highly hydrophilic, whereas the area protected by the mask remained highly hydrophobic, generating the patterned OTS surface. The surface energy of the OTS/glass surface changed from 23 to 72.8 mN/m after 17 min of U V/O 3 treatment. The scribing of the optical glue-NOA 81 onto the microhole array enabled one to obtain the MLAs due to the generation of the NOA 81 droplet array via the surface tension. After UV light curing, the cured NOA 81 droplet array with uniform dimensions within a large area exhibited excellent MLA characteristics. Moreover, the method developed in this study is simple in operation, low-cost, and requires neither a clean room nor expensive equipment.
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Xu M, Chen C, Chang X, Chen Q, Lu H. Dielectric Liquid Microlens Array with Tunable Focal Length Based on Microdroplet Array Created via Dip-Coating Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:5809-5817. [PMID: 38445621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
A dielectric liquid microlens array (LMA) with a tunable focal length was fabricated by using a microdroplet array generated through the dip-coating method. The process began with treating the octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) layer with selective UV/O3 irradiation for 20 min to establish a hydrophilic-hydrophobic patterning surface. The substrate was subsequently immersed in glycerol and then withdrawn at a constant rate to create a microdroplet array. Upon filling the cell with matching oil (SL5267) and placing it within a square array of a 200 μm diameter glycerol microdroplet array, the LMA was produced. The focal length ranged from approximately -0.96 to -0.3 mm within a voltage range of 0 to 60 Vrms. The glycerol microdroplets, characterized by their shapes, sizes, curvatures, and filling factors, can be precisely controlled by designing an OTS patterning or adjusting the dip-coating speed. This approach offers a rapid and high-throughput method for preparation. Our approach to fabricating tunable LMA offers several advantages, including simplicity of fabrication, uniform structural properties, cost-effectiveness, polarization independence, and excellent optical performance. These focus-tunable LMAs hold significant potential for applications in image processing, 3D displays, medical endoscopy, and military technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology, Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and Instrument, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Cuifen Chen
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology, Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and Instrument, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xueying Chang
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology, Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and Instrument, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qilong Chen
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology, Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and Instrument, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hongbo Lu
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology, Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center of Semiconductor Inspection Technology and Instrument, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Sun ZJ, Liu YQ, Wan JY, Liu XQ, Han DD, Chen QD, Zhang YL. Reconfigurable Microlens Array Enables Tunable Imaging Based on Shape Memory Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9581-9592. [PMID: 38332526 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Microlens arrays (MLAs) with a tunable imaging ability are core components of advanced micro-optical systems. Nevertheless, tunable MLAs generally suffer from high power consumption, an undeformable rigid body, large and complex systems, or limited focal length tunability. The combination of reconfigurable smart materials with MLAs may lead to distinct advantages including programmable deformation, remote manipulation, and multimodal tunability. However, unlike photopolymers that permit flexible structuring, the fabrication of tunable MLAs and compound eyes (CEs) based on transparent smart materials is still rare. In this work, we report reconfigurable MLAs that enable tunable imaging based on shape memory polymers (SMPs). The smart MLAs with closely packed 200 × 200 microlenses (40.0 μm in size) are fabricated via a combined technology that involves wet etching-assisted femtosecond laser direct writing of MLA templates on quartz, soft lithography for MLA duplication using SMPs, and the mechanical heat setting for programmable reconfiguration. By stretching or squeezing the shape memory MLAs at the transition temperature (80 °C), the size, profiles, and spatial distributions of the microlenses can be programmed. When the MLA is stretched from 0 to 120% (area ratio), the focal length is increased from 116 to 283 μm. As a proof of concept, reconfigurable MLAs and a 3D CE with a tunable field of view (FOV, 160-0°) have been demonstrated in which the thermally triggered shape memory deformation has been employed for tunable imaging. The reconfigurable MLAs and CEs with a tunable focal length and adjustable FOV may hold great promise for developing smart micro-optical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu-Qing Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory for UV Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xue-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qi-Dai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
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Deng Q, Yin K, Wang L, Zhang H, Huang Q, Luo Z, He J, Duan JA. One Droplet toward Efficient Alcohol Detection Using Femtosecond Laser Textured Micro/Nanostructured Surface with Superwettability. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300290. [PMID: 37140085 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol with different concentrations is commonly used in food, industry, and medicine fields all over the world. However, current methods for detecting alcohol concentration are restricted to large sample consumption, additional senergy consuming, or complex operations. Here, inspired by superwettability of lotus leaves, a superhydrophobic and superorganophilic surface is designed on the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for one droplet efficient alcohol detection, which is prepared via femtosecond laser direct writing technology. Meanwhile, the contact angles of droplets with various alcohol concentrations on the laser-treated PDMS (LTP) surface are different. Based on the above characteristic, alcohol concentration through contact angle measurement without any external energy is directly detected, which is simple and efficient. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the LTP surface remains stable wettability after 1000 water-ethanol cycles and 300 days tests in air, indicating strong surface repeatability and stability. Significantly, the LTP surface has a broad potential application in one droplet detecting alcohol concentration, fake or genuine wine, and alcohol molecules. This work provides a new strategy to fabricate a superwetting surface for efficient one droplet alcohol detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoqiao Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Devices, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Ji-An Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
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Liu Z, Hu G, Ye H, Wei M, Guo Z, Chen K, Liu C, Tang B, Zhou G. Mold-free self-assembled scalable microlens arrays with ultrasmooth surface and record-high resolution. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:143. [PMID: 37286533 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microlens arrays (MLAs) based on the selective wetting have opened new avenues for developing compact and miniaturized imaging and display techniques with ultrahigh resolution beyond the traditional bulky and volumetric optics. However, the selective wetting lenses explored so far have been constrained by the lack of precisely defined pattern for highly controllable wettability contrast, thus limiting the available droplet curvature and numerical aperture, which is a major challenge towards the practical high-performance MLAs. Here we report a mold-free and self-assembly approach of mass-production of scalable MLAs, which can also have ultrasmooth surface, ultrahigh resolution, and the large tuning range of the curvatures. The selective surface modification based on tunable oxygen plasma can facilitate the precise pattern with adjusted chemical contrast, thus creating large-scale microdroplets array with controlled curvature. The numerical aperture of the MLAs can be up to 0.26 and precisely tuned by adjusting the modification intensity or the droplet dose. The fabricated MLAs have high-quality surface with subnanometer roughness and allow for record-high resolution imaging up to equivalently 10,328 ppi, as we demonstrated. This study shows a cost-effective roadmap for mass-production of high-performance MLAs, which may find applications in the rapid proliferating integral imaging industry and high-resolution display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guangwei Hu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Huapeng Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Miaoyang Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhenghao Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kexu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Biao Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, 518110, China.
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Xu M, Xue Y, Li J, Zhang L, Lu H, Wang Z. Large-Area and Rapid Fabrication of a Microlens Array on a Flexible Substrate for an Integral Imaging 3D Display. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:10219-10227. [PMID: 36753424 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A curved integral imaging three-dimensional (3D) display attracts a lot of interest due to its enhanced 3D sense of immersion and wider viewing angle. In this paper, a microlens array (MLA) based on a flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrate was achieved by a straightforward, rapid, and low-cost technique. The reactive ion etching (RIE) process treated PET/CYTOP covered with a flexible mask to generate a hydrophilic-hydrophobic patterned surface. The well-designed arrays of confined adhesive droplets with a controlled geometry on a hydrophilic-hydrophobic patterned surface were formed using the blade-coating method. A flexible MLA with a diameter of 820 μm, a size of 5.3 cm × 5.1 cm, and a radius of curvature of 25 cm was fabricated and combined with a curved two-dimensional (2D) monitor to realize a lateral viewing range of 6.4 cm at a viewing distance of 25 cm, which is 4 times larger than with flat integral imaging 3D display system. The flexible MLA has the advantages of a controllable lens profile and large pitch, and it can be manufactured on a large scale. In addition, it provides a large viewing angle for the reconstructed 3D image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology, Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yingying Xue
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology, Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jing Li
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology, Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Lyudi Zhang
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology, Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hongbo Lu
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology, Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Academy of Opto-Electric Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology, Innovation Center of Anhui Province, National Engineering Laboratory of Special Display Technology, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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Wang L, Yin K, Deng Q, Huang Q, He J, Duan J. Wetting Ridge-Guided Directional Water Self-Transport. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2204891. [PMID: 36253156 PMCID: PMC9731720 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Directional water self-transport plays a crucial role in diverse applications such as biosensing and water harvesting. Despite extensive progress, current strategies for directional water self-transport are restricted to a short self-driving distance, single function, and complicated fabrication methods. Here, a lubricant-infused heterogeneous superwettability surface (LIHSS) for directional water self-transport is proposed on polyimide (PI) film through femtosecond laser direct writing and lubricant infusion. By tuning the parameters of the femtosecond laser, the wettability of PI film can be transformed into superhydrophobic or superhydrophilic. After trapping water droplets on the superhydrophilic surface and depositing excess lubricant, the asymmetrical wetting ridge drives water droplets by an attractive capillary force on the LIHSS. Notably, the maximum droplet self-driving distance can approach ≈3 mm, which is nearly twice as long as the previously reported strategies for direction water self-transport. Significantly, it is demonstrated that this strategy makes it possible to achieve water self-transport, anti-gravity pumping, and chemical microreaction on a tilted LIHSS. This work provides an efficient method to fabricate a promising platform for realizing directional water self-transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and DevicesSchool of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Kai Yin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and DevicesSchool of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance and Complex ManufacturingCollege of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Qinwen Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and DevicesSchool of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Qiaoqiao Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and DevicesSchool of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and DevicesSchool of Physics and ElectronicsCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
| | - Ji‐An Duan
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance and Complex ManufacturingCollege of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangsha410083P. R. China
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Xu M, Liu Y, Li S, Li J, Zhang L, Lu H. Vari-focal liquid microlens array using an electrically responsive fluid actuated by a ring array patterned electrode. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:9781-9787. [PMID: 36606806 DOI: 10.1364/ao.471528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A transparent fluid dibutyl adipate (DBA) is suitable for fabricating the adaptive lens due to its unique deformation under a direct current (DC) electric field. In this report, a DBA liquid microlens array (LMA) with a tunable focal length is demonstrated. A hydrophobic layer deposited in the ring array patterns on the electrode induced the formation of the DBA liquid microdroplets array self-assembly. The electronegative DBA liquid tends to move to the anode at a DC voltage. The proposed DBA LMA with a diameter of 100 µm can change its focal length from 0.92 to 1.42 mm when the voltage changes from 0 to 200 V. The response time is relatively fast (∼790m s). Due to the high optical transmittance (∼91%) and good thermal stability in the temperature range of -24.8-161.5∘C, our DBA LMA shows good focusing properties and has potential applications in the field of image processing, portable electronic devices, beam steering, ophthalmology, and 3D displays.
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Liang L, Hu X, Shi Y, Zhao S, Hu Q, Liang M, Ai Y. Tunable and Dynamic Optofluidic Microlens Arrays Based on Droplets. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14938-14946. [PMID: 36263633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microlens arrays (MLAs) are acquiring a key role in the micro-optical system, which have been widely applied in the fields of imaging processing, light extraction, biochemical sensing, and display technology. Compared with solid MLAs, liquid MLAs have received extensive attention due to their natural smooth interface and adjustability. However, manufacturing tunable liquid MLAs with ideal structures is still a key challenge for current technologies. In this paper, a novel and simple optofluidic method is demonstrated, enabling the tunable focusing and high-quality imaging of liquid MLAs. Tunable droplets are fabricated and self-assembled into arrays as the MLAs, which can be easily adjusted to focus, form images, and display different focal lengths. Tuning of MLAs' focusing properties (range from 550 to 5370 μm) is demonstrated by changing the refractive index (RI) of the droplets with a fixed size of 200 μm, which can be changed by adjusting the flow rates of the two branch streams. Also, the corresponding numerical apertures of the MLAs range from 0.026 to 0.26. Furthermore, the MLAs' functionality for microparticle imaging applications is also illustrated. Combining the MLAs with a 4× objective, microparticle imaging is magnified two times, and the resolution has also been improved on the original basis. Besides, both the size and RI of the MLAs in an optofluidic chip can be further adjusted to detect samples at different positions. These MLAs have the merits of high optical performance, a simple fabrication procedure, easy integration, and good tunability. Thus, it shows promising opportunities for many applications, such as adaptive imaging and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liang
- School of Physics and Electronic Technology, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu241000, China
| | - Xuejia Hu
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen361005, China
| | - Yang Shi
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou511443, China
| | - Shukun Zhao
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Qinghao Hu
- School of Physics & Technology, Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, China
| | - Minhui Liang
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore487372, Singapore
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Xu M, Li S, Li J, Zhang L, Lu H. Fabrication of a bionic compound eye on a curved surface by using a self-assembly technique. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:30750-30759. [PMID: 36242173 DOI: 10.1364/oe.467657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microlens arrays on curved surfaces are regarded as critical elements of bionic compound eyes (BCEs), which exhibit the comparative advantages of a wide field of view and tracking fast-moving objects. However, the fabrication of a curved microlens array is still challenging. Along these lines, in this work, a straightforward, rapid, and low-cost technique for the fabrication of curved microlens arrays is reported by using the self-assembly technique. A reactive ion etching process treated the surface of the curved polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate to generate a hydrophobic-hydrophilic pattern. Then, the curved microlens array can be realized by dewetting a liquid glue onto the substrate using the dip-coating method and followed by crosslinking. The proposed BCE structure consists of 2400 microlenses (400 - µm diameter and 440 - µm center distance) arranged in a hexagonal configuration on a curved PDMS surface (34 - mm diameter and 40.4 - mm curvature radius). A field-of-view of 50° was demonstrated, which has potential applications in various fields including imaging sensors, medical diagnostics, machine vision systems, and photodetectors.
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Yuan Y, Xu M, Wang X, Lu H, Qiu L. Polyvinyl alcohol microlens array obtained by solvent evaporation from a confined droplet array. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:10914-10919. [PMID: 35200853 DOI: 10.1364/ao.442508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microlens arrays (MLAs) were prepared, and the dynamics of contact lines and contact angles during confined PVA solution droplet evaporation were investigated by in situ optical microscopy. First, hydrophobic layers patterned with hydrophilic microholes array modified substrates were prepared by photolithography and coating methods. The flowing of PVA solution on the substrates formed droplets in each microhole self-assembly. The substrate was then heated to allow evaporation of the solvent. The results showed the contact line of confined droplets pinned at the junction between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas during the whole evaporation process. The apparent contact angle decreased nonlinearly during evaporation. The evaporation of PVA solution droplet in each microhole followed a constant contact radius mode, meaning constant contact area and declined contact angle during evaporation. After complete solvent evaporation, PVA formed a convex shape with convergent lens character in each microhole. In sum, the obtained PVA convex arrays with uniform sizes and good focusing properties would have potential applications in wavefront sensing, infrared focal plane detection or CCD array light accumulation, laser array scanning, laser display, optical fiber coupling, and many other optical systems.
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Zhang H, Qi T, Zhu X, Zhou L, Li Z, Zhang YF, Yang W, Yang J, Peng Z, Zhang G, Wang F, Guo P, Lan H. 3D Printing of a PDMS Cylindrical Microlens Array with 100% Fill-Factor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36295-36306. [PMID: 34293853 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrical microlens arrays (CMLAs) play a key role in many optoelectronic devices, and 100% fill-factor CMLAs also have the advantage of improving the signal-to-noise ratio and avoiding stray-light effects. However, the existing preparation technologies are complicated and costly, which are not suitable for mass production. Herein, we propose a simple, efficient, and low-cost manufacturing method for CMLAs with a high fill-factor via the electric-field-driven (EFD) microscale 3D printing of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). By adjusting the printing parameters, the profile and the fill-factor of the CMLAs can be controlled to improve their optical performance. The optical performance test results show that the printed PDMS CMLAs have good image-projecting and light-diffraction properties. Using the two printing modes of this EFD microscale 3D-printing technology, a cylindrical dual-microlens array with a double-focusing function is simply prepared. At the same time, we print a series of specially shaped microlenses, proving the flexible manufacturing capabilities of this technology. The results show that the prepared CMLAs have good morphology and optical properties. The proposed method may provide a viable route for manufacturing large-area CMLAs with 100% fill-factor in a very simple, efficient, and low-cost manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houchao Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Tianyu Qi
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Longjian Zhou
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Zhenghao Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Zhang
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Wenchao Yang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Zilong Peng
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
| | - Hongbo Lan
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Additive Manufacturing, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China
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Cai S, Sun Y, Chu H, Yang W, Yu H, Liu L. Microlenses arrays: Fabrication, materials, and applications. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:2784-2806. [PMID: 33988282 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microlenses have become an indispensable optical element in many optical systems. The advancement of technology has led to a wider variety of microlenses fabrication methods, but these methods suffer from, more or less, some limitations. In this article, we review the manufacturing technology of microlenses from the direct and indirect perspectives. First, we present several fabrication methods and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Then, we discuss the commonly used materials for fabricating microlenses and the applications of microlenses in various fields. Finally, we point out the prospects for the future development of microlenses and their fabrication methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxiang Cai
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yalin Sun
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Honghui Chu
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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Li Z, Xu M, Lu H, Ding Y. A polyvinyl alcohol microlens array with controlled curvature on discontinuous hydrophobic surface. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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