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Huang PC, Yang TJ, Lin CJ, Wang MY, Lin WC. Unraveling the Heat- and UV-Induced Degradation of Mixed Halide Perovskite Thin Films via Surface Analysis Techniques. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:11873-11887. [PMID: 38780396 PMCID: PMC11171447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have become one of the most promising materials in the new generation of solar cells. These perovskites can provide excellent photoelectric properties after a simple fabrication process. Although perovskite solar cells have achieved high power conversion efficiency, instability concerns regarding material exposure to heat, moisture, air, and UV light present hindrances to commercialization. In this study, three kinds of perovskites (MAPbI3, MAPbI3-xBrx, and MAPbI3-xClx) were used to investigate the crystal stability upon exposure to heat and UV light. SEM, XRD, and FTIR were used to observe the surface morphology, crystal structure, and functional groups of the perovskite thin films. XPS was used to examine the surface composition and chemical state of the perovskite thin films under different conditions. Among these three types of perovskites, it was found that the MAPbI3-xBrx crystal demonstrated the best stability. ToF-SIMS was used to confirm the molecular distribution of the MAPbI3-xBrx films upon exposure to heat and UV light at different depths. ToF-SIMS revealed that [Pb]+ and [PbI]+ aggregated at the interface between the perovskite and ITO substrate after 14 days of thermal treatment. On the other hand, [Pb]+ and [PbI]+ were distributed uniformly after 3 days of UV exposure. This study systematically analyzed and revealed the thermal- and UV-induced degradation process of three perovskite films by using surface analysis techniques. It was concluded that bromine-doped perovskite films had better stability, and UV light caused more severe damage than heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Ting-Jia Yang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chia-Jou Lin
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Man-Ying Wang
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Wei-Chun Lin
- Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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2
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Tsai KW, Madhaiyan G, Lai LH, Hsiao YT, Wu JL, Liao CY, Hou CH, Shyue JJ, Chang YM. Bulk-Heterojunction Adjustment Enables a Self-filtering Organic Photodetector with a Narrowband Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38004-38012. [PMID: 35960185 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Image-sensor technology is the foundation of many emerging applications, where the photodetector is designed to interact with incoming photons that have specific colors or wavelengths. A color filter is therefore crucial to enable the selective spectral response of the photodetector and to eliminate the crosstalk interference resulting from ambient lights. Unfortunately, a reduced detection sensitivity of the photodetector is inevitable due to an imperfect light filtering, which greatly limits the practical applications of selective-response photodetectors. Herein, we demonstrate a bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic composite featuring a self-filtering light responsive characteristic. Through a careful optimization of the BHJ film, the organic photodetector (OPD) demonstrates a high-selective spectral response to the infrared (IR) radiation without the need of applying a color filter. As a result, the self-filtering top-illuminated OPD exhibits a narrowband external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 53% with a narrow full width at half-maximum (fwhm) of 56 nm centering at 1080 nm. A high responsivity of 0.46 A W-1 is also achieved at 1080 nm wavelength due to the self-filtering characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuen-Wei Tsai
- Raynergy Tek Incorporation, 2F, 60, Park Ave. 2, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30844, Taiwan
| | - Govindasamy Madhaiyan
- Raynergy Tek Incorporation, 2F, 60, Park Ave. 2, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30844, Taiwan
| | - Lai-Hung Lai
- VisEra Technologies Company Limited, 12, Dusing Rd. 1, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu City 30078, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tang Hsiao
- Raynergy Tek Incorporation, 2F, 60, Park Ave. 2, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30844, Taiwan
| | - Jhao-Lin Wu
- Raynergy Tek Incorporation, 2F, 60, Park Ave. 2, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30844, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Yi Liao
- Raynergy Tek Incorporation, 2F, 60, Park Ave. 2, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30844, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Hou
- Research Center for Applied Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for Applied Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Chang
- Raynergy Tek Incorporation, 2F, 60, Park Ave. 2, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30844, Taiwan
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3
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Ma C, Xu F, Song T. Dual-Layered Interfacial Evolution of Lithium Metal Anode: SEI Analysis via TOF-SIMS Technology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20197-20207. [PMID: 35470659 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal battery has been considered as one of the most promising candidates for the next generation of energy storage systems due to its high energy density. However, the lithium metal may react with the electrolyte, resulting in the instability of the solid/liquid interface. The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer was found to affect the interface stability of the lithium metal anode; the real structure of SEI couldn't be accurately analyzed so far. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) has been thought as a powerful tool to carry out three-dimensional (3D) characterization and structural reconstruction at a high-resolution nanoscale, as well as detect ionized elements and molecule fragments at the ppb level due to its excellent sensitivity. Herein, we employed TOF-SIMS to investigate the chemical composition of SEI at the surface of the lithium metal anode after electrochemical cycles. We find that SEI is not a completely dense interface layer. The organic phase of SEI can accommodate part of the electrolyte, enhancing the lithium-ion conductivity. Meanwhile, SEI is an interface layer that changes with the state of the electrolyte, and this process of change is expressed by conventional characterization methods. However, the distribution of lithium salt can be analyzed by TOF-SIMS to judge the change degree of SEI. Our work provides significant guidance for accurately characterizing the SEI layer, as well as constructing a more realistic interface layer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xu
- BTR New Material Group Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518107, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Tinglu Song
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Tsai H, Huang H, Watt J, Hou C, Strzalka J, Shyue J, Wang L, Nie W. Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals Assembled in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Stable Blue Light Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105850. [PMID: 35289103 PMCID: PMC9108663 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
All inorganic cesium lead trihalide nanocrystals are promising light emitters for bright light emitting diodes (LEDs). Here, CsPb(BrCl)1.5 nanocrystals in metal-organic frameworks (MOF) thin films are demonstrated to achieve bright and stable blue LEDs. The lead metal nodes in the MOF thin film react with Cs-halide salts, resulting in 10-20 nm nanocrystals. This is revealed by X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Employing the CsPbX3 -MOF thin films as emission layers, bright deep blue and sky-blue LEDs are demonstrated that emit at 452 and 476 nm respectively. The maximum external quantum efficiencies of these devices are 0.72% for deep blue LEDs and 5.6% for sky blue LEDs. More importantly, the device can maintain 50% of its original electroluminescence (T50 ) for 2.23 h when driving at 4.2 V. Detailed optical spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy suggest that the ion migration can be suppressed that maintains the emission brightness and spectra. The study provides a new route for fabricating stable blue light emitting diodes with all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals.
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Grants
- 20210783ER Los Alamos National Laboratory, Laboratory Directed Research and Development program
- 20210533MFR Los Alamos National Laboratory, Laboratory Directed Research and Development program
- 89233218CNA000001 DOE office of Science by Los Alamos National Laboratory, Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy's NNSA
- MOST 108-2113-M-002-015-MY3 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- 108-2911-I-002-561 Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- AS-iMATE-109-31 Academia Sinica, Taiwan
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University
- DE-AC02-06CH11357 DOE Office of Science by Argonne National Laboratory
- Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsinhan Tsai
- Center for Integrated NanotechnologiesLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeleyCA94720USA
| | - Hsin‐Hsiang Huang
- Center for Condensed Matter SciencesNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - John Watt
- Center for Integrated NanotechnologiesLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Cheng‐Hung Hou
- Research Center for Applied ScienceAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X‐Ray Science DivisionArgonne National LaboratoryArgonneIL60439USA
| | - Jing‐Jong Shyue
- Research Center for Applied ScienceAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Leeyih Wang
- Center for Condensed Matter SciencesNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New MaterialsNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Wanyi Nie
- Center for Integrated NanotechnologiesLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
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Reddy V, Giri P, Tiwari JP. Degradation conceptualization of an innovative perovskite solar cell fabricated using SnO2 and P3HT as electron and hole transport layers. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02274e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The emerging consumer electronics market, indoor and building-integrated photovoltaics, has provided unique commercialization opportunities for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Despite PSCs' wonderful performance at the laboratory scale, commercialization may not...
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Lin WC, Lo WC, Li JX, Huang PC, Wang MY. Auger Electron Spectroscopy Analysis of the Thermally Induced Degradation of MAPbI 3 Perovskite Films. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:34606-34614. [PMID: 34963945 PMCID: PMC8697411 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organometal halide perovskites are highly promising materials for photovoltaic applications due to the rapid growth of power conversion efficiency in recent years. However, thermal stability is still a major hurdle for perovskite solar cells toward commercialization. Herein, we first explore the slow thermal response of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite crystal investigated via Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). AES image mapping directly observes the evolution of morphology and elemental distribution over time. The AES small spot analysis demonstrates the precise initial degradation position of perovskite with both information regarding physical changes in crystals and chemical changes in elemental bonding at the nanometer scale. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to confirm the surface chemical bonding and composition of the perovskite crystals. This work provides the first insights into the physical and chemical changes of perovskites investigated by AES upon long-term exposure to heat under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Lin
- Department
of Photonics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lianhai Rd., Gushan Dist., Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan (ROC)
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng
Chia University, No.
100, Wenhua Rd., Xitun Dist., Taichung City 407802, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Wei-Chun Lo
- Department
of Photonics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lianhai Rd., Gushan Dist., Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan (ROC)
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng
Chia University, No.
100, Wenhua Rd., Xitun Dist., Taichung City 407802, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Jun-Xian Li
- Department
of Photonics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lianhai Rd., Gushan Dist., Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan (ROC)
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Feng
Chia University, No.
100, Wenhua Rd., Xitun Dist., Taichung City 407802, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Pei-Chen Huang
- Department
of Photonics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lianhai Rd., Gushan Dist., Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Man-Ying Wang
- Department
of Photonics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lianhai Rd., Gushan Dist., Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan (ROC)
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7
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Probing Surface Information of Alloy by Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometer (ToF-SIMS) has been widely employed to acquire surface information of materials. Here, we investigated the alloy surface by combining the mass spectra and 2D mapping images of ToF-SIMS. We found by surprise that these two results seem to be inconsistent with each other. Therefore, other surface characteristic tools such as SEM-EDS were further used to provide additional supports. The results indicated that such differences may originate from the variance of secondary ion yields, which might be affected by crystal orientation.
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8
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Chu Y, Wang C, Ma L, Feng X, Wang B, Wu Y, Jia Y, Zhang M, Sun Y, Zhang H, Zhao G. Unveiling the photoluminescence regulation of colloidal perovskite quantum dots via defect passivation and lattice distortion by potassium cations doping: Not the more the better. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 596:199-205. [PMID: 33845227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have first demonstrated that the potassium cation doping effect on photoluminescence (PL) regulation of CH3NH3PbBr3 (CH3NH3+=MA+) colloidal perovskite quantum dots (QDs) is significantly different from the other alkali cation doping effects. The PL intensity will be generally enhanced with the increase doping amounts of other alkali cations. Herein, we have unveiled that the PL of the potassium-doped perovskite QDs is initially prompted by the potassium ions doping and then inhibited with further growing doping amount of the potassium ions. Furthermore, we have also demonstrated that the PL inhibition phenomenon is ascribed as quick trapping of redundant photogenerated electrons by the trap states after huge amount doping besides defect passivation and octahedral structure distortion induced by the initial doping. At the same time, the specific excited state transient absorption and the lifetime of MAxK1-xPbBr3 also confirm that the radiation recombination process is enhanced via defect passivation and lattice distortion, which is induced by moderate potassium cations doping. In addition, the PL of colloidal perovskite quantum dots can be adjusted from orange to cyan within the wavelength range of 300 nm - 600 nm and exhibit better stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Chu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Xia Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mingshui Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Haoyue Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Guangjiu Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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Lee PH, Wu TT, Tian KY, Li CF, Hou CH, Shyue JJ, Lu CF, Huang YC, Su WF. Work-Function-Tunable Electron Transport Layer of Molecule-Capped Metal Oxide for a High-Efficiency and Stable p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:45936-45949. [PMID: 32917088 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The composite electron transporting layer (ETL) of metal oxide with [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) prevents perovskite from metal electrode erosion and increases p-i-n perovskite solar cell (PVSC) stability. Although the oxide exhibits protective function, an additional work function modifier is still needed for good device performance. Usually, complicated multistep synthesis is employed to have a highly crystalline film that increases manufacturing cost and inhibits scalability. We report a facile synthesis of a novel organic-molecule-capped metal oxide nanoparticle film for the composite ETL. The nanoparticle film not only has a dual function of electron transport and protection but also exhibits work function tunability. Solvothermal-prepared SnO2 nanoparticles are capped with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) through ligand exchange. The resulting TBAOH-SnO2 nanoparticles disperse well in ethanol and form a uniform film on PCBM. The power conversion efficiency of the device dramatically increases from 14.91 to 18.77% using this layer because of reduced charge accumulation and aligned band structure. The PVSC thermal stability is significantly enhanced by adopting this layer, which prevents migration of I- and Ag. The ligand exchange method extends to other metal oxides, such as TiO2, ITO, and CeO2, demonstrating its broad applicability. These results provide a cornerstone for large-scale manufacture of high-performance and stable PVSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Huan Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Tzu Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yu Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Feng Li
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Hou
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fu Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fang Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Kuan CH, Kuo PT, Hou CH, Shyue JJ, Lin CF. Growth process control produces high-crystallinity and complete-reaction perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35898-35905. [PMID: 35517116 PMCID: PMC9056930 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05772j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth process control (GPC) method, a new method which is better than thermal evaporation, for producing high-crystallinity perovskites by controlling the growth time in a low vacuum, is explored in this work. Inspired by evaporation technology, GPC is an effective method for modifying traditional thermal evaporation and for controlling the crystal growth of perovskite CH3NH3I3. Compared to fabrication with the process of co-evaporation, the MAPbI3 perovskite solar cell fabricated by GPC has high uniformity and film coverage. All of the manufacturing is carried out outside of the glove box. It provides an easy and effective way for perovskite fabrication for industrialization. Here, after using GPC to form perovskite solar cells, the residual methylammonium iodide (MAI) and PbI2 which is produced by the evaporation process can react completely, observed by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Finally, formed by GPC, perovskite solar cells exhibit high performance and fewer crystal defects. The electron and hole recombination is greatly reduced. Through the GPC method, the J sc and the filling factor are improved with the increase of time after the fabrication. The power conversion efficiency was increased from 11.12% to 16.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsiao Kuan
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Po-Tsun Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hung Hou
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fuh Lin
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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