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Gerschler S, Neumann N, Schultze N, Guenther S, Schulze C. Quality parameters for the medicinal plant Drosera rotundifolia L.: A new approach with established techniques. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300436. [PMID: 37922526 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) are the basis for quality control of medicinal plants and therefore important to ensure the consistency, quality, safety, and efficacy of phytopharmaceuticals. The traditional medicinal plant sundew (Drosera sp.) has disappeared from therapy due to nature conservation, but can now be cultivated sustainably on rewetted peatland. However, currently there is no valid Ph. Eur. monograph for the quality control of Droserae herba. In this study, sundew material from different species and sources was investigated with the aim of developing quality control methods based on the Ph. Eur. and defining a uniform quality standard for Droserae herba. It was possible to distinguish between sundew species of different quality, using macroscopic, microscopic, and chromatographic methods. Special emphasis was laid on the content of flavonoids and naphthoquinones as important quality parameters as their content differed between the sundew species. The differences in content and toxicity result in the recommendation that only round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia L.) should be used as a medicinal plant for the production of phytopharmaceuticals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Gerschler
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Niclas Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nadin Schultze
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Christian Schulze
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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2
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Pan YX, Xu QH, Xiao HM, Li CY. Insights into the antibacterial activity and antibacterial mechanism of silver modified fullerene towards Staphylococcus aureus by multiple spectrometric examinations. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140136. [PMID: 37699456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Clarifying the antibacterial mechanism of silver (Ag)-based materials is of great significance for the rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of antimicrobials. Herein, detailed description of the antibacterial mechanism of a synthesized silver deposited fullerene material (Ag(I)-C60) towards Staphylococcus aureus was surveyed from the point of view of DNA damage by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The model material, Ag(I)-C60, was prepared by liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermos-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. Ultra-efficient bacteriostatic rate of Ag(I)-C60 was found to be 88.98% under light irradiation for 20 min. UV-vis measurement of the composition changes of four DNA bases showed that they changed in the presence of Ag(I)-C60 under light irradiation, suggesting Ag(I)-C60 could destroy the cells and genetic material of Staphylococcus aureus and thereby inhibit its growth and reproduction. ICP-MS analysis demonstrated the releasing behavior of Ag+ from Ag-based materials. Finally, the transformation pathway of G, A, C, and T were measured by LC-MS, demonstrating the conversion of Adenine (m/z 136.06) to 8-OH-Ade (m/z 174.04). These collective results suggested that Ag(I)-C60 was a new ultra-efficient antibacterial by slowly releasing Ag+ in water and producing a large amount of ROS under light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Xu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qiu-Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Hua-Ming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Chun-Ya Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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3
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Chen X, Wu B, Perera HA, Yan M. Synthesis of Glycopolymer Micelles for Antibiotic Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104031. [PMID: 37241780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we designed biodegradable glycopolymers consisting of a carbohydrate conjugated to a biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), through a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker. The glycopolymers were synthesized by coupling alkyne end-functionalized PEG-PLA with azide-derivatized mannose, trehalose, or maltoheptaose via the click reaction. The coupling yield was in the range of 40-50% and was independent of the size of the carbohydrate. The resulting glycopolymers were able to form micelles with the hydrophobic PLA in the core and the carbohydrates on the surface, as confirmed by binding with the lectin Concanavalin A. The glycomicelles were ~30 nm in diameter with low size dispersity. The glycomicelles were able to encapsulate both non-polar (rifampicin) and polar (ciprofloxacin) antibiotics. Rifampicin-encapsulated micelles were much smaller (27-32 nm) compared to the ciprofloxacin-encapsulated micelles (~417 nm). Moreover, more rifampicin was loaded into the glycomicelles (66-80 μg/mg, 7-8%) than ciprofloxacin (1.2-2.5 μg/mg, 0.1-0.2%). Despite the low loading, the antibiotic-encapsulated glycomicelles were at least as active or 2-4 times more active than the free antibiotics. For glycopolymers without the PEG linker, the antibiotics encapsulated in micelles were 2-6 times worse than the free antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Harini A Perera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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4
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Liyanage S, Raviranga NGH, Ryan JG, Shell SS, Ramström O, Kalscheuer R, Yan M. Azide-Masked Fluorescence Turn-On Probe for Imaging Mycobacteria. JACS AU 2023; 3:1017-1028. [PMID: 37124305 PMCID: PMC10131213 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescence turn-on probe, an azide-masked and trehalose-derivatized carbazole (Tre-Cz), was developed to image mycobacteria. The fluorescence turn-on is achieved by photoactivation of the azide, which generates a fluorescent product through an efficient intramolecular C-H insertion reaction. The probe is highly specific for mycobacteria and could image mycobacteria in the presence of other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Both the photoactivation and detection can be accomplished using a handheld UV lamp, giving a limit of detection of 103 CFU/mL, which can be visualized by the naked eye. The probe was also able to image mycobacteria spiked in sputum samples, although the detection sensitivity was lower. Studies using heat-killed, stationary-phase, and isoniazid-treated mycobacteria showed that metabolically active bacteria are required for the uptake of Tre-Cz. The uptake decreased in the presence of trehalose in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that Tre-Cz hijacked the trehalose uptake pathway. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that the trehalose transporter LpqY-SugABC was the primary pathway for the uptake of Tre-Cz. The uptake decreased in the LpqY-SugABC deletion mutants ΔlpqY, ΔsugA, ΔsugB, and ΔsugC and fully recovered in the complemented strain of ΔsugC. For the mycolyl transferase antigen 85 complex (Ag85), however, only a slight reduction of uptake was observed in the Ag85 deletion mutant ΔAg85C, and no incorporation of Tre-Cz into the outer membrane was observed. The unique intracellular incorporation mechanism of Tre-Cz through the LpqY-SugABC transporter, which differs from other trehalose-based fluorescence probes, unlocks potential opportunities to bring molecular cargoes to mycobacteria for both fundamental studies and theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajani
H. Liyanage
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - N. G. Hasitha Raviranga
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Julia G. Ryan
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester
Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Scarlet S. Shell
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester
Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, United States
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus
University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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Ndugire W, Truong D, Hasitha Raviranga NG, Lao J, Ramström O, Yan M. Turning on the Antimicrobial Activity of Gold Nanoclusters Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214086. [PMID: 36642692 PMCID: PMC10356176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we show that the addition of thiourea (TU) initiated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity of otherwise inactive D-maltose-capped gold nanoclusters (AuNC-Mal). For example, AuNC-Mal/TU was effective against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 μg mL-1 (2.5 μM [Au]) while having 30-60 times lower in vitro cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. The reaction of AuNC-Mal and TU generated the antimicrobial species of [Au(TU)2 ]+ and smaller AuNCs. TU increased the accumulation of Au in bacteria and helped maintain the oxidation state as AuI (vs. AuIII ). The modes of action included the inhibition of thioredoxin reductase, interference with the CuI regulation and depletion of ATP. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity did not change in the presence of colistin or carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone, suggesting that AuNC-Mal/TU was indifferent to the outer membrane barrier and to bacterial efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Ndugire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA-01854, USA
| | - Dang Truong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA-01854, USA
| | - N G Hasitha Raviranga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA-01854, USA
| | - Jingzhe Lao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA-01854, USA
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA-01854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA-01854, USA
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Argenziano R, Agustin-Salazar S, Panaro A, Calarco A, Di Salle A, Aprea P, Cerruti P, Panzella L, Napolitano A. Combining the Potent Reducing Properties of Pecan Nutshell with a Solvent-Free Mechanochemical Approach for Synthesizing High Ag 0 Content-Silver Nanoparticles: An Eco-Friendly Route to an Efficient Multifunctional Photocatalytic, Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Material. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:821. [PMID: 36903701 PMCID: PMC10005451 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward, low-cost, and scalable solid-state mechanochemical protocol for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) based on the use of the highly reducing agri-food by-product pecan nutshell (PNS) is reported herein. Under optimized conditions (180 min, 800 rpm, PNS/AgNO3 ratio = 55/45 w/w), a complete reduction in silver ions was achieved, leading to a material containing ca. 36% w/w Ag0 (X-ray diffraction analysis). Dynamic light scattering and microscopic analysis showed a uniform size distribution (15-35 nm average diameter) of the spherical AgNP. The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay revealed lower-although still absolutely high (EC50 = 5.8 ± 0.5 mg/mL)-antioxidant properties for PNS for the further incorporation of AgNP, supporting the efficient reduction of Ag+ ions by PNS phenolic compounds. Photocatalytic experiments indicated that AgNP-PNS (0.4 mg/mL) was able to induce the >90% degradation of methylene blue after 120 min visible light irradiation, with good recycling stability. Finally, AgNP-PNS demonstrated high biocompatibility and significantly light-enhanced growth inhibition properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans at concentrations as low as 250 μg/mL, also eliciting an antibiofilm effect at 1000 μg/mL. Overall, the adopted approach allowed to reuse a cheap and abundant agri-food by-product and required no toxic or noxious chemicals, making AgNP-PNS a sustainable and easy-to-access multifunctional material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Argenziano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Sarai Agustin-Salazar
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Andrea Panaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Anna Calarco
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Salle
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET-CNR), Via P. Castellino 111, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Aprea
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples “Federico II”, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Cerruti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Lucia Panzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Napolitano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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7
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Wijesundera SA, Liyanage SH, Biswas P, Reuther JF, Yan M. Trehalose-Grafted Glycopolymer: Synthesis via the Staudinger Reaction and Capture of Mycobacteria. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:238-245. [PMID: 36524824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A new trehalose-grafted poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (HEMA) glycopolymer was synthesized via the perfluorophenyl azide (PFPA)-mediated Staudinger reaction between poly(HEMA-co-HEMA-PFPA) and a diphenylphosphine-derivatized trehalose. The reaction occurred rapidly at room temperature without the use of any catalyst, giving the trehalose glycopolymers over 68% yield after 1 h. The grafting density of trehalose can be controlled by the copolymer composition in poly(HEMA-co-HEMA-PFPA), resulting in 6.1% (TP1) or 37% (TP2) at 10:1 and 1:1 HEMA/HEMA-PFPA feed ratio, respectively. The trehalose glycopolymer was covalently attached on glass slides or silicon wafers using a thin film of poly(HEMA-co-HEMA-PFPA) as the adhesion layer, achieved through the C-H insertion reaction of the photogenerated singlet perfluorophenyl nitrene. To demonstrate the ability of the trehalose glycopolymer to capture mycobacteria, arrays of the trehalose glycopolymer were fabricated and treated with Mycobacterium smegmatis. Results from the optical, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy showed that mycobacteria were indeed captured on the trehalose glycopolymer. The amount of mycobacteria captured increased with the percent trehalose in the trehalose glycopolymer and also with the concentration of the trehalose glycopolymer. In addition, the captured bacteria could be visualized by the naked eye under the illumination of a hand-held UV lamp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samurdhi A Wijesundera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Sajani H Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Priyanka Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - James F Reuther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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8
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Qian R, Xu Z, Hu X, Liu S, Mai Y, Tan X, Su X, Jiang M, Tang W, Tian W, Xie L. Ag/Ag 2O with NIR-Triggered Antibacterial Activities: Photocatalytic Sterilization Enhanced by Low-Temperature Photothermal Effect. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1507-1520. [PMID: 36998603 PMCID: PMC10046159 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s400511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose A synergistic antibacterial system employing photocatalytic performance and low-temperature photothermal effect (LT-PTT) with the potential for infectious skin wound healing promotion was developed. Methods Ag/Ag2O was synthesized with a two-step method, and its physicochemical properties were characterized. After its photocatalytic performance and photothermal effect were evaluated under 0.5 W/cm2 808 nm NIR laser irradiation, its antibacterial activities in both planktonic and biofilm forms were then studied in vitro targeting Staphylococcus Aureus (S. aureus), and the biocompatibility was tested with L-929 cell lines afterward. Finally, the animal model of dorsal skin wound infection was established on Sprague-Dawley rats and was used to assess infectious wound healing promotion of Ag/Ag2O in vivo. Results Ag/Ag2O showed boosted photocatalytic performance and local temperature accumulation compared with Ag2O when exposed to 0.5 W/cm2 808 nm NIR irradiation, which therefore endowed Ag/Ag2O with the ability to kill pathogens rapidly and cleavage bacterial biofilm in vitro. Furthermore, after treatment with Ag/Ag2O and 0.5 W/cm2 808 nm NIR irradiation, infectious wounds of rats realized skin tissue regeneration from a histochemical level. Conclusion By exhibiting excellent NIR-triggered photocatalytic sterilization ability enhanced by low-temperature photothermal effect, Ag/Ag2O was promising to be a novel, photo-responsive antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojing Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Xu
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suru Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinzhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Weidong Tian; Li Xie, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-28-85502156; +86-28-85503499, Email ;
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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