1
|
Chu BY, Lin C, Nie PC, Xia ZY. Research Status in the Use of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) to Detect Pesticide Residues in Foods and Plant-Derived Chinese Herbal Medicines. Int J Anal Chem 2024; 2024:5531430. [PMID: 38250173 PMCID: PMC10798841 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5531430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology has unique advantages in the rapid detection of pesticides in plant-derived foods, leading to reduced detection limits and increased accuracy. Plant-derived Chinese herbal medicines have similar sources to plant-derived foods; however, due to the rough surfaces and complex compositions of herbal medicines, the detection of pesticide residues in this context continues to rely heavily on traditional methods, which are time consuming and laborious and are unable to meet market demands for portability. The application of flexible nanomaterials and SERS technology in this realm would allow rapid and accurate detection in a portable format. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the underlying principles and characteristics of SERS technology, with particular focus on applications of SERS for the analysis of pesticide residues in agricultural products. This paper summarizes recent research progress in the field from three main directions: sample pretreatment, SERS substrates, and data processing. The prospects and limitations of SERS technology are also discussed, in order to provide theoretical support for rapid detection of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yan Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Chi Lin
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Nie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zheng-Yan Xia
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Liang P, Song H, Yu X, Hu S, Wang J, Cheng C, Zhao Y, Su Z. A colorimetric sensor with dual-ratio and dual-mode for detection of nicotine in tobacco samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:6377-6384. [PMID: 37869902 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01571h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine (NIC) is a harmful substance, drug, pesticide and chemical that is widely found in tobacco. It has carcinogenic, teratogenic and neurotoxic effects that have raised serious concerns. Herein, a colorimetric sensor with dual-ratio and dual-mode for the detection of NIC in tobacco samples was reported. The localized surface plasmon resonance signals of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and AuNPs-NIC are used as dual-ratio signals. The absorbance ratio of NIC to AuNPs or the absorbance ratio of NIC to AuNPs-NIC and the wavelength shift value of AuNPs-NIC are applied as dual-mode. Transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, cyclic voltammetry, and potentiostatic methods were used to characterize the sensor. Further analysis of NIC was conducted through morphological fitting and theoretical calculations. Under optimal conditions, the sensor shows a wide linear range of 5-500 μM. The detection limits for NIC are 2.48 μM, 1.63 μM and 1.34 μM, respectively. The experimental result shows that the dual-ratio signal of AuNPs and AuNPs-NIC has good selectivity and sensitivity, and can effectively reduce the interference of impurities on NIC detection. And the dual-mode of detection for NIC improves the accuracy and comparability of the result significantly. In addition, the proposed sensor was also applied to test NIC in tobacco samples with satisfactory recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| | - Pengcheng Liang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| | - Huijuan Song
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| | - Xia Yu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| | - Shiyu Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| | - Cong Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Zhaohong Su
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paul S, Daga P, Dey N. Exploring Various Photochemical Processes in Optical Sensing of Pesticides by Luminescent Nanomaterials: A Concise Discussion on Challenges and Recent Advancements. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:44395-44423. [PMID: 38046331 PMCID: PMC10688216 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is a burning global issue in this present era. The prevalence of harmful food additives and contaminants in everyday food is a significant cause for concern as they can adversely affect human health. More particularly, among the different food contaminants, the use of excessive pesticides in agricultural products is severely hazardous. So, the optical detection of residual pesticides is an effective strategy to counter the hazardous effect and ensure food safety. In this perspective, nanomaterials have played a leading role in defending the open threat against food safety instigated by the reckless use of pesticides. Now, nanomaterial-based optical detection of pesticides has reached full pace and needs an inclusive discussion. This Review covers the advancement of photoprocess-based optical detection of pesticides categorically using nanomaterials. Here, we have thoroughly dissected the photoprocesses (aggregation and aggregation-induced emission (AIE), charge transfer and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), electron transfer and photoinduced electron transfer (PET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), hydrogen bonding, and inner filter effect) and categorically demarcated their significant role in the optical detection of pesticides by luminescent nanomaterials over the last few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Paul
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Pooja Daga
- Department
of Chemistry, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati
University, Santiniketan, West Bengal 731235, India
| | - Nilanjan Dey
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500078, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abolghasemi-Fakhri Z, Amjadi M. Highly sensitive colorimetric assay for penconazole using gold nanostar-graphene quantum dot composite. ANAL SCI 2023:10.1007/s44211-023-00320-w. [PMID: 36988901 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a simple and sensitive colorimetric method for penconazole sensing is reported. It is based on the etching/anti-etching strategy in which gold nanostar@graphene quantum dot (AuNS@GQD) nanocomposite acts as a sensing nanoprobe and IO4- as an etching agent. With adding IO4- to the solution of AuNSs@GQDs, the sharp tips of NSs are etched and they are transformed into nearly spherical nanostructures, and the color of the solution changes from green to violet. These changes can be attributed to the oxidation of gold atoms at the sharp corners and tips of NSs with I2, produced by the reaction of IO4- with AuNS@GQD solution. When penconazole is added into the system, the color and shape variations of AuNSs caused by periodate are impressively prevented. It can be assigned to the strong binding affinity between nitrogen atoms of penconazole and gold atoms, which protects them from etching by I2. This mechanism has been affirmed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Vis spectra. This approach exhibited a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.999) between the wavelength shift and penconazole concentration in the range of 5.0-1000.0 nM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 nM. The sensor is stable and reproducible and was used to measure penconazole in spiked water samples with recoveries over 97%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Abolghasemi-Fakhri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amjadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 5166616471, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao T, Liang X, Guo X, Yang X, Guo J, Zhou X, Huang X, Zhang W, Wang Y, Liu Z, Jiang Z, Zhou H, Zhou H. Smartphone-based colorimetric sensor array using gold nanoparticles for rapid distinguishment of multiple pesticides in real samples. Food Chem 2023; 404:134768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
6
|
Sadiq Z, Safiabadi Tali SH, Hajimiri H, Al-Kassawneh M, Jahanshahi-Anbuhi S. Gold Nanoparticles-Based Colorimetric Assays for Environmental Monitoring and Food Safety Evaluation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-36. [PMID: 36629748 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2162331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an exponential increase in the research on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-based colorimetric sensors to revolutionize point-of-use sensing devices. Hence, this review is compiled focused on current progress in the design and performance parameters of AuNPs-based sensors. The review begins with the characteristics of AuNPs, followed by a brief explanation of synthesis and functionalization methods. Then, the mechanisms of AuNPs-based sensors are comprehensively explained in two broad categories based on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) characteristics of AuNPs and their peroxidase-like catalytic properties (nanozyme). SPR-based colorimetric sensors further categorize into aggregation, anti-aggregation, etching, growth-mediated, and accumulation-based methods depending on their sensing mechanisms. On the other hand, peroxidase activity-based colorimetric sensors are divided into two methods based on the expression or inhibition of peroxidase-like activity. Next, the analytes in environmental and food samples are classified as inorganic, organic, and biological pollutants, and recent progress in detection of these analytes are reviewed in detail. Finally, conclusions are provided, and future directions are highlighted. Improving the sensitivity, reproducibility, multiplexing capabilities, and cost-effectiveness for colorimetric detection of various analytes in environment and food matrices will have significant impact on fast testing of hazardous substances, hence reducing the pollution load in environment as well as rendering food contamination to ensure food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zubi Sadiq
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Seyed Hamid Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hasti Hajimiri
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Muna Al-Kassawneh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sana Jahanshahi-Anbuhi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mehta VN, Ghinaiya N, Rohit JV, Singhal RK, Basu H, Kailasa SK. Ligand chemistry of gold, silver and copper nanoparticles for visual read-out assay of pesticides: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
8
|
Xu C, Lin M, Song C, Chen D, Bian C. A gold nanoparticle-based visual aptasensor for rapid detection of acetamiprid residues in agricultural products using a smartphone. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5540-5545. [PMID: 35425533 PMCID: PMC8981225 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the colorimetric analysis of gold nanoparticles and a smartphone readable strategy, a stable, sensitive, and visual method was established for rapid detection of acetamiprid residues in agricultural products. By optimizing the key parameters, the detection process only took 40 minutes with good specificity. The acetamiprid aptamer can help AuNPs to resist salt-induced aggregation. Conversely, in the presence of acetamiprid, the anti-protection is weakened and the AuNPs aggregated with the color change of the solution. The photographs of the solution are recorded by the smartphone and analyzed through image processing. In the range from 25 to 300 μM the method can realize a quantitative analysis of acetamiprid, and the detection limit is about 3.81 μM. Excellent recoveries are taken in samples of cucumber, cabbage, and river water, ranging from 96.78% to 129.95%. These results show no significant difference from the results obtained by the microplate reader. What's more, the method employs a smartphone to read without the assistance of professional equipment, which greatly reduces the cost of detection, and shows a promising application prospect for on-site rapid detection of acetamiprid. Based on the colorimetric analysis of gold nanoparticles and a smartphone readable strategy, a stable, sensitive, and visual method was established for rapid detection of acetamiprid residues in agricultural products.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengnan Xu
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Taizhou, 318026, China
| | - Mei Lin
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Taizhou, 318026, China
| | - Chaonan Song
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318001, China
| | - Danli Chen
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318001, China
| | - Caimiao Bian
- School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318001, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nie Q, Deng J, Xie B, Shi G, Zhou T. A dual-channel colorimetric and fluorescent sensor for the rapid and ultrasensitive detection of kanamycin based on gold nanoparticles-copper nanoclusters. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5813-5820. [PMID: 34852031 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01460a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a dual-channel assay was constructed for the colorimetric and fluorescent detection of kanamycin (KAN) based on gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs). Initially, the fluorescence of Cu NCs was quenched by 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (AHMT)-functionalized Au NPs due to the inner filter effect (IFE). The existence of KAN acted as a molecular bridge to interact with AHMT via hydrogen bonds and induced the aggregation of AHMT-Au NPs, leading to a change in the color of the gold colloidal solution from reddish-violet to blue within 2 min. Moreover, the aggregated AHMT-Au NPs can weaken its IFE toward Cu NCs and result in fluorescence restoration. With the sensor employed here, the concentration of KAN can be quantitatively analyzed through double channels, and a low LOD (limit of detection) of 1.9 nM and 1.2 nM was realized by the colorimetric and fluorescent method, respectively. Benefitting from the short response time, high sensitivity, and good reliability, the established assay offered great opportunities for the on-site monitoring of antibiotics in environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Nie
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 20062, China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 20062, China
| | - Bing Xie
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Guoyue Shi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tianshu Zhou
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Process and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 20062, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ratiometric fluorescence determination of chlortetracycline based on the aggregation of copper nanoclusters triggered by aluminum ion. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 189:28. [PMID: 34907464 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristic of copper nanoclusters (CuNC) was for the first time used to construct a ratiometric fluorescence probe (CuNC-Al3+) for detection of chlortetracycline (CTC). Aluminum ion (Al3+) can aggregate free CuNC and make it emit a bright and stable red fluorescence. A slight excess of Al3+ in CuNC-Al3+ solution can form a CTC-Al3+ complex to limit the conformational rotation of CTC molecule and enhance CTC fluorescence. So, the red fluorescence of CuNC-Al3+ probe and the enhanced CTC fluorescence are used as a reference signal and a response signal to detect CTC, respectively. The method developed shows a good linear relationship between the CTC concentration and the fluorescence intensity ratio (I495/I575) in the range 0.1-3.0 µM, and the detection limit is 25.3 nM (S/N = 3). In addition, the fluorescent color of CuNC-Al3+ probe changes from red to yellow-green as the concentration of CTC increases. Based on this observation, a fluorescent test paper has also been fabricated. Schematic illustration of Al3+ inducing CuNC to produce AIE performance and detecting CTC.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang C, Yang J, Qin J, Yang Y. Eco-Friendly Nanoplatforms for Crop Quality Control, Protection, and Nutrition. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004525. [PMID: 33977068 PMCID: PMC8097385 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural chemicals have been widely utilized to manage pests, weeds, and plant pathogens for maximizing crop yields. However, the excessive use of these organic substances to compensate their instability in the environment has caused severe environmental consequences, threatened human health, and consumed enormous economic costs. In order to improve the utilization efficiency of these agricultural chemicals, one strategy that attracted researchers is to design novel eco-friendly nanoplatforms. To date, numerous advanced nanoplatforms with functional components have been applied in the agricultural field, such as silica-based materials for pesticides delivery, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles for pesticides/mycotoxins detection, and carbon nanoparticles for fertilizers delivery. In this review, the synthesis, applications, and mechanisms of recent eco-friendly nanoplatforms in the agricultural field, including pesticides and mycotoxins on-site detection, phytopathogen inactivation, pest control, and crops growth regulation for guaranteeing food security, enhancing the utilization efficiency of agricultural chemicals and increasing crop yields are highlighted. The review also stimulates new thinking for improving the existing agricultural technologies, protecting crops from biotic and abiotic stress, alleviating the global food crisis, and ensuring food security. In addition, the challenges to overcome the constrained applications of functional nanoplatforms in the agricultural field are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao‐Yi Wang
- College of Chemistry and College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Chemistry and College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Chun Qin
- College of Chemistry and College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| | - Ying‐Wei Yang
- College of Chemistry and College of Plant ScienceJilin UniversityChangchun130012P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mirghafouri MR, Abbasi-Moayed S, Ghasemi F, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. Nanoplasmonic sensor array for the detection and discrimination of pesticide residues in citrus fruits. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5877-5884. [PMID: 33283792 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02039g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Great attention has been directed towards developing rapid and straightforward methods for the identification of various pesticides that are usually used simultaneously in citrus fruits. The extensive use of diverse classes of pesticides in citrus fruits and their high toxicity may cause serious diseases in the human body. In the current study, a non-enzymatic sensor array has been developed for the identification and discrimination of five different pesticides belonging to diverse classes, including organophosphate, carbamate, and bipyridylium. For this aim, two gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with different capping agents, citrate and borohydride, were used as sensing elements. The aggregation-induced spectra alterations of AuNPs were utilized to identify the pesticides in a wide range of concentrations (20-5000 ng mL-1). We have employed data visualization methods (i.e., heat maps, bar plots, and color difference maps), a supervised pattern recognition method (i.e., linear discrimination analysis), and partial least squares regression to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the pesticides. Finally, the practical applicability of the developed sensor array was evaluated for the identification of target pesticides in lime peel. The outcomes revealed that the probe could accurately verify the absence or presence of the pesticides in lime fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Mirghafouri
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|