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Xu Y, Yao Y, Gao J. Cell-Derived Matrix: Production, Decellularization, and Application of Wound Repair. Stem Cells Int 2024; 2024:7398473. [PMID: 38882595 PMCID: PMC11178417 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7398473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic nonhealing wounds significantly reduce patients' quality of life and are a major burden on healthcare systems. Over the past few decades, tissue engineering materials have emerged as a viable option for wound healing, with cell-derived extracellular matrix (CDM) showing remarkable results. The CDM's compatibility and resemblance to the natural tissue microenvironment confer distinct advantages to tissue-engineered scaffolds in wound repair. This review summarizes the current processes for CDM preparation, various cell decellularization protocols, and common characterization methods. Furthermore, it discusses the applications of CDM in wound healing, including skin defect and wound repair, angiogenesis, and engineered vessels, and offers perspectives on future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Xu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhua Gao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Nanfang Hospital Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, China
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Zhao Y, Dong H, Xia Q, Wang Y, Zhu L, Hu Z, Xia J, Mao Q, Weng Z, Yi J, Feng S, Jiang Y, Liao W, Xin Z. A new strategy for intervertebral disc regeneration: The synergistic potential of mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles with hydrogel scaffolds. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116238. [PMID: 38308965 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a disease that severely affects spinal health and is prevalent worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have regenerative potential and have emerged as promising therapeutic tools for treating degenerative discs. However, challenges such as the harsh microenvironment of degenerated intervertebral discs and EVs' limited stability and efficacy have hindered their clinical application. In recent years, hydrogels have attracted much attention in the field of IDD therapy because they can mimic the physiologic microenvironment of the disc and provide a potential solution by providing a suitable growth environment for MSCs and EVs. This review introduced the biological properties of MSCs and their derived EVs, summarized the research on the application of MSCs and EVs in IDD, summarized the current clinical trial studies of MSCs and EVs, and also explored the mechanism of action of MSCs and EVs in intervertebral discs. In addition, plenty of research elaborated on the mechanism of action of different classified hydrogels in tissue engineering, the synergistic effect of MSCs and EVs in promoting intervertebral disc regeneration, and their wide application in treating IDD. Finally, the challenges and problems still faced by hydrogel-loaded MSCs and EVs in the treatment of IDD are summarized, and potential solutions are proposed. This paper outlines the synergistic effects of MSCs and EVs in treating IDD in combination with hydrogels and aims to provide theoretical references for future related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Huaize Dong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiuqiu Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Yanyang Wang
- Department of Cell Engineering Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Zongyue Hu
- Department of Pain Rehabilitation, Affiliated Sinopharm Gezhouba Central Hospital, Third Clinical Medical College of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443003, Hubei, China
| | - Jiyue Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Qiming Mao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Zijing Weng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiangbi Yi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Shuai Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Youhong Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenbo Liao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhijun Xin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China; Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3244, Dynamics of Genetic Information, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France.
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Schmitz TC, van Genabeek B, Pouderoijen MJ, Janssen HM, van Doeselaar M, Crispim JF, Tryfonidou MA, Ito K. Semi-synthetic degradable notochordal cell-derived matrix hydrogel for use in degenerated intervertebral discs: Initial in vitro characterization. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:1903-1915. [PMID: 37539663 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide, but current therapeutic interventions are palliative or surgical in nature. Loss of notochordal cells (NCs) and degradation of the healthy matrix in the nucleus pulposus (NP), the central tissue of intervertebral discs (IVDs), has been associated with onset of degenerative disc changes. Recently, we established a protocol for decellularization of notochordal cell derived matrix (NCM) and found that it can provide regenerative cues to nucleus pulposus cells of the IVD. Here, we combined the biologically regenerative properties of decellularized NCM with the mechanical tunability of a poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel to additionally address biomechanics in the degenerate IVD. We further introduced a hydrolysable PEG-diurethane crosslinker for slow degradation of the gels in vivo. The resulting hydrogels were tunable over a broad range of stiffness's (0.2 to 4.5 kPa), matching that of NC-rich and -poor NP tissues, respectively. Gels formed within 30 min, giving ample time for handling, and remained shear-thinning post-polymerization. Gels also slowly released dNCM over 28 days as measured by GAG effusion. Viability of encapsulated bone marrow stromal cells after extrusion through a needle remained high. Although encapsulated NCs stayed viable over two weeks, their metabolic activity decreased, and their phenotype was lost in physiological medium conditions in vitro. Overall, the obtained gels hold promise for application in degenerated IVDs but require further tuning for combined use with NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Schmitz
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Marina van Doeselaar
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - João F Crispim
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Keita Ito
- Orthopaedic Biomechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Snuggs JW, Emanuel KS, Rustenburg C, Janani R, Partridge S, Sammon C, Smit TH, Le Maitre CL. Injectable biomaterial induces regeneration of the intervertebral disc in a caprine loaded disc culture model. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:4630-4643. [PMID: 37204288 PMCID: PMC10294806 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00150d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Back pain is the leading cause of disability with half of cases attributed to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, yet currently no therapies target this cause. We previously reported an ex vivo caprine loaded disc culture system (LDCS) that accurately represents the cellular phenotype and biomechanical environment of human IVD degeneration. Here, the efficacy of an injectable hydrogel system (LAPONITE® crosslinked pNIPAM-co-DMAc, (NPgel)) to halt or reverse the catabolic processes of IVD degeneration was investigated within the LDCS. Following enzymatic induction of degeneration using 1 mg mL-1 collagenase and 2 U mL-1 chondroitinase ABC within the LDCS for 7 days, IVDs were injected with NPgel alone or with encapsulated human bone marrow progenitor cells (BMPCs). Un-injected caprine discs served as degenerate controls. IVDs were cultured for a further 21 days within the LDCS. Tissues were then processed for histology and immunohistochemistry. No extrusion of NPgel was observed during culture. A significant decrease in histological grade of degeneration was seen in both IVDs injected with NPgel alone and NPgel seeded with BMPCs, compared to un-injected controls. Fissures within degenerate tissue were filled by NPgel and there was evidence of native cell migration into injected NPgel. The expression of healthy NP matrix markers (collagen type II and aggrecan) was increased, whereas the expression of catabolic proteins (MMP3, ADAMTS4, IL-1β and IL-8) was decreased in NPgel (±BMPCs) injected discs, compared to degenerate controls. This demonstrates that NPgel promotes new matrix production at the same time as halting the degenerative cascade within a physiologically relevant testing platform. This highlights the potential of NPgel as a future therapy for IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Snuggs
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kaj S Emanuel
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christine Rustenburg
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronak Janani
- Materials Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Simon Partridge
- Materials Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Christopher Sammon
- Materials Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Theo H Smit
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christine L Le Maitre
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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Qian H, He L, Ye Z, Wei Z, Ao J. Decellularized matrix for repairing intervertebral disc degeneration: Fabrication methods, applications and animal models. Mater Today Bio 2022; 18:100523. [PMID: 36590980 PMCID: PMC9800636 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD)-induced low back pain significantly influences the quality of life, placing a burden on public health systems worldwide. Currently available therapeutic strategies, such as conservative or operative treatment, cannot effectively restore intervertebral disc (IVD) function. Decellularized matrix (DCM) is a tissue-engineered biomaterial fabricated using physical, chemical, and enzymatic technologies to eliminate cells and antigens. By contrast, the extracellular matrix (ECM), including collagen and glycosaminoglycans, which are well retained, have been extensively studied in IVD regeneration. DCM inherits the native architecture and specific-differentiation induction ability of IVD and has demonstrated effectiveness in IVD regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, significant improvements have been achieved in the preparation process, mechanistic insights, and application of DCM for IDD repair. Herein, we comprehensively summarize and provide an overview of the roles and applications of DCM for IDD repair based on the existing evidence to shed a novel light on the clinical treatment of IDD.
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Key Words
- (3D), three-dimensional
- (AF), annular fibers
- (AFSC), AF stem cells
- (APNP), acellular hydrogel descendent from porcine NP
- (DAF-G), decellularized AF hydrogel
- (DAPI), 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- (DCM), decellularized matrix
- (DET), detergent-enzymatic treatment
- (DWJM), Wharton's jelly matrix
- (ECM), extracellular matrix
- (EVs), extracellular vesicles
- (Exos), exosome
- (IDD), intervertebral disc degeneration
- (IVD), intervertebral disc
- (LBP), Low back pain
- (NP), nucleus pulposus
- (NPCS), NP-based cell delivery system
- (PEGDA/DAFM), polyethylene glycol diacrylate/decellularized AF matrix
- (SD), sodium deoxycholate
- (SDS), sodium dodecyl sulfate
- (SIS), small intestinal submucosa
- (TGF), transforming growth factor
- (bFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor
- (hADSCs), human adipose-derived stem cells
- (hDF), human dermal fibroblast
- (iAF), inner annular fibers
- (oAF), outer annular fibers
- (sGAG), sulfated glycosaminoglycan
- Decellularized matrix
- Intervertebral disc degeneration
- Regenerative medicine
- Tissue engineering
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Qian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhimin Ye
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China.
| | - Zairong Wei
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Jun Ao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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