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Guo J, Liu C, Qi Z, Qiu T, Zhang J, Yang H. Engineering customized nanovaccines for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Bioact Mater 2024; 36:330-357. [PMID: 38496036 PMCID: PMC10940734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanovaccines have gathered significant attention for their potential to elicit tumor-specific immunological responses. Despite notable progress in tumor immunotherapy, nanovaccines still encounter considerable challenges such as low delivery efficiency, limited targeting ability, and suboptimal efficacy. With an aim of addressing these issues, engineering customized nanovaccines through modification or functionalization has emerged as a promising approach. These tailored nanovaccines not only enhance antigen presentation, but also effectively modulate immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment. Specifically, they are distinguished by their diverse sizes, shapes, charges, structures, and unique physicochemical properties, along with targeting ligands. These features of nanovaccines facilitate lymph node accumulation and activation/regulation of immune cells. This overview of bespoke nanovaccines underscores their potential in both prophylactic and therapeutic applications, offering insights into their future development and role in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Guo
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 1 Xueyuan Road, Quanzhou, 362801, PR China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Changhua Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Zhaoyang Qi
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 1 Xueyuan Road, Quanzhou, 362801, PR China
| | - Ting Qiu
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 1 Xueyuan Road, Quanzhou, 362801, PR China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 1 Xueyuan Road, Quanzhou, 362801, PR China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, PR China
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2
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Fan M, Liu Y, Ren Y, Gan L, Yang Y, Wang H, Liao Y, Yang X, Zheng C, Wang Q. Cascade Reaction of "Mn 2+ -Catechol" Triggered by H 2 O 2 to Integrate Firm Tumor Vessel Embolization and Hypoxic Response Relief. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200544. [PMID: 35667125 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) therapy requires firm and long-term vessel embolization without recanalization. However, firm embolization usually leads to unanticipated hypoxic response which promotes tumor recurrence and metastasis. Herein, an injectable thermosensitive hydrogel containing catechol groups and Mn2+ (PNDM) has been developed to enhance embolization and inhibit hypoxic response utilizing augmented H2 O2 after TAE. This novel embolic agent converts H2 O2 into hydroxyl radicals via Mn2+ -dependent Fenton-like reaction, which are subsequently scavenged through a "catechol-quinone" transition to supress hypoxic responses. Quinone structure can not only make hydrogel internal structure more compact, but also enhance hydrogel adhesion to vessel wall. In vivo experiments confirm that the rabbit renal artery can be firmly embolized for 84 days. Studies in liver VX2 tumor-bearing rabbits demonstrate the PNDM-based TAE can promote tumor necrosis, inhibit angiogenesis and tumor metastasis, and greatly prolong rabbit survival. This strategy opens new sights in the TAE therapy for liver cancer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Fan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yanqiao Ren
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yajiang Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yonggui Liao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chuansheng Zheng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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3
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He R, Zang J, Zhao Y, Dong H, Li Y. Nanotechnology-Based Approaches to Promote Lymph Node Targeted Delivery of Cancer Vaccines. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:406-423. [PMID: 35005881 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are a promising immunotherapy that awakens the human immune system to inhibit and eliminate cancer with fewer side effects compared with traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Although cancer vaccines have shown some efficacy, there are still troublesome bottlenecks to expand their benefits in the clinic, including weak immune effects and limited therapeutic outcomes. In the past few years, in addition to neoantigen screening, a main branch of the efforts has been devoted to promoting the lymph nodes (LNs) targeting of cancer vaccines and the cross-presentation of antigens by dendritic cells (DCs), two cardinal stages in effective initiation of the immune response. Especially, nanomaterials have shown hopeful biomedical applications in the improvement of vaccine effectiveness. This Review briefly outlines the possible mechanisms by which nanoparticle properties affect LN targeting and antigen cross-presentation and then gives an overview of state-of-the-art advances in improving these biological outcomes with nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing He
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jie Zang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuge Zhao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haiqing Dong
- Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongyong Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Lamrayah M, Phelip C, Coiffier C, Lacroix C, Willemin T, Trimaille T, Verrier B. A Polylactide-Based Micellar Adjuvant Improves the Intensity and Quality of Immune Response. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010107. [PMID: 35057003 PMCID: PMC8778782 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Micelles from amphiphilic polylactide-block-poly(N-acryloxysuccinimide-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PLA-b-P(NAS-co-NVP)) block copolymers of 105 nm in size were characterized and evaluated in a vaccine context. The micelles were non-toxic in vitro (both in dendritic cells and HeLa cells). In vitro fluorescence experiments combined with in vivo fluorescence tomography imaging, through micelle loading with the DiR near infrared probe, suggested an efficient uptake of the micelles by the immune cells. The antigenic protein p24 of the HIV-1 was successfully coupled on the micelles using the reactive N-succinimidyl ester groups on the micelle corona, as shown by SDS-PAGE analyses. The antigenicity of the coupled antigen was preserved and even improved, as assessed by the immuno-enzymatic (ELISA) test. Then, the performances of the micelles in immunization were investigated and compared to different p24-coated PLA nanoparticles, as well as Alum and MF59 gold standards, following a standardized HIV-1 immunization protocol in mice. The humoral response intensity (IgG titers) was substantially similar between the PLA micelles and all other adjuvants over an extended time range (one year). More interestingly, this immune response induced by PLA micelles was qualitatively higher than the gold standards and PLA nanoparticles analogs, expressed through an increasing avidity index over time (>60% at day 365). Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of such small-sized micellar systems for vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Lamrayah
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), CNRS UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (T.W.); (B.V.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (T.T.)
| | - Capucine Phelip
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), CNRS UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (T.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Céline Coiffier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), CNRS UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (T.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Céline Lacroix
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), CNRS UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (T.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Thibaut Willemin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), CNRS UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (T.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Thomas Trimaille
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR 5223, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (T.T.)
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines (IBCP), CNRS UMR 5305, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69367 Lyon, France; (C.P.); (C.C.); (C.L.); (T.W.); (B.V.)
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Gao Y, Zhao Q, Xiao M, Huang X, Wu X. A versatile photothermal vaccine based on acid-responsive glyco-nanoplatform for synergistic therapy of cancer. Biomaterials 2021; 273:120792. [PMID: 33872856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The race is on for therapeutic agents that stop cancer. An effective vaccine offers a safe and promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. However, substantial barriers to immunotherapy in cancer vaccines include the low immunogenicity of cancer antigens and the immunosuppression commonly present in solid tumors, resulting in significant challenges for developing a clinically effective cancer vaccine. Here, the state of the art of synergistic therapy, which includes the photothermal effect combined with immunotherapy, was investigated to target tumors. For the first time, indocyanine green (ICG, referred to as I), imiquimod (R837, referred to as R) and a foreign cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen peptide (CTL-Ap, referred to as Ap) with the sequence of SIINFEKL from ovalbumin (OVA) were encapsulated by acetalated dextran (AcDEX) to form nanoparticles (NPs) averaging 92 nm in diameter as an immunogen. Administration of the resulting multifunctional vaccine I-R-Ap-AcDEX NPs enhanced antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunotherapy. On the one hand, subcutaneous immunization of the NPs allows foreign Ap to enter the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) cross-presentation pathway of antigen-presenting cells, thereby presenting Ap and eliciting high levels of Ap-specific CTLs. On the other hand, intratumor/intravenous injections of the NPs allow foreign Ap to enter tumor cells and present Ap through the MHC-I cross-presentation pathway. Ap-specific CTLs can kill Ap-presented tumor cells. Furthermore, the NPs generated near-infrared laser triggered the photothermal killing of tumor cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AcDEX NPs in antitumor photothermal therapy. Strikingly, systemic administration of the I-R-Ap-AcDEX NPs combined with near-infrared laser irradiation allowed for complete protection to mice from the tumors when applied to two non-OVA tumor models. This quite impressive result displays the great promise of synergistic therapy by the vaccine I-R-Ap-AcDEX NPs, an approach that harnesses the photothermal effect to boost antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Gao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States
| | - Xuanjun Wu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Carbohydrate-based Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China; Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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6
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Wibowo D, Jorritsma SHT, Gonzaga ZJ, Evert B, Chen S, Rehm BHA. Polymeric nanoparticle vaccines to combat emerging and pandemic threats. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120597. [PMID: 33360074 PMCID: PMC7834201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines are more advantageous than live attenuated vaccines in terms of safety and scale-up manufacture. However, this often comes as a trade-off to their efficacy. Over the years, polymeric nanoparticles have been developed to improve vaccine potency, by engineering their physicochemical properties to incorporate multiple immunological cues to mimic pathogenic microbes and viruses. This review covers recent advances in polymeric nanostructures developed toward particulate vaccines. It focuses on the impact of microbe mimicry (e.g. size, charge, hydrophobicity, and surface chemistry) on modulation of the nanoparticles’ delivery, trafficking, and targeting antigen-presenting cells to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses. This review also provides up-to-date progresses on rational designs of a wide variety of polymeric nanostructures that are loaded with antigens and immunostimulatory molecules, ranging from particles, micelles, nanogels, and polymersomes to advanced core-shell structures where polymeric particles are coated with lipids, cell membranes, or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wibowo
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Sytze H T Jorritsma
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Zennia Jean Gonzaga
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Benjamin Evert
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Shuxiong Chen
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Bernd H A Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Froimchuk E, Carey ST, Edwards C, Jewell CM. Self-Assembly as a Molecular Strategy to Improve Immunotherapy. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2534-2545. [PMID: 33074649 PMCID: PMC7896133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies harness an individual's immune system to battle diseases such as cancer and autoimmunity. During cancer, the immune system often fails to detect and destroy cancerous cells, whereas during autoimmune disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks self-tissue. Immunotherapies can help guide more effective responses in these settings, as evidenced by recent advances with monoclonal antibodies and adoptive cell therapies. However, despite the transformative gains of immunotherapies for patients, many therapies are not curative, work only for a small subset of patients, and lack specificity in distinguishing between healthy and diseased cells, which can cause severe side effects. From this perspective, self-assembled biomaterials are promising technologies that could help address some of the limitations facing immunotherapies. For example, self-assembly allows precision control over the combination and relative concentration of immune cues and directed cargo display densities. These capabilities support selectivity and potency that could decrease off-target effects and enable modular or personalized immunotherapies. The underlying forces driving self-assembly of most systems in aqueous solution result from hydrophobic interactions or charge polarity. In this Account, we highlight how these forces are being used to self-assemble immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune disease.Hydrophobic interactions can create a range of intricate structures, including peptide nanofibers, nanogels, micelle-like particles, and in vivo assemblies with protein carriers. Certain nanofibers with hydrophobic domains uniquely benefit from the ability to elicit immune responses without additional stimulatory signals. This feature can reduce nonspecific inflammation but may also limit the nanofiber's application because of their inherent stimulatory properties. Micelle-like particles have been developed with the ability to incorporate a range of tumor-specific antigens for immunotherapies in mouse models of cancer. Key observations have revealed that both the total dose of antigen and display density of antigen per particle can impact immune response and efficacy of immunotherapies. These developments are promising benchmarks that could reveal design principles for engineering more specific and personalized immunotherapies.There has also been extensive work to develop platforms using electrostatic interactions to drive assembly of oppositely charged immune signals. These strategies benefit from the ability to tune biophysical interactions between components by altering the ratio of cationic to anionic charge during formulation, or the density of charge. Using a layer-by-layer assembly method, our lab developed hollow capsules composed entirely of immune signals for therapies in cancer and autoimmune disease models. This platform allowed for 100% of the immunotherapy to be composed of immune signals and completely prevents the onset of disease in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Layer-by-layer assembly has also been used to coat microneedle patches to target signals to immune cells in the dermal layer. As an alternative to layer-by-layer assembly, one step assembly can be achieved by mixing cationic and anionic components in solution. Additional approaches have created molecular structures that leverage hydrogen bonding for self-assembly. The creativity of engineered self-assembly has led to key insights that could benefit future immunotherapies and revealed aspects that require further study. The challenge now remains to utilize these insights to push development of new immunotherapeutics into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Froimchuk
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Sean T. Carey
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Camilla Edwards
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Christopher M. Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21202
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, College Park, MD, 20742
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD, 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201
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Abstract
Personalized cancer vaccines (PCVs) are reinvigorating vaccine strategies in cancer immunotherapy. In contrast to adoptive T-cell therapy and checkpoint blockade, the PCV strategy modulates the innate and adaptive immune systems with broader activation to redeploy antitumor immunity with individualized tumor-specific antigens (neoantigens). Following a sequential scheme of tumor biopsy, mutation analysis, and epitope prediction, the administration of neoantigens with synthetic long peptide (SLP) or mRNA formulations dramatically improves the population and activity of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Despite the promising prospect of PCVs, there is still great potential for optimizing prevaccination procedures and vaccine potency. In particular, the arduous development of tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-based vaccines provides valuable experience and rational principles for augmenting vaccine potency which is expected to advance PCV through the design of adjuvants, delivery systems, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) reversion since current personalized vaccination simply admixes antigens with adjuvants. Considering the broader application of TAA-based vaccine design, these two strategies complement each other and can lead to both personalized and universal therapeutic methods. Chemical strategies provide vast opportunities for (1) exploring novel adjuvants, including synthetic molecules and materials with optimizable activity, (2) constructing efficient and precise delivery systems to avoid systemic diffusion, improve biosafety, target secondary lymphoid organs, and enhance antigen presentation, and (3) combining bioengineering methods to innovate improvements in conventional vaccination, "smartly" re-educate the TME, and modulate antitumor immunity. As chemical strategies have proven versatility, reliability, and universality in the design of T cell- and B cell-based antitumor vaccines, the union of such numerous chemical methods in vaccine construction is expected to provide new vigor and vitality in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 100069 Beijing, China.,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
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Van Herck S, De Geest BG. Nanomedicine-mediated alteration of the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecule cancer immunotherapeutics. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:881-894. [PMID: 32451411 PMCID: PMC7471422 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy is a game changer in cancer therapy with monoclonal antibody- and T cell-based therapeutics being the current flagships. Small molecule immunotherapeutics might offer advantages over the biological drugs in terms of complexity, tissue penetration, manufacturing cost, stability, and shelf life. However, small molecule drugs are prone to rapid systemic distribution, which might induce severe off-target side effects. Nanotechnology could aid in the formulation of the drug molecules to improve their delivery to specific immune cell subsets. In this review we summarize the current efforts in changing the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecule immunotherapeutics with a strong focus on Toll-like receptor agonists. In addition, we give our vision on limitations and future pathways in the route of nanomedicine to the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Van Herck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Miura R, Sawada SI, Mukai SA, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K. Antigen Delivery to Antigen-Presenting Cells for Adaptive Immune Response by Self-Assembled Anionic Polysaccharide Nanogel Vaccines. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:621-629. [PMID: 31800235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although current vaccine technology induces sufficient antibody responses to prophylactically ward off viral infections, an anticancer vaccine that directs the patient's immune system to directly fight extant malignant cells will require inducing Th1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in addition to antibody-mediated activities. Thus, new mechanisms are necessary to deliver antigen to cells in the lymphatic system that will induce these responses. To this end, we have developed a cholesterol-bearing pullulan (CHP) self-assembly nanogel of less than 100 nm, which we have now further modified to be anionic by carboxyl group substitution. Overall, the nanogel-protected antigens during transport to the lymphatic system and converting the vehicle to an anionic charge improved interactions with antigen-presenting cells. We further show that these modified nanogels are a more efficient system for delivering antigen to antigen-presenting cells, particularly langerin-expressing cells, and that this induced significant adaptive immunity. Therefore, we think that this technology could be used to improve anticancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risako Miura
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sawada
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Sada-Atsu Mukai
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , Kyoto University , Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
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11
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Trimaille T, Lacroix C, Verrier B. Self-assembled amphiphilic copolymers as dual delivery system for immunotherapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:232-239. [PMID: 31229673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines using recombinant antigens appear as the privileged vaccination technology for safety reasons but still require the development of carriers/adjuvants ensuring optimal immunogenicity and efficacy. Micelles from self-assembled amphiphilic copolymers have recently emerged as highly relevant and promising candidates owing to their ease of preparation, low size (entering in lymphatic capillaries for reaching lymph nodes), size/surface tunability and chemical versatility enabling introduction of stimuli (e.g. pH) responsive features and biofunctionalization with dedicated molecules. In particular, research efforts have increasingly focused on dendritic cells (DCs) targeting and activation by co-delivering (with antigen) ligands of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs, e.g. toll-like receptors). Such strategy has appeared as one of the most effective for eliciting CD 8+ T-cell response, which is crucial in the eradication of tumors and numerous infectious diseases. In this short review, we highlight the recent advances in such micelle-based carriers in subunit vaccination and how their precise engineering can be a strong asset for guiding and controlling immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Trimaille
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France.
| | - Céline Lacroix
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5305, Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, IBCP, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5305, Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique, IBCP, 69367 Lyon, France
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12
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Preparation of multifunctional micelles from two different amphiphilic block copolymers. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Tostanoski LH, Jewell CM. Engineering self-assembled materials to study and direct immune function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:60-78. [PMID: 28392305 PMCID: PMC6262758 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is an awe-inspiring control structure that maintains a delicate and constantly changing balance between pro-immune functions that fight infection and cancer, regulatory or suppressive functions involved in immune tolerance, and homeostatic resting states. These activities are determined by integrating signals in space and time; thus, improving control over the densities, combinations, and durations with which immune signals are delivered is a central goal to better combat infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmunity. Self-assembly presents a unique opportunity to synthesize materials with well-defined compositions and controlled physical arrangement of molecular building blocks. This review highlights strategies exploiting these capabilities to improve the understanding of how precisely-displayed cues interact with immune cells and tissues. We present work centered on fundamental properties that regulate the nature and magnitude of immune response, highlight pre-clinical and clinical applications of self-assembled technologies in vaccines, cancer, and autoimmunity, and describe some of the key manufacturing and regulatory hurdles facing these areas.
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Key Words
- Autoimmunity and tolerance
- Biomaterial
- Cancer
- Immunomodulation
- Manufacturing, regulatory approval and FDA
- Nanoparticle, microparticle, micelle, liposome, polyplex, lipoplex, polyelectrolyte multilayer
- Nanotechnology
- Non-covalent, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction
- Self-assembly
- Sensor, diagnostic, and theranostic
- Vaccine and immunotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Tostanoski
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8228 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8228 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Vaccines have helped considerably in eliminating some life-threatening infectious diseases in past two hundred years. Recently, human medicine has focused on vaccination against some of the world's most common infectious diseases (AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, etc.), and vaccination is also gaining popularity in the treatment of cancer or autoimmune diseases. The major limitation of current vaccines lies in their poor ability to generate a sufficient level of protective antibodies and T cell responses against diseases such as HIV, malaria, tuberculosis and cancers. Among the promising vaccination systems that could improve the potency of weakly immunogenic vaccines belong macromolecular carriers (water soluble polymers, polymer particels, micelles, gels etc.) conjugated with antigens and immunistumulatory molecules. The size, architecture, and the composition of the high molecular-weight carrier can significantly improve the vaccine efficiency. This review includes the most recently developed (bio)polymer-based vaccines reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G MuŽíková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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15
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Li D, Chen Y, Mastrobattista E, van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE, Vermonden T. Reduction-Sensitive Polymer-Shell-Coated Nanogels for Intracellular Delivery of Antigens. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:42-48. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yinan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Vermonden
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Chesson CB, Ekpo-Otu S, Endsley JJ, Rudra JS. Biomaterials-Based Vaccination Strategies for the Induction of CD8 +T Cell Responses. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:126-143. [PMID: 33450791 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic biomaterials are increasingly being used for the development of vaccines and immunotherapies as alternatives to traditional live-attenuated formulations due to their improved safety profiles and no risk of reversion to virulence. Polymeric materials in particular enjoy attention due to the ease of fabrication, control over physicochemical properties, and their wide range of immunogenicity. While the majority of studies focus on inducing protective antibody responses, in recent years, materials-based strategies for the delivery of antigens and immunomodulators to improve CD8+T cell immunity against infectious and non-infectious diseases have gained momentum. Notably, platforms based on polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, virus-like particles, self-assembling peptides and peptidomimetics, and multilayer thin films show considerable promise in preclinical studies. In this Review, we first introduce the concepts of CD8+T cell activation, effector and memory functions, and cytotoxic activity, followed by vaccine design for eliciting robust and protective long-lived CD8+T cell immunity. We then discuss different materials-based vaccines developed in the past decade to elicit CD8+T cell responses based on molecular composition or fabrication methods and conclude with a summary and glimpse at the future trends in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Chesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, ‡Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and §Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Shaunte Ekpo-Otu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and §Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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