Porous Bioactive Nanofibers via Cryogenic Solution Blow Spinning and Their Formation into 3D Macroporous Scaffolds

Angiogenic lipid-based drug delivery system (PhytoSolve) for treatment of a thin endometrium in animal model

Impaired vascular growth resulting from reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the epithelial tissue of the glands is a primary cause of thin endometrium. Inducing angiogenesis offers a possible therapeutic strategy for this condition. This study aimed to develop a novel drug delivery system using S75 lipoid loaded with VEGF for thin endometrium therapy. The formulation of PhytoSolve consisted of a combination of lipid S75, glycerol, and MCT oil, which was prepared utilizing a probe sonicator. Female NMRI mice (n=30) were divided into six groups: control, sham, thin endometrial model, VEGF treatment, PhytoSolve treatment, and VEGF/PhytoSolve treatment. A thin endometrial model was induced by injecting 95 % ethanol. After the treatment period, tissue samples were collected to assess the endometrial thickness-the mean particle size of the PhytoSolve formulation measured 67.57±7.07 nm. Approximately 40 % of the loaded VEGF was released within the first 24 hours, followed by a sustained release rate of 10-20 % daily. The PhytoSolve group containing VEGF exhibited significantly increased endometrial thickness compared to the VEGF group (P<0.05). S75 lipoid-based PhytoSolve loaded with VEGF effectively promoted blood vessel formation. The combination of PhytoSolve S75 and VEGF holds promise for developing a biocompatible drug delivery system with therapeutic potential for treating thin endometrium and various other biomedical applications.

Fibrous Structures Produced Using the Solution Blow-Spinning Technique for Advanced Air Filtration Process

This study proposes utilising the solution blow-spinning process (SBS) for manufacturing a biodegradable filtration structure that ensures high efficiency of particle filtration with an acceptable pressure drop. The concept of multi-layer filters was applied during the design of filters. Polylactic acid (PLA) was used to produce various layers, which may be mixed in different sequences, building structures with varying filtration properties. Changing the process parameters, one can create layers with diverse average fibre diameters and thicknesses. It enables the design and creation of optimal filtration materials prepared for aerosol particle filtration. The structures were numerically modelled using the lattice Boltzmann approach to obtain detailed production guidelines using the blow-spinning technique. The advantage of this method is the ability to blow fibres with diameters in the nanoscale, applying relatively simple and cost-effective equipment. For tested PLA solutions, i.e., 6% and 10%, the mean fibre diameter decreases as the concentration decreases. Therefore, the overall filtering efficiency decreases as the concentration of the used solution increases. The produced multi-layer filters have 96% overall filtration efficiency for particles ranging from 0.26 to 16.60 micrometres with a pressure drop of less than 160 Pa. Obtained results are auspicious and are a step in producing efficient, biodegradable air filters.

Alumina Ceramic Nanofibers: An Overview of the Spinning Gel Preparation, Manufacturing Process, and Application

As an important inorganic material, alumina ceramic nanofibers have attracted more and more attention because of their excellent thermal stability, high melting point, low thermal conductivity, and good chemical stability. In this paper, the preparation conditions for alumina spinning gel, such as the experimental raw materials, spin finish aid, aging time, and so on, are briefly introduced. Then, various methods for preparing the alumina ceramic nanofibers are described, such as electrospinning, solution blow spinning, centrifugal spinning, and some other preparation processes. In addition, the application of alumina ceramic nanofibers in thermal insulation, high-temperature filtration, catalysis, energy storage, water restoration, sound absorption, bioengineering, and other fields are described. The wide application prospect of alumina ceramic nanofibers highlights its potential as an advanced functional material with various applications. This paper aims to provide readers with valuable insights into the design of alumina ceramic nanofibers and to explore their potential applications, contributing to the advancement of various technologies in the fields of energy, environment, and materials science.

Lignin-facilitated growth of Ag/CuNPs on surface-activated polyacryloamidoxime nanofibers for superior antibacterial activity with improved biocompatibility

INTRODUCTION

Nanofibers are one of the role-playing innovations of nanotechnology. Their high surface-to-volume ratio allows them to be actively functionalized with a wide range of materials for a variety of applications. The functionalization of nanofibers with different metal nanoparticles (NPs) has been studied widely to fabricate antibacterial substrates to battle antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, metal NPs show cytotoxicity to living cells, thereby restricting their application in biomedicine.

OBJECTIVES

To minimize the cytotoxicity of NPs, biomacromolecule lignin was employed as both a reducing and capping agent to green synthesize silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) NPs on the surface of highly activated polyacryloamidoxime nanofibers. The activation of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers via amidoximation was employed for enhanced loading of NPs to achieve superior antibacterial activity.

METHODOLOGY

At first, electrospun PAN nanofibers (PANNM) were activated to produce polyacryloamidoxime nanofibers (AO-PANNM) by immersing PANNM in a solution of Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HH) and Na₂CO₃ under controlled conditions. Later, Ag and Cu ions were loaded by immersing AO-PANNM in different molar concentrations of AgNO₃ and CuSO₄ solutions in a stepwise manner. The reduction of Ag and Cu ions into NPs to fabricate bimetal-coated PANNM (BM-PANNM) was carried out via alkali lignin at 37 °C for 3 h in a shaking incubator with ultrasonication every 1 h.

RESULTS

AO-APNNM and BM-PANNM hold their nano-morphology except for some changes in fiber orientation. XRD analysis demonstrated the formation of Ag and CuNPs as evident from their respective spectral band. Maximum 8.46 ± 0.14 wt% and 0.98 ± 0.04 wt% Ag and Cu species were loaded on AO-PANNM, respectively as revealed by ICP spectrometric analysis. The hydrophobic PANNM turned into super hydrophilic, having WCA of 14 ± 3.32° after amidoximation which further reduced to 0° for BM-PANNM. However, the swelling ratio of PANNM reduced from 13.19 ± 0.18 g/g to 3.72 ± 0.20 g/g for AO-PANNM. Even at the third cycle test against S. aureus strains, 0.1Ag/Cu-PANNM, 0.3Ag/Cu-PANNM, and 0.5Ag/Cu-PANNM displayed bacterial reduction of 71.3 ± 1.64 %, 75.2 ± 1.91 %, and 77.24 ± 1.25 %, respectively. On 3rd cycle test against E. coli, above 82 % bacterial reduction was noticed for all BM-PANNM. Amidoximation increased COS-7 cell viability up to 82 %. The cell viability of 0.1Ag/Cu-PANNM, 0.3Ag/Cu-PANNM, and 0.5Ag/Cu-PANNM was found to be ~68 %, ~62, and 54 %, respectively. In LDH assay, almost no release of LDH was detected, suggesting the compatibility of the cell membrane in contact with BM-PANNM. The improved biocompatibility of BM-PANNM even at higher loading (%) of NPs must be ascribed to the controlled release of metal species in the early stage, antioxidant, and biocompatible lignin capping of NPs.

CONCLUSIONS

BM-PANNM displayed superior antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus bacterial strains and acceptable biocompatibility of COS-7 cells even at higher loading (%) of Ag/CuNPs. Our findings suggest that BM-PANNM can be used as a potential antibacterial wound dressing and other antibacterial applications where sustained antibacterial activity is needed.

Improved Forward Osmosis Performance of Thin Film Composite Membranes with Graphene Quantum Dots Derived from Eucalyptus Tree Leaves

The major challenges in forward osmosis (FO) are low water flux, high specific reverse solute flux (SRSF), and membrane fouling. The present work addresses these problems by the incorporation of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in the polyamide (PA) layer of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes, as well as by using an innovative polyethersulfone nanofiber support for the TFC membrane. The GQDs were prepared from eucalyptus leaves using a facile hydrothermal method that requires only deionized water, without the need for any organic solvents or reducing agents. The nanofiber support of the TFC membranes was prepared using solution blow spinning (SBS). The polyamide layer with GQDs was deposited on top of the nanofiber support through interfacial polymerization. This is the first study that reports the fouling resistance of the SBS-nanofiber-supported TFC membranes. The effect of various GQD loadings on the TFC FO membrane performance, its long-term FO testing, cleaning efficiency, and organic fouling resistance were analyzed. It was noted that the FO separation performance of the TFC membranes was improved with the incorporation of 0.05 wt.% GQDs. This study confirmed that the newly developed thin-film nanocomposite membranes demonstrated increased water flux and salt rejection, reduced SRSF, and good antifouling performance in the FO process.

An overview on electrospinning and its advancement toward hard and soft tissue engineering applications

One of the emerging technologies of the recent times harboring nanotechnology to fabricate nanofibers for various biomedical and environmental applications are electrospinning (nanofiber technology). Their relative ease in use, simplicity, functionality and diversity has surpassed the pitfalls encountered with the conventional method of generating fibers. This review aims to provide an overview of electrospinning, principle, methods, feed materials, and applications toward tissue engineering. To begin with, evolution of electrospinning and its typical apparatus have been briefed. Simultaneously, discussion on the production of nanofibers with diversified feed materials such as polymers, small molecules, colloids, and nanoparticles and its transformation into a powerful technology has been dealt with. Further, highlights on the application of nanofibers in tissue engineering and the commercialized products developed using nanofiber technology have been summed up. With this rapidly emerging technology, there would be a great demand pertaining to scalability and environmental challenge toward tissue engineering applications.

Pneumatospinning Biomimetic Scaffolds for Meniscus Tissue Engineering

Nanofibrous scaffolds fabricated via electrospinning have been proposed for meniscus tissue regeneration. However, the electrospinning process is slow, and can only generate scaffolds of limited thickness with densely packed fibers, which limits cell distribution within the scaffold. In this study, we explored whether pneumatospinning could produce thicker collagen type I fibrous scaffolds with higher porosity, that can support cell infiltration and neo-fibrocartilage tissue formation for meniscus tissue engineering. We pneumatospun scaffolds with solutions of collagen type I with thicknesses of approximately 1 mm in 2 h. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a mix of fiber sizes with diameters ranging from 1 to 30 µm. The collagen scaffold porosity was approximately 48% with pores ranging from 7.4 to 100.7 µm. The elastic modulus of glutaraldehyde crosslinked collagen scaffolds was approximately 45 MPa, when dry, which reduced after hydration to 0.1 MPa. Mesenchymal stem cells obtained from the infrapatellar fat pad were seeded in the scaffold with high viability (>70%). Scaffolds seeded with adipose-derived stem cells and cultured for 3 weeks exhibited a fibrocartilage meniscus-like phenotype (expressing COL1A1, COL2A1 and COMP). Ex vivo implantation in healthy bovine and arthritic human meniscal explants resulted in the development of fibrocartilage-like neotissues that integrated with the host tissue with deposition of glycosaminoglycans and collagens type I and II. Our proof-of-concept study indicates that pneumatospinning is a promising approach to produce thicker biomimetic scaffolds more efficiently that electrospinning, and with a porosity that supports cell growth and neo-tissue formation using a clinically relevant cell source.

Angiogenic Microspheres for the Treatment of a Thin Endometrium

The poor vascular development of an endometrium is the key cause of a thin endometrium due to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) decreasing in the glandular epithelium. Hence, inducing angiogenesis is an effective strategy for thin endometrium treatment in clinic. Herein, we developed a novel angiogenic hydrogel microsphere based on methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HAMA) loaded with VEGF for the treatment of a thin endometrium by a microfluidic electrospray technique. The generated HAMA microspheres with uniform size, porous structure, and satisfactory biocompatibility increased the drug-loading ability and controlled the drug-release rate by adjusting the hydrogel concentration. Besides, the HAMA microspheres loaded with VEGF showed satisfactory biocompatibility and promoted blood vessel formation in vitro. More importantly, the combination of HA and VEGF promoted new blood vessels and endometrial regeneration of a thin endometrium in vivo. Therefore, the combination of HA and VEGF would be conducive to the development of a drug-delivery microsphere with excellent biocompatibility and therapeutic effect for thin endometrium treatment and other biomedical applications.

A Biomimetic Macroporous Hybrid Scaffold with Sustained Drug Delivery for Enhanced Bone Regeneration

Bone regeneration is a highly complex physiological process regulated by several factors. In particular, bone-mimicking extracellular matrix and available osteogenic growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) have been regarded as key contributors for bone regeneration. In this study, we developed a biomimetic hybrid scaffold (CEGH) with sustained release of BMP-2 that would result in enhanced bone formation. This hybrid scaffold, composed of BMP-2-loaded cryoelectrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) (CE) surrounded by a macroporous gelatin/heparin cryogel (GH), is designed to overcome the drawbacks of the relatively weak mechanical properties of cryogels and poor biocompatibility and hydrophobicity of electrospun PCL. The GH component of the hybrid scaffold provides a hydrophilic surface to improve the biological response of the cells, while the CE component increases the mechanical strength of the scaffold to provide enhanced mechanical support for the defect area and a stable environment for osteogenic differentiation. After analyzing characteristics of the hybrid scaffold such as hydrophilicity, pore difference, mechanical properties, and surface charge, we confirmed that the hybrid scaffold shows enhanced cell proliferation rate and apatite formation in simulated body fluid. Then, we evaluated drug release kinetics of CEGH and confirmed the sustained release of BMP-2. Finally, the enhanced osteogenic differentiation of CEGH with sustained release of BMP-2 was confirmed by Alizarin Red S staining and real-time PCR analysis.

Advances in Functional Polymer Nanofibers: From Spinning Fabrication Techniques to Recent Biomedical Applications

Functional polymeric micro-/nanofibers have emerged as promising materials for the construction of structures potentially useful in biomedical fields. Among all kinds of technologies to produce polymer fibers, spinning methods have gained considerable attention. Herein, we provide a recent review on advances in the design of micro- and nanofibrous platforms via spinning techniques for biomedical applications. Specifically, we emphasize electrospinning, solution blow spinning, centrifugal spinning, and microfluidic spinning approaches. We first introduce the fundamentals of these spinning methods and then highlight the potential biomedical applications of such micro- and nanostructured fibers for drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and sensing/biosensing. Finally, we outline the current challenges and future perspectives of spinning techniques for the practical applications of polymer fibers in the biomedical field.

Blowspinning: A New Choice for Nanofibers

Blowspinning is a new technique that enables the large-scale production of fibers with diameters ranging from micrometer to nanometer, which is more like a combination of melt-blown and electrospinning but has its own characteristics. This method can be used to deposit fibers in situ and produce various fibrous materials, such as coating, nonwoven, and sponge. These characteristics provide a new strategy for nanofiber application and attract the interest of many researchers. Regarding the blowspinning technique, systematic research had been carried out, involving basic principles, empirical studies, spinning equipment, and application. This review is intended to emphasize trends and gaps in the form of a concise illustration of various research directions.

Solution Blow Spinning of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Based Fibers for Energy Harvesting Applications: A Review

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based piezoelectric materials (PEMs) have found extensive applications in energy harvesting which are being extended consistently to diverse fields requiring strenuous service conditions. Hence, there is a pressing need to mass produce PVDF-based PEMs with the highest possible energy harvesting ability under a given set of conditions. To achieve high yield and efficiency, solution blow spinning (SBS) technique is attracting a lot of interest due to its operational simplicity and high throughput. SBS is arguably still in its infancy when the objective is to mass produce high efficiency PVDF-based PEMs. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the critical parameters regarding design and processing of SBS is essential. The key objective of this review is to critically analyze the key aspects of SBS to produce high efficiency PVDF-based PEMs. As piezoelectric properties of neat PVDF are not intrinsically much significant, various additives are commonly incorporated to enhance its piezoelectricity. Therefore, PVDF-based copolymers and nanocomposites are also included in this review. We discuss both theoretical and experimental results regarding SBS process parameters such as solvents, dissolution methods, feed rate, viscosity, air pressure and velocity, and nozzle design. Morphological features and mechanical properties of PVDF-based nanofibers were also discussed and important applications have been presented. For completeness, key findings from electrospinning were also included. At the end, some insights are given to better direct the efforts in the field of PVDF-based PEMs using SBS technique.

Hierarchically Porous Silk/Activated-Carbon Composite Fibres for Adsorption and Repellence of Volatile Organic Compounds

Fabrics comprised of porous fibres could provide effective passive protection against chemical and biological (CB) threats whilst maintaining high air permeability (breathability). Here, we fabricate hierarchically porous fibres consisting of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) and activated-carbon (AC) prepared through two fibre spinning techniques in combination with ice-templating-namely cryogenic solution blow spinning (Cryo-SBS) and cryogenic wet-spinning (Cryo-WS). The Cryo-WS RSF fibres had exceptionally small macropores (as low as 0.1 µm) and high specific surface areas (SSAs) of up to 79 m2·g-1. The incorporation of AC could further increase the SSA to 210 m2·g-1 (25 wt.% loading) whilst also increasing adsorption capacity for volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Current Applications of Biopolymer-based Scaffolds and Nanofibers as Drug Delivery Systems

BACKGROUND

The high surface-to-volume ratio of polymeric nanofibers makes them an effective vehicle for the release of bioactive molecules and compounds such as growth factors, drugs, herbal extracts and gene sequences. Synthetic polymers are commonly used as sensors, reinforcements and energy storage, whereas natural polymers are more prone to mimicking an extracellular matrix. Natural polymers are a renewable resource and classified as an environmentally friendly material, which might be used in different techniques to produce nanofibers for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, implantable medical devices, antimicrobial barriers and wound dressings, among others. This review sheds some light on the advantages of natural over synthetic polymeric materials for nanofiber production. Also, the most important techniques employed to produce natural nanofibers are presented. Moreover, some pieces of evidence regarding toxicology and cell-interactions using natural nanofibers are discussed. Clearly, the potential extrapolation of such laboratory results into human health application should be addressed cautiously.

Improved mechanical performance of self-adhesive resin cement filled with hybrid nanofibers-embedded with niobium pentoxide

OBJECTIVES

In this study hybrid nanofibers embedded with niobium pentoxide (Nb₂O₅) were synthesized, incorporated in self-adhesive resin cement, and their influence on physical-properties was evaluated.

METHODS

Poly(D,L-lactide), PDLLA cotton-wool-like nanofibers with and without silica-based sol-gel precursors were formulated and spun into submicron fibers via solution blow spinning, a rapid fiber forming technology. The morphology, chemical composition and thermal properties of the spun fibers were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Produced fibers were combined with a self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200, 3M ESPE) in four formulations: (1) U200 resin cement (control); (2) U200+1wt.% PDLLA fibers; (3) U200+1wt.% Nb₂O₅-filled PDLLA composite fibers and (4) U200+1wt.% Nb₂O₅/SiO₂-filled PDLLA inorganic-organic hybrid fibers. Physical properties were assessed in flexure by 3-point bending (n=10), Knoop microhardness (n=5) and degree of conversion (n=3). Data were analyzed with One-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD (α=5%).

RESULTS

Composite fibers formed of PDLLA-Nb₂O₅ exhibited an average diameter of ∼250nm, and hybrid PDLLA+Nb₂O₅/SiO₂ fibers were slightly larger, ∼300nm in diameter. There were significant differences among formulations for hardness and flexural strength (p<0.05). Degree of conversion of resin cement was not affected for all groups, except for Group 4 (p<0.05).

SIGNIFICANCE

Hybrid reinforcement nanofibers are promising as fillers for dental materials. The self-adhesive resin cement with PDLLA+Nb₂O₅ and PDLLA+Nb₂O₅/SiO₂ presented superior mechanical performance than the control group.

Rapid fabrication of reinforced and cell-laden vascular grafts structurally inspired by human coronary arteries

Design strategies for small diameter vascular grafts are converging toward native-inspired tissue engineered grafts. A new automated technology is presented that combines a dip-spinning methodology for depositioning concentric cell-laden hydrogel layers, with an adapted solution blow spinning (SBS) device for intercalated placement of aligned reinforcement nanofibres. This additive manufacture approach allows the assembly of bio-inspired structural configurations of concentric cell patterns with fibres at specific angles and wavy arrangements. The middle and outer layers were tuned to structurally mimic the media and adventitia layers of native arteries, enabling the fabrication of small bore grafts that exhibit the J-shape mechanical response and compliance of human coronary arteries. This scalable automated system can fabricate cellularized multilayer grafts within 30 min. Grafts were evaluated by hemocompatibility studies and a preliminary in vivo carotid rabbit model. The dip-spinning-SBS technology generates constructs with native mechanical properties and cell-derived biological activities, critical for clinical bypass applications.

Fabrication and Characterisation of Stimuli Responsive Piezoelectric PVDF and Hydroxyapatite-Filled PVDF Fibrous Membranes

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) has attracted interest from the biomaterials community owing to its stimuli responsive piezoelectric property and promising results for application in the field of tissue engineering. Here, solution blow spinning and electrospinning were employed to fabricate PVDF fibres and the variation in resultant fibre properties assessed. The proportion of piezoelectric β-phase in the solution blow spun fibres was higher than electrospun fibres. Fibre production rate was circa three times higher for solution blow spinning compared to electrospinning for the conditions explored. However, the solution blow spinning method resulted in higher fibre variability between fabricated batches. Fibrous membranes are capable of generating different cellular response depending on fibre diameter. For this reason, electrospun fibres with micron and sub-micron diameters were fabricated, along with successful inclusion of hydroxyapatite particles to fabricate stimuli responsive bioactive fibres.

Porous, Aligned, and Biomimetic Fibers of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Produced by Solution Blow Spinning

Solution blow spinning (SBS) has emerged as a rapid and scalable technique for the production of polymeric and ceramic materials into micro-/nanofibers. Here, SBS was employed to produce submicrometer fibers of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) from Bombyx mori (silkworm) cocoons based on formic acid or aqueous systems. Spinning in the presence of vapor permitted the production of fibers from aqueous solutions, and high alignment could be obtained by modifying the SBS setup to give a concentrated channeled airflow. The combination of SBS and a thermally induced phase separation technique (TIPS) resulted in the production of macro-/microporous fibers with 3D interconnected pores. Furthermore, a coaxial SBS system enabled a pH gradient and kosmotropic salts to be applied at the point of fiber formation, mimicking some of the aspects of the natural spinning process, fostering fiber formation by self-assembly of the spinning dope. This scalable and fast production of various types of silk-based fibrous scaffolds could be suitable for a myriad of biomedical applications.

Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Viewpoints on Architecture and Fabrication

Electrospinning has been used for the fabrication of extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking fibrous scaffolds for several decades. Electrospun fibrous scaffolds provide nanoscale/microscale fibrous structures with interconnecting pores, resembling natural ECM in tissues, and showing a high potential to facilitate the formation of artificial functional tissues. In this review, we summarize the fundamental principles of electrospinning processes for generating complex fibrous scaffold geometries that are similar in structural complexity to the ECM of living tissues. Moreover, several approaches for the formation of three-dimensional fibrous scaffolds arranged in hierarchical structures for tissue engineering are also presented.

Preparation of Solution Blown Polyamic Acid Nanofibers and Their Imidization into Polyimide Nanofiber Mats

Solution blow spinning (SBS) is an innovative process for spinning micro/nanofibers. In this paper, polyamic acid (PAA) nanofibers were fabricated via a SBS apparatus and then imidized into polyimide (PI) nanofibers via thermal process. The morphology and diameter distributions of PAA nanofibers were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Image Tool software, the processing parameters, including PAA concentration, solution feeding rate, gas pressure, nozzle size, and receiving distance were investigated in details. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize the chemical changes in the nanofibers after thermal imidization. The results showed that the solution concentration exhibited a notable correlation with spinnability, and the formation of bead defects in PAA nanofibers. Solution feeding rate, gas pressure, nozzle size, and receiving distance affected nanofiber production efficiency and diameter distribution. The average diameters of fibers produced ranged from 129.6 to 197.7 nm by varying SBS parameters. Precisely, PAA nanofibers with good morphology were obtained and the average diameter of nanofibers was 178.2 nm with optimum process parameter. After thermal imidization, the PI nanofibers exhibited obvious adhesion morphology among interconnected fibers, with an increased average diameter of 209.1 nm. The tensile strength of resultant PI nanofiber mat was 12.95 MPa.

A Review of the Fundamental Principles and Applications of Solution Blow Spinning

Solution blow spinning (SBS) is a technique that can be used to deposit fibers in situ at low cost for a variety of applications, which include biomedical materials and flexible electronics. This review is intended to provide an overview of the basic principles and applications of SBS. We first describe a method for creating a spinnable polymer solution and stable polymer solution jet by manipulating parameters such as polymer concentration and gas pressure. This method is based on fundamental insights, theoretical models, and empirical studies. We then discuss the unique bundled morphology and mechanical properties of fiber mats produced by SBS, and how they compare with electrospun fiber mats. Applications of SBS in biomedical engineering are highlighted, showing enhanced cell infiltration and proliferation versus electrospun fiber scaffolds and in situ deposition of biodegradable polymers. We also discuss the impact of SBS in applications involving textiles and electronics, including ceramic fibers and conductive composite materials. Strategies for future research are presented that take advantage of direct and rapid polymer deposition via cost-effective methods.

A review on non-electro nanofibre spinning techniques

A large surface area, scalable porosity, and versatility have made nanofibres one of the most widely investigated morphologies among the nanomaterials.