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Huang H, Zheng Y, Chang M, Song J, Xia L, Wu C, Jia W, Ren H, Feng W, Chen Y. Ultrasound-Based Micro-/Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:8307-8472. [PMID: 38924776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Due to the intrinsic non-invasive nature, cost-effectiveness, high safety, and real-time capabilities, besides diagnostic imaging, ultrasound as a typical mechanical wave has been extensively developed as a physical tool for versatile biomedical applications. Especially, the prosperity of nanotechnology and nanomedicine invigorates the landscape of ultrasound-based medicine. The unprecedented surge in research enthusiasm and dedicated efforts have led to a mass of multifunctional micro-/nanosystems being applied in ultrasound biomedicine, facilitating precise diagnosis, effective treatment, and personalized theranostics. The effective deployment of versatile ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems in biomedical applications is rooted in a profound understanding of the relationship among composition, structure, property, bioactivity, application, and performance. In this comprehensive review, we elaborate on the general principles regarding the design, synthesis, functionalization, and optimization of ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems for abundant biomedical applications. In particular, recent advancements in ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems for diagnostic imaging are meticulously summarized. Furthermore, we systematically elucidate state-of-the-art studies concerning recent progress in ultrasound-based micro-/nanosystems for therapeutic applications targeting various pathological abnormalities including cancer, bacterial infection, brain diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic diseases. Finally, we conclude and provide an outlook on this research field with an in-depth discussion of the challenges faced and future developments for further extensive clinical translation and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P. R. China
| | - Meiqi Chang
- Laboratory Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Song
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Lili Xia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Chenyao Wu
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wencong Jia
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Hongze Ren
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
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2
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Wardhani K, Levina A, Grau GER, Lay PA. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, magnetic resonance contrast and radioactive tracer labelling of extracellular vesicles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6779-6829. [PMID: 38828885 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00238h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This review focusses on the significance of fluorescent, phosphorescent labelling and tracking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for unravelling their biology, pathophysiology, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Various labeling strategies, such as lipid membrane, surface protein, luminal, nucleic acid, radionuclide, quantum dot labels, and metal complex-based stains, are evaluated for visualizing and characterizing EVs. Direct labelling with fluorescent lipophilic dyes is simple but generally lacks specificity, while surface protein labelling offers selectivity but may affect EV-cell interactions. Luminal and nucleic acid labelling strategies have their own advantages and challenges. Each labelling approach has strengths and weaknesses, which require a suitable probe and technique based on research goals, but new tetranuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as phosphorescent probes have strong phosphorescence, selective staining, and stability. Future research should prioritize the design of novel fluorescent probes and labelling platforms that can significantly enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and specificity of EV labeling, while preserving their composition and functionality. It is crucial to reduce false positive signals and explore the potential of multimodal imaging techniques to gain comprehensive insights into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology (B-TEK) Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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3
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Barguilla I, Candela-Noguera V, Oliver P, Annangi B, Díez P, Aznar E, Martínez-Máñez R, Marcos R, Hernández A, Marcos MD. Toxicological Profiling and Long-Term Effects of Bare, PEGylated- and Galacto-Oligosaccharide-Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16158. [PMID: 38003350 PMCID: PMC10671840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are amongst the most used nanoparticles in biomedicine. However, the potentially toxic effects of MSNs have not yet been fully evaluated, being a controversial matter in research. In this study, bare MSNs, PEGylated MSNs (MSNs-PEG), and galacto-oligosaccharide-functionalized MSNs (MSNs-GAL) are synthesized and characterized to assess their genotoxicity and transforming ability on human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells in short- (48 h) and long-term (8 weeks) exposure scenarios. Initial short-term treatments show a dose-dependent increase in genotoxicity for MSNs-PEG-treated cells but not oxidative DNA damage for MSNs, MSNs-PEG, or for MSNs-GAL. In addition, after 8 weeks of continuous exposure, neither induced genotoxic nor oxidative DNA is observed. Nevertheless, long-term treatment with MSNs-PEG and MSNs-GAL, but not bare MSNs, induces cell transformation features, as evidenced by the cell's enhanced ability to grow independently of anchorage, to migrate, and to invade. Further, the secretome from cells treated with MSNs and MSNs-GAL, but not MSNs-PEG, shows certain tumor-promoting abilities, increasing the number and size of HeLa cell colonies formed in the indirect soft-agar assay. These results show that MSNs, specifically the functionalized ones, provoke some measurable adverse effects linked to tumorigenesis. These effects are in the order of other nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes or cerium dioxide nanoparticles, but they are lower than those provoked by some approved drugs, such as doxorubicin or dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Barguilla
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain (R.M.)
| | - Vicente Candela-Noguera
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Patrick Oliver
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain (R.M.)
| | - Balasubramanyam Annangi
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain (R.M.)
| | - Paula Díez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Aznar
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricard Marcos
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain (R.M.)
| | - Alba Hernández
- Grup de Mutagènesi, Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain (R.M.)
| | - María Dolores Marcos
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Lérida-Viso A, Estepa-Fernández A, García-Fernández A, Martí-Centelles V, Martínez-Máñez R. Biosafety of mesoporous silica nanoparticles; towards clinical translation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 201:115049. [PMID: 37573951 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have attracted the attention of chemists, who have developed numerous systems for the encapsulation of a plethora of molecules, allowing the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles for biomedical applications. MSNs have been extensively studied for their use in nanomedicine, in applications such as drug delivery, diagnosis, and bioimaging, demonstrating significant in vivo efficacy in different preclinical models. Nevertheless, for the transition of MSNs into clinical trials, it is imperative to understand the characteristics that make MSNs effective and safe. The biosafety properties of MSNs in vivo are greatly influenced by their physicochemical characteristics such as particle shape, size, surface modification, and silica framework. In this review, we compile the most relevant and recent progress in the literature up to the present by analyzing the contributions on biodistribution, biodegradability, and clearance of MSNs. Furthermore, the ongoing clinical trials and the potential challenges related to the administration of silica materials for advanced therapeutics are discussed. This approach aims to provide a solid overview of the state-of-the-art in this field and to encourage the translation of MSNs to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Lérida-Viso
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores. Universitat Politècnica de València, IIS La Fe. Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106 Torre A 7ª planta. 46026, Valencia, Spain; Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n. 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3. 46012, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Alejandra Estepa-Fernández
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n. 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3. 46012, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Alba García-Fernández
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n. 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3. 46012, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n. 46022, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores. Universitat Politècnica de València, IIS La Fe. Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106 Torre A 7ª planta. 46026, Valencia, Spain; Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n. 46022, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3. 46012, Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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5
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Liu JY, Sayes CM. A toxicological profile of silica nanoparticles. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:565-582. [PMID: 36051665 PMCID: PMC9424711 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are regularly exposed to silica nanoparticles in environmental and occupational contexts, and these exposures have been implicated in the onset of adverse health effects. Existing reviews on silica nanoparticle toxicity are few and not comprehensive. There are natural and synthetic sources by which crystalline and amorphous silica nanoparticles are produced. These processes influence physiochemical properties, which are factors that can dictate toxicological effects. Toxicological assessment includes exposure scenario (e.g. environmental, occupational), route of exposure, toxicokinetics, and toxicodynamics. Broader considerations include pathology, risk assessment, regulation, and treatment after injury. This review aims to consolidate the most relevant and up-to-date research in these areas to provide an exhaustive toxicological profile of silica nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Y Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, United States
| | - Christie M Sayes
- Corresponding author: Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place # 97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, United States.
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Fernandes T, Daniel-da-Silva AL, Trindade T. Metal-dendrimer hybrid nanomaterials for sensing applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Isozaki K, Ueno R, Ishibashi K, Nakano G, Yin H, Iseri K, Sakamoto M, Takaya H, Teranishi T, Nakamura M. Gold Nanocluster Functionalized with Peptide Dendron Thiolates: Acceleration of the Photocatalytic Oxidation of an Amino Alcohol in a Supramolecular Reaction Field. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Isozaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Ueno
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ishibashi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Genta Nakano
- Department of Technological Systems, Osaka Prefecture University College of Technology, Saiwaicho 26-12, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8572, Japan
| | - Haozhi Yin
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenta Iseri
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masanori Sakamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hikaru Takaya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Teranishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakamura
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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8
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Ramadurai M, Rajendran G, Bama TS, Prabhu P, Kathiravan K. Biocompatible thiolate protected copper nanoclusters for an efficient imaging of lung cancer cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 205:111845. [PMID: 32172137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report, the one-pot synthesis of water-soluble and biocompatible 3-mercaptopropylsulfonate (MPS) protected novel copper nanoclusters (CuNCs). Interestingly, the TEM image of MPS protected CuNCs exhibits an ultrasmall nanoclusters of particle size <2-nm, similar to its Au and Ag analogue. The hydrophilic and biocompability property of thiolate protected CuNCs. i.e., MPS stabilized CuNCs and its luminescent nature gave rise to maximum quantum yield of 1.5%. Further, as achieved CuNCs was investigated for haemocompatibility, cell viability and fluorescent microscopic analysis with A549 lung cancer cell line. Haemolytic study was examined using human RBCs in the concentration range of 4 to 22 μg/mL for which 7.5% of haemolysis was obtained for an optimum concentration of 22 μg/mL of CuNCs. The cell viability analysis was carried out by MTT assay using A549 lung cancer cells for the minimum (10 μg/mL) and maximum (45 μg/mL) concentration of CuNCs which reports 93.1% and 38.2% cell viability respectively. The inverted light microscopic images from the control and CuNCs treated (20 μg/mL) cells exhibited an excellent biocompatibility with a normal morphology. Upon increasing the concentration of CuNCs upto 45 μg/mL, the cell viability trends to decrease and the cell morphology also denature gradually. Further, the bio-imaging application of CuNCs was analyzed with A549 lung cancer cells. The efficient imaging with CuNCs treated (20 μg/mL) A549 cells resulted in a green colour emission using FITC filter (460- 490 nm). Thereby the obtained results confirm the applicability of CuNCs for the biomedical and cancer diagnosis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Ramadurai
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India
| | - Ganapathy Rajendran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India
| | - Thangapandian Sathya Bama
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India
| | - Pandurangan Prabhu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India.
| | - Krishnan Kathiravan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600 025, India.
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9
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Ma C, Zhang J, Zhang T, Sun H, Wu J, Shi J, Xie Z. Comparing the Rod-Like and Spherical BODIPY Nanoparticles in Cellular Imaging. Front Chem 2019; 7:765. [PMID: 31803715 PMCID: PMC6873392 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To design efficient nanoparticles for bioimaging, it is necessary to obtain nanoparticles with desired cellular uptake and biofunction. There are many studies have shown that cellular uptake largely depends on the geometric properties of nanoparticles. In this work, the organic nanoparticles with rod-like and spherical shapes were fabricated, and their cellular behaviors were studied and compared in detail via cellular uptake and bioimaging effect. The nanoparticles with spherical and rod-like morphology both can be internalized by HeLa and HepG2 cells, but the rod-like nanoparticles showed better imaging performance than their spherical counterpart. Above results presented that the rod-like nanoparticles possess great potential for bioimaging in efficient delivery and ideal imaging efficacy. Our studies may provide useful and fundamental information for designing efficient bioimaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haojie Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Wu
- International Journal of Geriatrics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingwei Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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10
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Cui Y, Zhang R, Yang L, Lv S. Self-carried AIE nanoparticles for in vitro non-invasive long-term imaging. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Sábio RM, Meneguin AB, Ribeiro TC, Silva RR, Chorilli M. New insights towards mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a technological platform for chemotherapeutic drugs delivery. Int J Pharm 2019; 564:379-409. [PMID: 31028801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) displays interesting properties for biomedical applications such as high chemical stability, large surface area and tunable pores diameters and volumes, allowing the incorporation of large amounts of drugs, protecting them from deactivation and degradation processes acting as an excellent nanoplatform for drug delivery. However, the functional MSNs do not present the ability to transport the therapeutics without any leakage until reach the targeted cells causing side effects. On the other hand, the hydroxyls groups available on MSNs surface allows the conjugation of specific molecules which can binds to the overexpressed Enhanced Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in many tumors, representing a potential strategy for the cancer treatment. Beyond that, the targeting molecules conjugate onto mesoporous surface increase its cell internalization and act as gatekeepers blocking the mesopores controlling the drug release. In this context, multifunctional MSNs emerge as stimuli-responsive controlled drug delivery systems (CDDS) to overcome drawbacks as low internalization, premature release before to reach the region of interest, several side effects and low effectiveness of the current treatments. This review presents an overview of MSNs fabrication methods and its properties that affects drug delivery as well as stimuli-responsive CDDS for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Sábio
- São Carlos Institute of Physics - University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Andréia B Meneguin
- São Carlos Institute of Physics - University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Taís C Ribeiro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences - São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Robson R Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering - Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences - São Paulo State University (UNESP), 14800-903 Araraquara, Brazil.
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Dai Y, Ma X, Zhang Y, Chen K, Tang JZ, Gong Q, Luo K. A biocompatible and cathepsin B sensitive nanoscale system of dendritic polyHPMA-gemcitabine prodrug enhances antitumor activity markedly. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:2976-2986. [PMID: 30255871 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00946e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to improve the therapeutic indices of gemcitabine (GEM), a prodrug was designed by conjugating GEM with a stimuli-responsive dendritic polyHPMA copolymer (dendritic polyHPMA-GEM) and synthesized using the one-pot method of RAFT polymerization. The prodrug with dendritic architectures was able to aggregate and form stable nanoscale systems in the order of 46 nm. The high molecular weight (HMW, 168 kDa) dendritic prodrug could biodegrade into segments of low molecular weight (LMW, 29 kDa) for excretion. The prodrug demonstrates enzyme-responsive drug release features; over 95% GEM was released from the carrier in the presence of cathepsin B within 3 h. Investigation of the cellular mechanism underlying the dendritic prodrug suggests that cytotoxicity is associated with cellular uptake and cell apoptosis. The prodrug shows good hemocompatibility and in vivo biosafety. In particular, the dendritic polymer prodrug displays high accumulation within tumors and markedly improved in vivo antitumor activity in the 4T1 murine breast cancer model compared to free GEM. The in vivo antitumor activities are characterized by a marked suppression in tumor volumes indicating much higher tumor growth inhibition (TGI, 83%) than that in GEM treatment (TGI, 36%). In addition, some tumors were eliminated. The tumor xenograft immunohistochemistry study clearly indicates that tumor apoptosis occurs through antiangiogenic effects. These results suggest that the stimuli-responsive dendritic polymer-gemcitabine has great potential as an efficient anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dai
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. and Department of Pharmacy of the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Kai Chen
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - James Z Tang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Mousli Y, Rouvière L, Traboulsi I, Hunel J, Buffeteau T, Heuzé K, Vellutini L, Genin E. Hydrosilylation of Azide-Containing Olefins as a Convenient Access to Azidoorganotrialkoxysilanes for Self-Assembled Monolayer Elaboration onto Silica by Spin Coating. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Mousli
- ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS; University of Bordeaux; F-33400 Talence France
| | - Lisa Rouvière
- ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS; University of Bordeaux; F-33400 Talence France
| | - Iman Traboulsi
- ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS; University of Bordeaux; F-33400 Talence France
| | - Julien Hunel
- ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS; University of Bordeaux; F-33400 Talence France
| | | | - Karine Heuzé
- ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS; University of Bordeaux; F-33400 Talence France
| | - Luc Vellutini
- ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS; University of Bordeaux; F-33400 Talence France
| | - Emilie Genin
- ISM, UMR 5255 CNRS; University of Bordeaux; F-33400 Talence France
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14
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Jiang X, Zong S, Chen C, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Cui Y. Gold-carbon dots for the intracellular imaging of cancer-derived exosomes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:175701. [PMID: 29438102 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaaf14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As a novel fluorescent nanomaterial, gold-carbon quantum dots (GCDs) possess high biocompatibility and can be easily synthesized by a microwave-assisted method. Owing to their small sizes and unique optical properties, GCDs can be applied to imaging of biological targets, such as cells, exosomes and other organelles. In this study, GCDs were used for fluorescence imaging of exosomes. Tumor-specific antibodies are attached to the GCDs, forming exosome specific nanoprobes. The nanoprobes can label exosomes via immuno-reactions and thus facilitate fluorescent imaging of exosomes. When incubated with live cells, exosomes labeled with the nanoprobes can be taken up by the cells. The intracellular experiments confirmed that the majority of exosomes were endocytosed by cells and transported to lysosomes. The manner by which exosomes were taken up and the intracellular distribution of exosomes are unaffected by the GCDs. The experimental results successfully demonstrated that the presented nanoprobe can be used to study the intrinsic intracellular behavior of tumor derived exosomes. We believe that the GCDs based nanoprobe holds a great promise in the study of exosome related cellular events, such as cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Jiang
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
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Rampazzo E, Genovese D, Palomba F, Prodi L, Zaccheroni N. NIR-fluorescent dye doped silica nanoparticles forin vivoimaging, sensing and theranostic. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2018; 6:022002. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/aa8f57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Croissant JG, Fatieiev Y, Almalik A, Khashab NM. Mesoporous Silica and Organosilica Nanoparticles: Physical Chemistry, Biosafety, Delivery Strategies, and Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29193848 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Predetermining the physico-chemical properties, biosafety, and stimuli-responsiveness of nanomaterials in biological environments is essential for safe and effective biomedical applications. At the forefront of biomedical research, mesoporous silica nanoparticles and mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles are increasingly investigated to predict their biological outcome by materials design. In this review, it is first chronicled that how the nanomaterial design of pure silica, partially hybridized organosilica, and fully hybridized organosilica (periodic mesoporous organosilicas) governs not only the physico-chemical properties but also the biosafety of the nanoparticles. The impact of the hybridization on the biocompatibility, protein corona, biodistribution, biodegradability, and clearance of the silica-based particles is described. Then, the influence of the surface engineering, the framework hybridization, as well as the morphology of the particles, on the ability to load and controllably deliver drugs under internal biological stimuli (e.g., pH, redox, enzymes) and external noninvasive stimuli (e.g., light, magnetic, ultrasound) are presented. To conclude, trends in the biomedical applications of silica and organosilica nanovectors are delineated, such as unconventional bioimaging techniques, large cargo delivery, combination therapy, gaseous molecule delivery, antimicrobial protection, and Alzheimer's disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G. Croissant
- Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of New Mexico; 210 University Blvd NE Albuquerque NM 87131-0001 USA
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials; Advanced Materials Laboratory; University of New Mexico; MSC04 2790, 1001 University Blvd SE Suite 103 Albuquerque NM 87106 USA
| | - Yevhen Fatieiev
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs); Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal Riyadh KSA 11442 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Almalik
- Life sciences and Environment Research Institute; Center of Excellence in Nanomedicine (CENM); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST); Riyadh 11461 Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M. Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs); Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal Riyadh KSA 11442 Saudi Arabia
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17
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Zhang J, Xu B, Tian W, Xie Z. Tailoring the morphology of AIEgen fluorescent nanoparticles for optimal cellular uptake and imaging efficacy. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2620-2627. [PMID: 29675254 PMCID: PMC5892346 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rational design of robust fluorescent organic materials for long-term cell tracing is still challenging, and aggregation-caused quenching of emission is a big limitation of this strategy. Organic dyes with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) can effectively address this problem. Herein, AIEgen-containing nanoparticles, with different morphologies and emission, were prepared by assembling amphiphilic copolymers with an AIEgen. We compared the physical and chemical properties of rod-like and spherical nanoparticles, particularly investigating the effects of the shape on internalization and the imaging effect. The formulated nanoparticles exhibit advantageous features, such as a large Stokes shift, robust stability in physiological conditions, strong fluorescent emission, and photobleaching resistance. Interestingly, the rod-like nanoparticles were internalized more efficiently than their spherical counterparts, and their strong green fluorescence can still be clearly observed even after 15 days in vitro and in vivo. This work demonstrates the great potential of regulating the morphology of nanoparticles to obtain an ideal biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , P. R. China . .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials , Jilin University , Changchun , 130012 Jilin , P. R. China .
| | - Wenjing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials , Jilin University , Changchun , 130012 Jilin , P. R. China .
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 5625 Renmin Street , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , P. R. China .
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18
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Wu C, Gao C, Lü S, Xu X, Wen N, Zhang S, Liu M. Construction of polylysine dendrimer nanocomposites carrying nattokinase and their application in thrombolysis. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 106:440-449. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous, Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous, Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyu Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous, Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiubin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous, Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous, Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous, Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous, Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Department of Chemistry; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic of China
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19
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Guo C, Sun L, Cai H, Duan Z, Zhang S, Gong Q, Luo K, Gu Z. Gadolinium-Labeled Biodegradable Dendron-Hyaluronic Acid Hybrid and Its Subsequent Application as a Safe and Efficient Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:23508-23519. [PMID: 28656751 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents with high sensitivity and good biocompatibility are required for the diagnosis of cancer. Herein, we prepared and characterized the gadolinium [Gd(III)]-labeled peptide dendron-hyaluronic acid (HA) conjugate-based hybrid (dendronized-HA-DOTA-Gd) by combining the advantages of HA and the peptide dendron. The dendronized-HA-DOTA-Gd hybrid with 3.8% Gd(III) as weight percentage showed a negative zeta potential (-35 mV). The in vitro degradation results indicated that the dendronized-HA-DOTA-Gd hybrid degraded into products with low molecular weights in the presence of hyaluronidase. The dendronized-HA-DOTA-Gd hybrid showed a 3-fold increase in longitudinal relaxivity and much higher in vivo signal enhancement in 4T1 breast tumors of mice compared with clinical Magnevist (Gd-DTPA). The dendronized-HA-DOTA-Gd hybrid had a higher accumulation in tumors than Gd-DTPA; it was 2-3-fold after administration. Meanwhile, the polymeric hybrid resulted in low Gd(III) residue in the body compared with that of Gd-DTPA. The systematic biosafety evaluations, including blood compatibility and toxicity assessments, suggested that the dendronized-HA-DOTA-Gd hybrid exhibited good biocompatibility. Thus, the gadolinium-labeled and dendronized HA hybrid shows promise as a safe and efficient macromolecular MRI contrast agent based on high sensitivity, low residue content in the body, and good biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Guo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhenyu Duan
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shiyong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610064, China
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