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Zeb A, Abbasi MA, Aziz-Ur-Rehman, Siddiqui SZ, Hassan M, Javed Q, Rafiq M, Ali A, Shah SAA, Kloczkowski A. Synthesis, Kinetics and Computational Explorations of 4-Phenylpiperazine Bearing N-(Aryl)-3-substituted-benzamides as Auspicious Tyrosinase Inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400133. [PMID: 38363553 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In the aimed research study, a new series of N-(aryl)-3-[(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl)methyl]benzamides was synthesized, which was envisaged as tyrosinase inhibitor. The structures of these newly designed molecules were verified by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, EI-MS and CHN analysis data. These molecules were screened against tyrosinase and their inhibitory activity explored that these 3-substituted-benzamides exhibit good to excellent potential, comparative to the standard. The Kinetics mechanism was investigated through Lineweaver-Burk plots which depicted that molecules inhibited this enzyme in a competitive mode. Moreover, molecular docking was also performed to determine the binding interaction of all synthesized molecules (ligands) with the active site of tyrosinase enzyme and the results showed that most of the ligands exhibited efficient binding energy values. Therefore, it is anticipated that these molecules might serve as auspicious therapeutic scaffolds for treatment of the tyrosinase associated skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurang Zeb
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Aziz-Ur-Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore-54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Mubashir Hassan
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, 43205, USA
| | - Qamar Javed
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250 (AJK), Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Physiology & Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Anser Ali
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250 (AJK), Pakistan
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan, Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan, Selangor Kampus Puncak Alam, Bandar Puncak Alam, 42300, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andrzej Kloczkowski
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43205, USA
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Wang R, Li Y, Gao P, Lv J, Cheng Y, Wang H. Piperazine-modified dendrimer achieves efficient intracellular protein delivery via caveolar endocytosis bypassing the endo-lysosomal pathway. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:725-733. [PMID: 36599402 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular protein delivery has been a major challenge due to various physiological barriers including low proteolytic stability and poor membrane permeability of the biologics. Nanoparticles were widely proposed to deliver cargo proteins into cells by endocytosis, however, the materials and complexes with proteins are often entrapped in endosomes and subject to lysosome degradation. In this study, we report a piperazine modified dendrimer for stabilizing the complexes via a combination of electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic interactions. The complexes show rapid cell internalization and the loaded proteins are released into the cytosols as early as half an hour post incubation. Mechanism study suggests that the complexes are endocytosed into cells via caveolae-based pathways, which could be inhibited by inhibitors such as genistein, filipin III, brefeldin A and nystatin. The phenylpiperazine-modified polymer enables the delivery of cargo proteins with reserved bioactivity and show high permeability in three-dimensional cell spheroids. The results prove the beneficial roles of phenylpiperazine ligands in polymer-mediated cytosolic protein delivery systems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We synthesized a list of piperazine and derivatives modified dendrimers as cytosolic protein delivery vectors via facile reactions. Phenylpiperazine modification enables the efficient protein binding through the combination of electrostatic, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Phenylpiperazine modified dendrimers were internalized into the cells via a caveolae-based endo/lysosome-independent path and could release the cargo proteins into the cytosols as early as half an hour post incubation. Phenylpiperazine modified dendrimers delivered cargo proteins with reserved bioactivity and showed high permeability in three-dimensional cell spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijue Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Yuhan Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Peng Gao
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Jia Lv
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China
| | - Yiyun Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Wang
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China.
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Fein KC, Gleeson JP, Cochran K, Lamson NG, Doerfler R, Melamed JR, Whitehead KA. Long-term daily oral administration of intestinal permeation enhancers is safe and effective in mice. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 8:e10342. [PMID: 36684095 PMCID: PMC9842030 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although protein drugs are powerful biologic therapeutics, they cannot be delivered orally because their large size and hydrophilicity limit their absorption across the intestinal epithelium. One potential solution is the incorporation of permeation enhancers into oral protein formulations; however, few have advanced clinically due to toxicity concerns surrounding chronic use. To better understand these concerns, we conducted a 30-day longitudinal study of daily oral permeation enhancer use in mice and resultant effects on intestinal health. Specifically, we investigated three permeation enhancers: sodium caprate (C10), an industry standard, as well as 1-phenylpiperazine (PPZ) and sodium deoxycholate (SDC). Over 30 days of treatment, all mice gained weight, and none required removal from the study due to poor health. Furthermore, intestinal permeability did not increase following chronic use. We also quantified the gene expression of four tight junction proteins (claudin 2, claudin 3, ZO-1, and JAM-A). Significant differences in gene expression between untreated and permeation enhancer-treated mice were found, but these varied between treatment groups, with most differences resolving after a 1-week washout period. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed no observable differences in protein localization or villus architecture between treated and untreated mice. Overall, PPZ and SDC performed comparably to C10, one of the most clinically advanced enhancers, and results suggest that the chronic use of some permeation enhancers may be therapeutically viable from a safety standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C. Fein
- Department of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - John P. Gleeson
- Department of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kyle Cochran
- Department of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nicholas G. Lamson
- Department of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rose Doerfler
- Department of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jilian R. Melamed
- Department of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kathryn A. Whitehead
- Department of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA,Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Fein KC, Gleeson JP, Newby AN, Whitehead KA. Intestinal permeation enhancers enable oral delivery of macromolecules up to 70 kDa in size. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 170:70-76. [PMID: 34879228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The decades-long effort to deliver peptide drugs orally has resulted in several clinically successful formulations. These formulations are enabled by the inclusion of permeation enhancers that facilitate the intestinal absorption of peptides. Thus far, these oral peptide drugs have been limited to peptides less than 5 kDa, and it is unclear whether there is an upper bound of protein size that can be delivered with permeation enhancers. In this work, we examined two permeation enhancers, 1-phenylpiperazine (PPZ) and sodium deoxycholate (SDC), for their ability to increase intestinal transport of a model macromolecule (FITC-Dextran) as a function of its size. Specifically, the permeability of dextrans with molecular weights of 4, 10, 40, and 70 kDa was assessed in an in vitro and in vivo model of the intestine. In Caco-2 monolayers, both PPZ and SDC significantly increased the permeability of only FD4 and FD10. However, in mice, PPZ and SDC behaved differently. While SDC improved the absorption of all tested sizes of dextrans, PPZ was effective only for FD4 and FD10. This work is the first report of PPZ as a permeation enhancer in vivo, and it highlights the ability of permeation enhancers to improve the absorption of macromolecules across a broad range of sizes relevant for protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Fein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - John P Gleeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Alexandra N Newby
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.
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Lavrenyuk K, Conway D, Dahl KN. Imaging methods in mechanosensing: a historical perspective and visions for the future. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:842-854. [PMID: 33788578 PMCID: PMC8108522 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-10-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, as mechanobiology has become a distinct area of study, researchers have developed novel imaging tools to discover the pathways of biomechanical signaling. Early work with substrate engineering and particle tracking demonstrated the importance of cell–extracellular matrix interactions on the cell cycle as well as the mechanical flux of the intracellular environment. Most recently, tension sensor approaches allowed directly measuring tension in cell–cell and cell–substrate interactions. We retrospectively analyze how these various optical techniques progressed the field and suggest our vision forward for a unified theory of cell mechanics, mapping cellular mechanosensing, and novel biomedical applications for mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Lavrenyuk
- Carnegie Mellon University, College of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Daniel Conway
- Virginia Commonwealth University, College of Engineering, Richmond, VA 23284
| | - Kris Noel Dahl
- Carnegie Mellon University, College of Engineering, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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