1
|
Shou K, Zhang Y, Ji Y, Liu B, Zhou Q, Tan Q, Li F, Wang X, Lu G, Xiao G. Highly stereoselective α-glycosylation with GalN 3 donors enabled collective synthesis of mucin-related tumor associated carbohydrate antigens. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6552-6561. [PMID: 38699257 PMCID: PMC11062124 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01348d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucin-related tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are important and interesting targets for cancer vaccine therapy. However, efficient access to a library of mucin-related TACAs remains a challenging task. One of the key issues is the challenging construction of α-GalNAc linkages. Here, we report highly stereoselective α-glycosylation with GalN3N-phenyl trifluoroacetimidate donors, which features excellent yields, outstanding stereoselectivities, broad substrate scope and mild reaction conditions. This method is successfully applied to highly stereoselective synthesis of GalN3-α-O-Ser, which served as the common intermediate for collective synthesis of a wide range of TACAs including TN antigen, STN antigen, 2,6 STF antigen, 2,3 STF antigen, glycophorin and cores 1-8 mucin-type O-glycans. In particular, the rationale for this highly stereoselective α-glycosylation is provided for the first time using DFT calculations and mechanistic studies, highlighting the crucial roles of reagent combinations (TMSI and Ph3PO) and the H-bonding directing effect of the N3 group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunxiu Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
| | - Yunqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
| | - Yujie Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
| | - Qingli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
| | - Qiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
| | - Fuying Li
- Department of Chemistry, Kunming University 2 Puxing Road Kunming 650214 China
| | - Xiufang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Kunming University 2 Puxing Road Kunming 650214 China
| | - Gang Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 China
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Natural Medicines, Kunming Institute of Botany, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 132 Lanhei Road Kunming 650201 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Fu Z, Qiao Z, Xie D, Zhang L, Liu YZ, Yang J, Yan JX, Ma X. Controllable 1,3-Bis-Functionalization of 2-Nitroglycals with High Regioselectivity and Stereoselectivity Enabled by a H-Bond Catalyst. JACS AU 2024; 4:974-984. [PMID: 38559736 PMCID: PMC10976612 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The selective modification of carbohydrates is significant for producing their unnatural analogues for drug discovery. C1-functionalization (glycosylation) and C1,C2-difunctionalization of carbohydrates have been well developed. In contrast, C3-functionalization or C1,C3-difunctionalization of carbohydrates remains rare. Herein, we report such processes that efficiently and stereoselectively modify carbohydrates. Specifically, we found that trifluoroethanol (TFE) could promote 1,3-bis-indolylation/pyrrolylation of 2-nitroglycals generated carbohydrate derivatives in up to 93% yield at room temperature; slightly reducing the temperature could install two different indoles at the C1- and C3-positions. Switching TFE to a bifunctional amino thiourea catalyst leads to the generation of C3 monosubstituted carbohydrates, which could also be used to construct 1,3-di-C-functionalized carbohydrates. This approach produced a range of challenging sugar derivatives (over 80 examples) with controllable and high stereoselectivity (single isomer for over 90% of the examples). The potential applications of the reaction were demonstrated by a set of transformations including the synthesis of bridged large-ring molecules and gram scale reactions. Biological activities evaluation demonstrated that three compounds exhibit a potent inhibitory effect on human cancer cells T24, HCT116, AGS, and MKN-45 with IC50 ranged from 0.695 to 3.548 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Li
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengyan Fu
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy,
West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeen Qiao
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Demeng Xie
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Zhou Liu
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Yan
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Natural
Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang J, Xie D, Ma X. Recent Advances in Chemical Synthesis of Amino Sugars. Molecules 2023; 28:4724. [PMID: 37375279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino sugars are a kind of carbohydrates with one or more hydroxyl groups replaced by an amino group. They play crucial roles in a broad range of biological activities. Over the past few decades, there have been continuing efforts on the stereoselective glycosylation of amino sugars. However, the introduction of glycoside bearing basic nitrogen is challenging using conventional Lewis acid-promoted pathways owing to competitive coordination of the amine to the Lewis acid promoter. Additionally, diastereomeric mixtures of O-glycoside are often produced if aminoglycoside lack a C2 substituent. This review focuses on the updated overview of the way to stereoselective synthesis of 1,2-cis-aminoglycoside. The scope, mechanism, and the applications in the synthesis of complex glycoconjugates for the representative methodologies were also included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Demeng Xie
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hou M, Xiang Y, Gao J, Zhang J, Wang N, Shi H, Huang N, Yao H. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Deoxy Glycosides via Iron Catalysis. Org Lett 2023; 25:832-837. [PMID: 36700622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An Fe-catalyzed 2-deoxy glycosylation method was developed from 3,4-O-carbonate glycals directly at room temperature. This novel approach enabled facile access to alkyl and aryl 2-deoxy glycosides in high yields with exclusive α-stereoselectivity, tolerating various alcohols, phenols, and glycals. The synthetic utility and advantage of this strategy have been demonstrated by the modification of six natural products and the construction of a tetrasaccharide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Xiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Nengzhong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Haolin Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Nianyu Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Hui Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast (China National Light Industry), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fu D, Zhang S, Xu B, Peng P, Wan Q, Zeng J. Selective Reduction Leading to 3,5- cis-3-Aminosugars: Synthesis and Stereoselective Glycosylation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:727-731. [PMID: 36516836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of 3,5-cis-3-amino glycals with a cis-fused cyclic sulfamidate group has been achieved by selective reduction of sulfamidate ketimine groups. The efficient access to the structurally unique glycals allowed the subsequent divergent synthesis of various naturally occurring 3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxysugars. In addition, Lewis acid-promoted glycosylation of the glycals provided a simple solution for the stereoselective installation of O- and C-linked aglycons on the amino sugar scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengxian Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P. R. China
| | - Shuxin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P. R. China
| | - Peng Peng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P. R. China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Matsuoka J, Fujimoto Y, Miyawaki A, Yamamoto Y. Phosphazene Base-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroamidation of Alkenes with Amides. Org Lett 2022; 24:9447-9451. [PMID: 36534049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of cyclic amides via phosphazene base-catalyzed intramolecular hydroamidation of amide alkenes was developed. The reaction using a catalytic amount of P4-base had a good functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope and could also be used to synthesize lactam, cyclic urea, and oxazolidinone compounds. This catalytic system was expanded to a one-pot intramolecular hydroamidation and intermolecular hydroalkylation. Deuterium labeling and radical trapping experiments provided mechanistic insights into the catalytic cycle of the hydroamidation reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Matsuoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan
| | - Yumika Fujimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan
| | - Akari Miyawaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe 610-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu X, Zheng Z, Wang L, Xue Y, Liao J, Liu H, Liu D, Sun JS, Zhang Q. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,3‐diamino‐2,3‐dideoxyglycosides from 3‐O‐acetyl‐2‐nitroglycals. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Wu
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Zhichao Zheng
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Liming Wang
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Yunxia Xue
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Jinxi Liao
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Hui Liu
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Deyong Liu
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- Jiangxi Normal University Jiangxi Normal University CHINA
| | - Qingju Zhang
- Jiangxi Normal University National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis 99 Ziyang Avenue 330022 Nanchang CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wan Y, Wu X, Xue Y, Lin XE, Wang L, Sun JS, Zhang Q. Stereoselective glycosylation with conformation-constrained 2-Nitroglycals as donors and bifunctional thiourea as catalyst. J Carbohydr Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2021.2023560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongyong Wan
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaopei Wu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yunxia Xue
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xi-E Lin
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liming Wang
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingju Zhang
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
- Key laboratory of Functional Small Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matsuoka J, Terashita M, Miyawaki A, Tomioka K, Yamamoto Y. Phosphazene base-catalyzed hydroamination of aminoalkenes for the construction of isoindoline scaffolds: Application to the total synthesis of aristocularine. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
10
|
Shigeno M, Hayashi K, Korenaga T, Nozawa-Kumada K, Kondo Y. Organic superbase t-Bu-P4-catalyzed demethylations of methoxyarenes. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00483f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The organic superbase t-Bu-P4 catalyzes the demethylation reactions of methoxyarenes in the presence of alkanethiol and hexamethyldisilazane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Shigeno
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Hayashi
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Korenaga
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
- Soft-Path Science and Engineering Research Center (SPERC), Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jiang N, Mei Y, Yang Y, Dong Y, Ding Z, Zhang J. A General Strategy for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrrole‐Fused Chiral Skeletons: [3+2] Cycloaddition with 2‐Nitro‐2,3‐Unsaturated Glycosides. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241
| | - Yuling Mei
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241
| | - Youxian Dong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241
| | - Zekun Ding
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vazdar K, Margetić D, Kovačević B, Sundermeyer J, Leito I, Jahn U. Design of Novel Uncharged Organic Superbases: Merging Basicity and Functionality. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3108-3123. [PMID: 34308625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusOne of the constant challenges of synthetic chemistry is the molecular design and synthesis of nonionic, metal-free superbases as chemically stable neutral organic compounds of moderate molecular weight, intrinsically high thermodynamic basicity, adaptable kinetic basicity, and weak or tunable nucleophilicity at their nitrogen, phosphorus, or carbon basicity centers. Such superbases can catalyze numerous reactions, ranging from C-C bond formation to cycloadditions and polymerization, to name just a few. Additional benefits of organic superbases, as opposed to their inorganic counterparts, are their solubility in organic reaction media, mild reaction conditions, and higher selectivity. Approaching such superbasic compounds remains a continuous challenge. However, recent advances in synthetic methodology and theoretical understanding have resulted in new design principles and synthetic strategies toward superbases. Our computational contributions have demonstrated that the gas-phase basicity region of 350 kcal mol-1 and even beyond is easily reachable by organosuperbases. However, despite record-high basicities, the physical limitations of many of these compounds become quickly evident. The typically large molecular weight of these molecules and their sensitivity to ordinary reaction conditions prevent them from being practical, even though their preparation is often not too difficult. Thus, obviously structural limitations with respect to molecular weight and structural complexity must be imposed on the design of new synthetically useful organic superbases, but strategies for increasing their basicity remain important.The contemporary design of novel organic superbases is illustrated by phosphazenyl phosphanes displaying gas-phase basicities (GB) above 300 kcal mol-1 but having molecular weights well below 1000 g·mol-1. This approach is based on a reconsideration of phosphorus(III) compounds, which goes along with increasing their stability in solution. Another example is the preparation of carbodiphosphoranes incorporating pyrrolidine, tetramethylguanidine, or hexamethylphosphazene as a substituent. With gas-phase proton affinities of up to 300 kcal mol-1, they are among the top nonionic carbon bases on the basicity scale. Remarkably, the high basicity of these compounds is achieved at molecular weights of around 600 g·mol-1. Another approach to achieving high basicity through the cooperative effect of multiple intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which increases the stabilization of conjugate acids, has recently been confirmed.This Account focuses on our efforts to produce superbasic molecules that embody many desirable traits, but other groups' approaches will also be discussed. We reveal the crucial structural features of superbases and place them on known basicity scales. We discuss the emerging potential and current limits of their application and give a general outlook into the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Vazdar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Puleo TR, Sujansky SJ, Wright SE, Bandar JS. Organic Superbases in Recent Synthetic Methodology Research. Chemistry 2021; 27:4216-4229. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Puleo
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Stephen J. Sujansky
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Shawn E. Wright
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shigeno M, Hayashi K, Nozawa-Kumada K, Kondo Y. Catalytic C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Bond Formation of Methoxyarenes by the Organic Superbase t-Bu-P4. Org Lett 2020; 22:9107-9113. [PMID: 33175552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The organic superbase catalyst t-Bu-P4 achieves nucleophilic aromatic substitution of methoxyarenes with alkanenitrile pronucleophiles. A variety of functional groups [cyano, nitro, (non)enolizable ketone, chloride, and amide moieties] are allowed on methoxyarenes. Moreover, an array of alkanenitriles with/without an aryl moiety at the nitrile α-position can be employed. The system also features no requirement of a stoichiometric base, MeOH (not salt waste) formation as a byproduct, and the production of congested quaternary carbon centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Shigeno
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Hayashi
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kanako Nozawa-Kumada
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kondo
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jeanneret RA, Johnson SE, Galan MC. Conformationally Constrained Glycosyl Donors as Tools to Control Glycosylation Outcomes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15801-15826. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin A. Jeanneret
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s
Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E. Johnson
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s
Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s
Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|