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Grunshaw T, Wood SH, Sproules S, Parrott A, Nordon A, Shapland PDP, Wheelhouse KMP, Tomkinson NCO. A Mechanistic Investigation of the N-Hydroxyphthalimide Catalyzed Benzylic Oxidation Mediated by Sodium Chlorite. J Org Chem 2024; 89:7933-7945. [PMID: 38748510 PMCID: PMC11165572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
A detailed investigation into the mechanistic course of N-hydroxyphthalimide catalyzed oxidation of benzylic centers using sodium chlorite as the stoichiometric oxidant is reported. Through a combination of experimental, spectroscopic, and computational techniques, the transformation is interrogated, providing improved reaction conditions and an enhanced understanding of the mechanism. Performing the transformation in the presence of acetic acid or a pH 4.5 buffer leads to extended reaction times but improves the catalyst lifetime, leading to the complete consumption of the starting material. Chlorine dioxide is identified as the active oxidant that is able to oxidize the N-hydroxyphthalimide anion to the phthalimide-N-oxyl radical, the proposed catalytically active species, which is able to abstract a hydrogen atom from the substrate. A second molecule of chlorine dioxide reacts with the resultant radical and, after loss of hypochlorous acid, leads to the observed product. Through a broad variety of techniques including UV/vis, EPR and Raman spectroscopy, isotopic labeling, and the use of radical traps, evidence for the mechanism is presented that is supported through electronic structural calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grunshaw
- Department
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
- GlaxoSmithKline
R&D, Gunnels Wood
Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Susanna H. Wood
- Department
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Stephen Sproules
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Andrew Parrott
- Department
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Alison Nordon
- Department
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | | | | | - Nicholas C. O. Tomkinson
- Department
Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
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2
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Keramidas AD, Hadjithoma S, Drouza C, Andrade TS, Lianos P. Four electron selective O 2 reduction by a tetranuclear vanadium(IV/V)/hydroquinonate catalyst: application in the operation of Zn–air batteries. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03626b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A tetranuclear vanadium(IV/V) hydroquinonate electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction through proton-coupled electron transfer. The complex enhances the current and power of Zn–air batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Hadjithoma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - Chryssoula Drouza
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3036, Cyprus
| | | | - Panagiotis Lianos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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3
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Ranjan R, Kundu BK, Kyarikwal R, Ganguly R, Mukhopadhyay S. Synthesis of Cu(II) complexes by N,O‐donor ligand transformation and their catalytic role in visible‐light‐driven alcohol oxidation. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Indore Indore India
| | - Bidyut Kumar Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Science Centurion University of Technology and Management Bhubaneswar India
| | - Reena Kyarikwal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Indore Indore India
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Department of Chemistry Shiv Nadar University Greater Noida India
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Indore Indore India
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Indore Indore India
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5
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Wolff N, Rivada‐Wheelaghan O, Tocqueville D. Molecular Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of Carbonyls and Dehydrogenation of Alcohols. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Wolff
- Laboratoire d'Électrochimie Moléculaire Université de Paris, CNRS F-75006 Paris France
| | | | - Damien Tocqueville
- Laboratoire d'Électrochimie Moléculaire Université de Paris, CNRS F-75006 Paris France
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6
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Rahman MH, Atifi A, Rosenthal J, Ryan MD. Reversible Proton-Coupled Reduction of an Iron Nitrosyl Porphyrin within [DBU-H] +-Based Protic Ionic Liquid Nanodomains. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10631-10641. [PMID: 34232621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of [Fe(OEP)(NO)] has been studied in the presence of aprotic room-temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) and protic (PIL) ionic liquids dissolved within a molecular solvent (MS). The cyclic voltammetric results showed the formation of RTIL nanodomains at low concentrations of the RTIL/PIL solutions. The pKa values of the two PILs studied (i.e., trialkylammonium and [DBU-H]+-based ionic liquids) differed by four units in THF. While voltammetry in solutions containing all three RTILs showed similar potential shifts of the first reduction of [Fe(OEP)(NO)] to [Fe(OEP)(NO)]- at low concentrations, significant differences were observed at higher concentrations for the ammonium PIL. The trialkylammonium cation had previously been shown to protonate the {FeNO}8 species at room temperature. Visible and infrared spectroelectrochemistry revealed that the [DBU-H]+-based PIL formed hydrogen bonds with [Fe(OEP)(NO)]- rather than formally protonating it. Despite these differences, both PILs were able to efficiently reduce the nitrosyl species to the hydroxylamine complex, which could be further reduced to ammonia. On the voltammetric time scale and when the switching potential was positive of the Fe(II)/Fe(I) potential, the hydroxylamine complex was re-oxidized back to the NO complex via direct oxidation of the coordinated hydroxylamine at low scan rates or initial oxidation of the ferrous porphyrin at high scan rates. The results of this work show that, while [DBU-H]+ does not protonate electrochemically generated [Fe(OEP)(NO)]-, it still plays an important role in efficiently reducing the nitroxyl ligand via a series of proton-coupled electron transfer steps to generate hydroxylamine and eventually ammonia. The overall reaction rates were independent of the PIL concentration, consistent with the nanodomain formation being important to the reduction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hafizur Rahman
- Chemistry Department, PO Box 1881, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Abderrahman Atifi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Michael D Ryan
- Chemistry Department, PO Box 1881, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
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7
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Costentin C. Molecular Catalysis of Electrochemical Reactions. Overpotential and Turnover Frequency: Unidirectional and Bidirectional Systems. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Costentin
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5250, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
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8
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Chandra B, K M H, Pattanayak S, Gupta SS. Oxoiron(v) mediated selective electrochemical oxygenation of unactivated C-H and C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds using water as the oxygen source. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11877-11885. [PMID: 34094416 PMCID: PMC8162932 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03616a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient electrochemical method for the selective oxidation of C–H bonds of unactivated alkanes (BDE ≤97 kcal mol−1) and CC bonds of alkenes using a biomimetic iron complex, [(bTAML)FeIII-OH2]−, as the redox mediator in an undivided electrochemical cell with inexpensive carbon and nickel electrodes is reported. The O-atom of water remains the source of O-incorporation in the product formed after oxidation. The products formed upon oxidation of C–H bonds display very high regioselectivity (75 : 1, 3° : 2° for adamantane) and stereo-retention (RC ∼99% for cyclohexane derivatives). The substrate scope includes natural products such as cedryl acetate and ambroxide. For alkenes, epoxides were obtained as the sole product. Mechanistic studies show the involvement of a high-valent oxoiron(v) species, [(bTAML)FeV(O)]− formed via PCET (overall 2H+/2e−) from [(bTAML)FeIII-OH2]− in CPE at 0.80 V (vs. Ag/AgNO3). Moreover, electrokinetic studies for the oxidation of C–H bonds indicate a second-order reaction with the C–H abstraction by oxoiron(v) being the rate-determining step. A biomimetic iron complex-mediated selective and efficient electrochemical oxygenation of unactivated C–H bonds and CC bonds using water as an O-atom source.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bittu Chandra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal India-741246
| | - Hellan K M
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal India-741246
| | - Santanu Pattanayak
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal India-741246
| | - Sayam Sen Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Mohanpur West Bengal India-741246
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9
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Paveliev SA, Churakov AI, Alimkhanova LS, Segida OO, Nikishin GI, Terent'ev AO. Electrochemical Synthesis of
O
‐Phthalimide Oximes from
α
‐Azido Styrenes
via
Radical Sequence: Generation, Addition and Recombination of Imide‐
N
‐Oxyl and Iminyl Radicals with C−O/N−O Bonds Formation. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A. Paveliev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Artem I. Churakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Liliya S. Alimkhanova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Oleg O. Segida
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I. Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O. Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences 47 Leninsky prosp. Moscow 119991 Russian Federation
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10
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Costentin C. Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Catalyst: Heterogeneous Catalysis. Application to an Oxygen Evolution Catalyst. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Costentin
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, UMR 5250, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
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