1
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Kwon O, Zeynep Ayla E, Potts DS, Flaherty DW. Influence of Ti-incorporated Zeolite Topology and Pore Condensation on Vapor Phase Propylene Epoxidation Kinetics with Gaseous H 2O 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405950. [PMID: 38735848 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Vapor-phase propylene (C3H6) epoxidation kinetics with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) strongly reflects the physical properties of Ti-incorporated zeolite catalysts and the presence of spectating molecules ("solvent") near active sites even without a bulk liquid phase. Steady-state turnover rates of C3H6 epoxidation and product selectivities vary by orders of magnitudes, depending on the zeolite silanol ((SiOH)x) density, pore topology (MFI, *BEA, FAU), and the quantity of condensed acetonitrile (CH3CN) molecules nearby active sites, under identical reaction mechanisms sharing activated H2O2 intermediates on Ti surfaces. Individual kinetic analyses for propylene oxide (PO) ring-opening, homogeneous diol oxidative cleavage, and homogeneous aldehyde oxidation reveal that secondary reaction kinetics following C3H6 epoxidation responds more sensitively to the changes in zeolite physical properties and pore condensation with CH3CN. Thus, higher PO selectivities achieved in hydrophilic Ti-MFI at steady-state reflect the preferential stabilization of transition states for C3H6 epoxidation (a primary reaction) relative to PO ring-opening and oxidative cleavage (secondary reactions) that solvation effects that reflect interactions among condensed CH3CN within pores and the extended pore structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohsung Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - E Zeynep Ayla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - David S Potts
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - David W Flaherty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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2
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Li ZF, Li YT, Zhang Q, Hu TL. 2-Methylimidazole-modulated 2D Cu metal-organic framework for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural hydrodeoxygenation. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1698-1705. [PMID: 38169009 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03870j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Preparation of the high value-added chemical 2,5-dimethylfuran (2,5-DMF) from the biomass-derived platform molecule 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is of great significance in the preparation of biofuels. Here, a bottom-up strategy was used to prepare a metal-organic framework (MOF) material with a two-dimensional nanosheet morphology, named CPM, in which an additive 2-methylimidazole was introduced into the hydrothermal process of Cu2+ ions and terephthalic acid. Subsequently, CPM-700 prepared by heat treatment under an inert atmosphere showed excellent catalytic performance in the reaction of HMF hydrodeoxygenation to 2,5-DMF. The materials before and after pyrogenation were characterized by PXRD, XPS, TEM, N2 adsorption and desorption and so on. It was confirmed that compared with the catalyst derived from the cubic MOF material self-assembled by Cu2+ and terephthalic acid, the morphology of 2D nanosheets was beneficial for the reaction of HMF to 2,5-DMF. Combined with the experimental data, the possible reaction path of 2,5-DMF preparation from HMF is that 2,5-dihydroxymethylfuran was formed by hydrogenation of the aldehyde group on the furan ring, and then 2,5-DMF was obtained by hydrogenolysis. This paper provides an effective route for 2D MOF-derived catalytic materials in the selective hydrogenation of HMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Fei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan-Ting Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Tong-Liang Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Li L, Sun Y, Jin X, Wang Z, Dong Y, Dai C, Zhao M, Wu Y. Novel Anionic-Nonionic Surfactant Based on Water-Solid Interfacial Wettability Control for Residual Oil Development. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21341-21350. [PMID: 37332830 PMCID: PMC10268617 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible colloidal asphaltene adsorption layers are formed on formation rock surfaces due to long-term contact with crude oil, and large amounts of crude oil adhere to these oil-wet layers to form residual oil films. This oil film is difficult to peel off due to the strong oil-solid interface effect, which seriously restricts further improvement in oil recovery. In this paper, the novel anionic-nonionic surfactant sodium laurate ethanolamide sulfonate (HLDEA) exhibiting strong wetting control was synthesized by introducing sulfonic acid groups into the nonionic surfactant laurate diethanolamide (LDEA) molecule through the Williamson etherification reaction. The introduction of the sulfonic acid groups greatly improved the salt tolerance and the absolute value of the zeta potential of the sand particles. The experimental results showed that HLDEA altered the wettability of the rock surface from oleophilic to strongly hydrophilic, and the underwater contact angle increased substantially from 54.7 to 155.9°. In addition, compared with LDEA, HLDEA exhibited excellent salt tolerance and enhanced oil recovery performance (the oil recovery was improved by 19.24% at 2.6 × 104 mg/L salinity). Based on nanomechanical experimental results, HLDEA was efficiently adsorbed on the core surfaces and regulated microwetting. Moreover, HLDEA effectively reduced the adhesion force between the alkane chains and the core surface, which facilitated residual oil stripping and oil displacement. This new anionic-nonionic surfactant affording great oil-solid interface wetting control has practical significance for the efficient development of residual oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key
Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University
of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key
Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University
of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiao Jin
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key
Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University
of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Zizhao Wang
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key
Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University
of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yunbo Dong
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key
Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University
of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Caili Dai
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key
Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University
of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key
Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University
of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yining Wu
- Shandong
Key Laboratory of Oilfield Chemistry, Department of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Key
Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development (China University
of Petroleum (East China)), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266580, China
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4
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Castro GAD, Fernandes SA. One-pot tandem synthesis of 5-ethoxymethylfurfural as a potential biofuel. REACT CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
5-Ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) is a potential biofuel, fuel additive and raw material in the chemical and beverage industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Abranches Dias Castro
- Grupo de Química Supramolecular e Biomimética (GQSB), Departamento de Química, CCE, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Sergio Antonio Fernandes
- Grupo de Química Supramolecular e Biomimética (GQSB), Departamento de Química, CCE, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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5
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Dutta S. Greening the Synthesis of Biorenewable Fuels and Chemicals by Stoichiometric Reagentless Organic Transformations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal, Mangaluru-575025, Karnataka, India
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6
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Civioc R, Malfait WJ, Lattuada M, Koebel MM, Galmarini S. Silica-Resorcinol-Melamine-Formaldehyde Composite Aerogels as High-Performance Thermal Insulators. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14478-14489. [PMID: 35557694 PMCID: PMC9088793 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the gelation and supercritical drying of ethanol-based silica-resorcinol-melamine-formaldehyde (RMF) composite aerogels with relative concentrations of initial reagents ranging from neat silica to neat RMF alcogels. The as-prepared materials are subsequently supercritically dried with carbon dioxide. Their properties include a thermal conductivity in the 15-20 mW·m-1·K-1 range even with a silica content as low as 20%wt. The possible reasons behind this interesting insulation performance and the mechanisms leading to the underlying gel structure are discussed in depth. A focus is made on the different gelation modes happening between the RMF and silica phases, from a coating of silica surfaces with RMF species to discontinuous RMF particles within a silica backbone and a continuous RMF backbone with isolated silica particles. The implications in terms of mechanical properties and thermal conductivity are elaborated upon. The initial ratio of silica-RMF species in this ethanol-based synthesis affects the micro- and macrostructure of the composites, resulting in materials with drastically different pore structures and thus an interesting array of possibilities for a new class of silica-organic composite aerogels, based on a sol-gel process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Civioc
- Laboratory
for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Empa, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Wim J. Malfait
- Laboratory
for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Empa, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Matthias M. Koebel
- Laboratory
for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Empa, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Galmarini
- Laboratory
for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology,
Empa, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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7
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Yang J, Huai L, Gan J, Hu H, Zhou S, Zhang J. Self-Etherification of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 5,5′(Oxy-bis(methylene))bis-2-furfural over Hierarchically Micromesoporous ZSM-5: The Role of Brønsted- and Lewis-Acid Sites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201 China
| | - Liyuan Huai
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201 China
| | - Jiang Gan
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Hualei Hu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201 China
| | - Shenghu Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, 315201 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
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8
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Tavana J, Faysal A, Vithanage A, Gramlich WM, Schwartz TJ. Pathway to fully-renewable biobased polyesters derived from HMF and phenols. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Building on previous work where 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was selectively functionalized by etherification with phenols, we demonstrated that the oxidized versions of these HMF ethers can be converted to functionalized δ-hexalactones...
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9
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Schwartz TJ, Bond JQ. Leveraging De Donder relations for a thermodynamically rigorous analysis of reaction kinetics in liquid media. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Chen B, Peng Z, Li C, Feng Y, Sun Y, Tang X, Zeng X, Lin L. Catalytic Conversion of Biomass to Furanic Derivatives with Deep Eutectic Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1496-1506. [PMID: 33576193 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biomass is the only renewable organic carbon resource in nature, and the transformation of abundant biomass into various chemicals has received immense spotlight. As a novel generation of designer solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been widely used in biorefinery due to their excellent properties including low cost, easy preparation, and biodegradability. Although there have been some reports summarizing the performance of DESs for the transformation of biomass into various chemicals, few Reviews illuminate the relationship between the functional structure of DESs and catalytic conversion of biomass. Hence, this Minireview comprehensively summarizes the effects of the types of functional groups in DESs on catalytic conversion of biomass into furanic derivatives, such as carboxylic acid-based hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs), carbohydrate-based HBDs, polyalcohol-based HBDs, amine/amide-based HBDs, spatial structure of HBDs, and various hydrogen-bond acceptors (HBAs). It also further summarizes the effects of adding different additives into the DESs on the synthesis of high value-added chemicals, including water, liquid inorganic acids, Lewis acids, heteropoly acids, and typical solid acids. Moreover, current challenges and prospects for the application of DESs in biomass conversion are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Chen
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqing Peng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | - Chuang Li
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | - Yunchao Feng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | - Yong Sun
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | - Xing Tang
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
| | - Lu Lin
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
- Fujian Engineering and Research Centre of Clean and High-valued Technologies for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Clean and High-valued Utilization for Biomass, Xiamen, 361102, P.R. China
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11
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Bates JS, Gounder R. Kinetic effects of molecular clustering and solvation by extended networks in zeolite acid catalysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4699-4708. [PMID: 34168752 PMCID: PMC8179612 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactions catalyzed within porous inorganic and organic materials and at electrochemical interfaces commonly occur at high coverage and in condensed media, causing turnover rates to depend strongly on interfacial structure and composition, collectively referred to as "solvent effects". Transition state theory treatments define how solvation phenomena enter kinetic rate expressions, and identify two distinct types of solvent effects that originate from molecular clustering and from the solvation of such clusters by extended solvent networks. We review examples from the recent literature that investigate reactions within microporous zeolite catalysts to illustrate these concepts, and provide a critical appraisal of open questions in the field where future research can aid in developing new chemistry and catalyst design principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Bates
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University 480 Stadium Mall Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Rajamani Gounder
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University 480 Stadium Mall Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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12
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Song D, Liu J, Zhang C, Guo Y. Design of Brønsted acidic ionic liquid functionalized mesoporous organosilica nanospheres for efficient synthesis of ethyl levulinate and levulinic acid from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01941k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous organosilica nanosphere-immobilized Brønsted acidic ionic liquids with a controlled particle size and pore morphology exhibit high activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyu Song
- School of Environment
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130117
- P.R. China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- School of Environment
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130117
- P.R. China
| | - Chaoyue Zhang
- School of Environment
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130117
- P.R. China
| | - Yihang Guo
- School of Environment
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130117
- P.R. China
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13
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Zaccheria F, Bossola F, Scotti N, Evangelisti C, Dal Santo V, Ravasio N. On demand production of ethers or alcohols from furfural and HMF by selecting the composition of a Zr/Si catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01427c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Silica is used to tailor the acid–base properties of ZrO2 to selectively transform furfural and HMF into alcohols or ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Zaccheria
- CNR
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Filippo Bossola
- CNR
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Nicola Scotti
- CNR
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | | | - Vladimiro Dal Santo
- CNR
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ravasio
- CNR
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC)
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
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