1
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Ali W, Oliver GA, Werz DB, Maiti D. Pd-catalyzed regioselective activation of C(sp 2)-H and C(sp 3)-H bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:9904-9953. [PMID: 39212454 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Differentiating between two highly similar C-H bonds in a given molecule remains a fundamental challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Directing group assisted strategies for the functionalisation of proximal C-H bonds has been known for the last few decades. However, distal C-H bond functionalisation is strenuous and requires distinctly specialised techniques. In this review, we summarise the advancement in Pd-catalysed distal C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bond activation through various redox manifolds including Pd(0)/Pd(II), Pd(II)/Pd(IV) and Pd(II)/Pd(0). Distal C-H functionalisation, where a Pd-catalyst is directly involved in the C-H activation step, either through assistance of an external directing group or directed by an inherent functionality or functional group incorporated at the site of the Pd-C bond is covered. The purpose of this review is to portray the current state of art in Pd-catalysed distal C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H functionalisation reactions, their mechanism and application in the late-stage functionalisation of medicinal compounds along with highlighting its limitations, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
| | - Gwyndaf A Oliver
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Huang Z, Xian J, Lv S, Xu S, Li J, Xie F, Li B. Porous Organic Polymer Supported Nano Ruthenium Catalysts for Cascade Aromatization of Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-one and C-H Annulation with Alkynes. Org Lett 2023; 25:7974-7978. [PMID: 37905545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Selective C-H annulation with alkynes is one of the most useful tools to synthesize heterocycles. Herein, we developed novel porous organic polymers supported ruthenium (POPs-Ru) as highly efficient catalysts for cascade aromatization of quinoxalin-2(1H)-one and C-H annulation with alkynes. Both terminal and internal alkynes were successfully transferred to furo[2,3-b]quinoxaline derivatives with good functional group tolerance and high regioselectivity by using POPs-Ru catalysts. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited high activity and could be reused at least five times without obvious deactivation of this coupling reaction. This study offers an important platform for the immobilization of molecular metal catalysts for C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiayi Xian
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shaohuan Lv
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiefang Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Feng Xie
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
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3
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Ma X, Feng A, Zhang D. Origin of Enantio- and Chemoselectivity in the Synthesis of Spirocycles via Palladium/Xu-Phos-Catalyzed Cascade Heck/Remote C(sp 2)-H Alkylation: A Computational Mechanistic Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8882-8891. [PMID: 37830770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to study the mechanism and factors affecting the enantio-, regio-, and chemoselectivities in the palladium/Xu-Phos-catalyzed cascade Heck/remote C(sp2)-H alkylation reaction. The active catalyst is found to be able to sustain coordination with P and S atoms and can adapt its coordination mode to accommodate the significant steric hindrance between the ligand and substrate, unlike previous findings that showed coordination with P and O atoms. The reaction is established to occur in sequence through the oxidative addition of the aryl iodide to Pd(0), intramolecular alkene insertion, C(sp2)-H bond activation, and C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond reductive elimination. The C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond reductive elimination is identified as the rate-determining step, and the intramolecular alkene insertion as the enantioselectivity-determining step. The high enantioselectivity originates from the stronger electronic interaction between the catalyst and substrate; the exclusive 5-exo-regioselectivity is due to the stronger nucleophilicity of the terminal alkene carbon atom, and the chemoselectivity of C-H activation over carboiodination is driven by thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Ma
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Aili Feng
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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4
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Liu SC, Fang DC. DFT Studies on the Mechanisms of Carboamination/Diamination of Unactivated Alkenes Mediated by Pd(IV) Intermediates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14540-14549. [PMID: 37773964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been employed to investigate the mechanism of carboamination and diamination of unactivated alkenes mediated by Pd(IV) intermediates. Both reactions share a common Pd(IV) intermediate, serving as the starting point for either the carboamination or the diamination pathway. The formation of this Pd(IV) intermediate encompasses a transition state that substantially impacts the turnover frequency (TOF) of catalytic cycles, with an apparent activation free-energy barrier of 26.1 kcal mol-1. Carboamination of unactivated alkenes proceeds through the coordination of a toluene molecule, C-H activation, inner reductive elimination, and the separation of the carboamination product from this intermediate, while diamination of unactivated alkenes involves the formation of the ion nucleophile, SN2 attack, and the separation of the diamination product. A comparison of the free-energy profiles for carboamination and diamination of unactivated alkenes can elucidate the origin of the chemoselectivity, and Bader's atoms in molecules (AIM) wave function analyses have been performed to analyze the contributions of the outer C-N bonding in the diamination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Cong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - De-Cai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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5
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Li X, Pan X, Qi Z, Li X. Palladium-Catalyzed [3 + 2] Annulation of Aryl Halides with 7-Oxa- and 7-Azabenzonorbornadienes via C(sp 2 or sp 3)–H Activation. Org Lett 2022; 24:8964-8968. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an, Shaanxi 710062, China
| | - Xianting Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an, Shaanxi 710062, China
| | - Zisong Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an, Shaanxi 710062, China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), Xi’an, Shaanxi 710062, China
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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6
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Milbauer MW, Kampf JW, Sanford MS. Nickel(IV) Intermediates in Aminoquinoline-Directed C(sp 2)–C(sp 3) Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21030-21034. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Milbauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeff W. Kampf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melanie S. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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7
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Li YH, Ouyang Y, Chekshin N, Yu JQ. Pd II-Catalyzed γ-C(sp 3)-H (Hetero)Arylation of Ketones Enabled by Transient Directing Groups. ACS Catal 2022; 12:10581-10586. [PMID: 37305173 PMCID: PMC10249709 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed γ-C(sp3)-H (hetero)arylation of aliphatic ketones is developed using α-amino acid as transient directing groups (TDG). A variety of aliphatic ketones were (hetero)arylated at the γ-position via a 5,6-membered fused cyclopalladation intermediate to afford the remotely arylated products in up to 88% yield. The crucial ligand effect of 2-pyridone is further enhanced by reducing the loading of acid additives. Consequentially, the improved reactivity of this catalytic system has also made possible the cyclic γ-methylene C(sp3)-H arylation of ketones. Mechanistic investigtigation and comparison to the γ-C-H arylation of aldehydes revealed a structural insight for designing site selective TDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yuxin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nikita Chekshin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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8
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Mandal D, Roychowdhury S, Biswas JP, Maiti S, Maiti D. Transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond alkylation using olefins: recent advances and mechanistic aspects. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7358-7426. [PMID: 35912472 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00923k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis has contributed immensely to C-C bond formation reactions over the last few decades, and alkylation is no exception. The superiority of such methodologies over traditional alkylation is evident from minimal reaction steps, shorter reaction times, and atom economy while also allowing control over regio- and stereo-selectivity. In particular, hydrocarbonation of alkenes has grabbed increased attention due its fundamental ability to effectively and selectively synthesise a wide range of industrially and pharmaceutically relevant moieties. This review attempts to provide a scientific viewpoint and a systematic analysis of the recent developments in transition-metal-catalyzed alkylation of various C-H bonds using simple and activated olefins. The key features and mechanistic studies involved in these transformations are described briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Sumali Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Siddhartha Maiti
- School of Bioengineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Bhopal University, Bhopal-Indore Highway, Kothrikalan, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh-466114, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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9
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Shahid M, Banakar VB, Ganesh PSKP, Gopinath P. Transition‐metal Catalyzed Remote C(sp3)‐H functionalization of carboxylic acid and its derivative. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Shahid
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Tirupati Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | - Purushothaman Gopinath
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Chemistry Karkambadi Road 517507 Tirupati INDIA
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10
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Barboza AA, Dantas JA, Jardim GADM, Ferreira MAB, Costa MO, Chiavegatti A. Recent Advances in Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Couplings in the Synthesis/Functionalization of Cyclic Scaffolds Using Molecular Oxygen as the Sole Oxidant. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1701-7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOver the past years, Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidative couplings have enabled the construction of molecular scaffolds with high structural diversity via C–C, C–N and C–O bond-forming reactions. In contrast to the use of stoichiometric amounts of more common oxidants, such as metal salts (Cu and Ag) and benzoquinone derivatives, the use of molecular oxygen for the direct or indirect regeneration of Pd(II) species presents itself as a more viable alternative in terms of economy and sustainability. In this review, we describe recent advances on the development of Pd-catalyzed oxidative cyclizations/functionalizations, where molecular oxygen plays a pivotal role as the sole stoichiometric oxidant.1 Introduction2 Oxidative C–C and C–Nu Coupling2.1 Intramolecular Oxidative C–Nu Heterocyclization Reactions2.1.1 C–H Activation2.1.2 Wacker/Aza-Wacker-Type Cyclization2.1.3 Tandem Wacker/Aza-Wacker and Cyclization/Cross-Coupling Reactions2.2 Intermolecular Oxidative C–Nu Heterocoupling Reactions2.3 Intramolecular Oxidative (C–C) Carbocyclization Reactions2.4 Intermolecular Oxidative C–C Coupling Reactions2.4.1 Cyclization Reactions2.4.2 Cross-Coupling Reactions2.4.3 Homo-Coupling Reactions3 Aerobic Dehydrogenative Coupling/Functionalization4 Oxidative C–H Functionalization5 Summary
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11
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12
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Li YH, Ouyang Y, Chekshin N, Yu JQ. Pd II-Catalyzed Site-selective β- and γ-C(sp 3)-H Arylation of Primary Aldehydes Controlled by Transient Directing Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4727-4733. [PMID: 35286807 PMCID: PMC9084563 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed site-selective β- and γ-C(sp3)-H arylation of primary aldehydes is developed by rational design of L,X-type transient directing groups (TDG). External 2-pyridone ligands are identified to be crucial for the observed reactivity. By minimizing the loading of acid additives, the ligand effect is enhanced to achieve high reactivities of the challenging primary aldehyde substrates. Site selectivity can be switched from the proximate to the relatively remote position by changing the bite angle of TDG to match the desired palladacycle size. Experimental and computational investigations support this rationale for designing TDG to potentially achieve remote site-selective C(sp3)-H functionalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yuxin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nikita Chekshin
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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13
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Ni SF, Huang G, Chen Y, Wright JS, Li M, Dang L. Recent advances in γ-C(sp3)–H bond activation of amides, aliphatic amines, sulfanilamides and amino acids. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Dey A, Singh A, Volla CMR. Cobalt-catalyzed highly diastereoselective [3 + 2] carboannulation reactions: facile access to substituted indane derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1386-1389. [PMID: 34989718 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05245d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient oxidative [3 + 2] annulation reaction involving aryl hydrazones and heterobicyclic alkenes has been realized with inexpensive and earth-abundant cobalt salts under aerobic conditions. The reaction proceeds via directing-group-assisted C-H activation and exo-selective migratory insertion, followed by the intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the alkylcobalt(III) species onto the imine with high anti-diastereoselectivity to provide complex indane derivatives. The generation of three contiguous stereogenic centers within the indanyl unit and the avoidance of the use of stoichiometric amounts of metal oxidants make this transformation more valuable and appealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Dey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Anurag Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Chandra M R Volla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
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15
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Sinha SK, Guin S, Maiti S, Biswas JP, Porey S, Maiti D. Toolbox for Distal C-H Bond Functionalizations in Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5682-5841. [PMID: 34662117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H activation has developed a contemporary approach to the omnipresent area of retrosynthetic disconnection. Scientific researchers have been tempted to take the help of this methodology to plan their synthetic discourses. This paradigm shift has helped in the development of industrial units as well, making the synthesis of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs step-economical. In the vast zone of C-H bond activation, the functionalization of proximal C-H bonds has gained utmost popularity. Unlike the activation of proximal C-H bonds, the distal C-H functionalization is more strenuous and requires distinctly specialized techniques. In this review, we have compiled various methods adopted to functionalize distal C-H bonds, mechanistic insights within each of these procedures, and the scope of the methodology. With this review, we give a complete overview of the expeditious progress the distal C-H activation has made in the field of synthetic organic chemistry while also highlighting its pitfalls, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sudip Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sandip Porey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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16
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Suseelan Sarala A, Bhowmick S, Carvalho RL, Al‐Thabaiti SA, Mokhtar M, Silva Júnior EN, Maiti D. Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Selective Alkynylation of C−H Bonds. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Suseelan Sarala
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai 400076 Mumbai India
- Department of Chemistry Saarland University 66123 Saarbrucken Germany
| | - Suman Bhowmick
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai 400076 Mumbai India
| | - Renato L. Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry Federal University of Minas Gerais 31270-901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | | | - Mohamed Mokhtar
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science King Abdulaziz University 21589 Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai 400076 Mumbai India
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17
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Marset X, Recort‐Fornals M, Kpante M, Zieliński A, Golz C, Wolf LM, Alcarazo M. Towards an Effective Synthesis of Difunctionalized Heptacyclo [6.6.0.0
2,6
.0
3,13
.0
4,11
.0
5,9
.0
10,14
]tetradecane: Ligand Effects on the Cage Assembly and Selective C−H Arylation Reactions. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Marset
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Martí Recort‐Fornals
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Malkaye Kpante
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts 01854 United States
| | - Adam Zieliński
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lawrence M. Wolf
- Department of Chemistry University of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts 01854 United States
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg August Universität Göttingen Tammannstr 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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18
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Zou H. Acid- and Base-Switched Palladium-Catalyzed γ-C(sp 3)-H Alkylation and Alkenylation of Neopentylamine. Org Lett 2021; 23:3466-3471. [PMID: 33881892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of remote unactivated C(sp3)-H and the reaction selectivity are among the core pursuits for transition-metal catalytic system development. Herein, we report Pd-catalyzed γ-C(sp3)-H-selective alkylation and alkenylation with removable 7-azaindole as a directing group. Acid and base were found to be the decisive regulators for the selective alkylation and alkenylation, respectively, on the same single substrate under otherwise the same reaction conditions. Various acrylates were compatible for the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds. The alkenylation protocol could be further extended to acrylates with natural product units and α,β-unsaturated ketones. The preliminary synthetic manipulation of the alkylation and alkenylation products demonstrates the potential of this strategy for structurally diverse aliphatic chain extension and functionalization. Mechanistic experimental studies showed that the acidic and basic catalytic transformations shared the same six-membered dimer palladacycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Shuaizhong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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19
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Abdolalian P, Tizhoush SK, Farshadfar K, Ariafard A. The role of hypervalent iodine(iii) reagents in promoting alkoxylation of unactivated C(sp 3)-H bonds catalyzed by palladium(ii) complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7185-7195. [PMID: 34123345 PMCID: PMC8153247 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01230d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Pd(OAc)2-catalysed alkoxylation of the C(sp3)-H bonds mediated by hypervalent iodine(iii) reagents (ArIX2) has been developed by several prominent researchers, there is no clear mechanism yet for such crucial transformations. In this study, we shed light on this important issue with the aid of the density functional theory (DFT) calculations for alkoxylation of butyramide derivatives. We found that the previously proposed mechanism in the literature is not consistent with the experimental observations and thus cannot be operating. The calculations allowed us to discover an unprecedented mechanism composed of four main steps as follows: (i) activation of the C(sp3)-H bond, (ii) oxidative addition, (iii) reductive elimination and (iv) regeneration of the active catalyst. After completion of step (i) via the CMD mechanism, the oxidative addition commences with an X ligand transfer from the iodine(iii) reagent (ArIX2) to Pd(ii) to form a square pyramidal complex in which an iodonium occupies the apical position. Interestingly, a simple isomerization of the resultant five-coordinate complex triggers the Pd(ii) oxidation. Accordingly, the movement of the ligand trans to the Pd-C(sp3) bond to the apical position promotes the electron transfer from Pd(ii) to iodine(iii), resulting in the reduction of iodine(iii) concomitant with the ejection of the second X ligand as a free anion. The ensuing Pd(iv) complex then undergoes the C-O reductive elimination by nucleophilic attack of the solvent (alcohol) on the sp3 carbon via an outer-sphere SN2 mechanism assisted by the X- anion. Noteworthy, starting from the five coordinate complex, the oxidative addition and reductive elimination processes occur with a very low activation barrier (ΔG ‡ 0-6 kcal mol-1). The strong coordination of the alkoxylated product to the Pd(ii) centre causes the regeneration of the active catalyst, i.e. step (iv), to be considerably endergonic, leading to subsequent catalytic cycles to proceed with a much higher activation barrier than the first cycle. We also found that although, in most cases, the alkoxylation reactions proceed via a Pd(ii)-Pd(iv)-Pd(ii) catalytic cycle, the other alternative in which the oxidation state of the Pd(ii) centre remains unchanged during the catalysis could be operative, depending on the nature of the organic substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Abdolalian
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Poonak Tehran 1469669191 Iran
| | - Samaneh K Tizhoush
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Poonak Tehran 1469669191 Iran
| | - Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Poonak Tehran 1469669191 Iran
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Poonak Tehran 1469669191 Iran
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania Private Bag 75 Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
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20
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Lin Q, Lin Z, Pan M, Zheng Q, Li H, Chen X, Darcel C, Dixneuf PH, Li B. Alkenes as hydrogen trappers to control the regio-selective ruthenium(ii) catalyzed ortho C–H silylation of amides and anilides. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A convenient and practical pathway to versatile silylated amides and anilides is described via efficient and selective ruthenium(ii) catalyzed ortho C–H silylation with different alkenes as the hydrogen acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Lin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
| | - Zirui Lin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
| | - Mingxing Pan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
| | - Qiaojin Zheng
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
| | - Xiuwen Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
| | - Christophe Darcel
- Univ. Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Pierre H. Dixneuf
- Univ. Rennes
- CNRS
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Bin Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen 529020
- P.R. China
- Univ. Rennes
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21
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Mingo MM, Rodríguez N, Arrayás RG, Carretero JC. Remote C(sp 3)–H functionalization via catalytic cyclometallation: beyond five-membered ring metallacycle intermediates. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite impressive recent momentum gained in C(sp3)–H activation, achieving high regioselectivity in molecules containing different C–H bonds with similar high energy without abusing tailored substitution remains as one of the biggest challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Martínez Mingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Rodríguez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
| | - Ramón Gómez Arrayás
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
| | - Juan C. Carretero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Fco. Tomás y Valiente 7, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Spain
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22
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Zhang Q, Shi BF. Site-selective functionalization of remote aliphatic C-H bonds via C-H metallation. Chem Sci 2020; 12:841-852. [PMID: 34163851 PMCID: PMC8179183 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05944g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Directing group assistance provided a paradigm for controlling site-selectivity in transition metal-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions. However, the kinetically and thermodynamically favored formation of 5-membered metallacycles has greatly hampered the selective activation of remote C(sp3)-H bonds via larger-membered metallacycles. Recent development to achieve remote C(sp3)-H functionalization via the C-H metallation process largely relies on employing specific substrates without accessible proximal C-H bonds. Encouragingly, recent advances in this field have enabled the selective functionalization of remote aliphatic C-H bonds in the presence of equally accessible proximal ones by taking advantage of the switch of the regiodetermining step, ring strain of metallacycles, multiple non-covalent interactions, and favourable reductive elimination from larger-membered metallacycles. In this review, we summarize these advancements according to the strategies used, hoping to facilitate further efforts to achieve site- and even enantioselective functionalization of remote C(sp3)-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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23
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Zhan BB, Jiang MX, Shi BF. Late-stage functionalization of peptides via a palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)–H activation strategy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13950-13958. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06133f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the late-stage modification of peptides via palladium-catalyzed C(sp3)–H functionalization are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Bei Zhan
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Meng-Xue Jiang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences
- Wuyi University
- Jiangmen
- Guangdong 529020
- China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
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