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De Stefano F, Villaccio R, D'Anania O, Talarico G, De Rosa C, Scoti M. Combining Cyclic Units and Unsaturated Pendant Groups by Propene/1,5-Hexadiene Copolymerization Toward Functional Isotactic Polypropylene. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:407-414. [PMID: 38526911 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The precise use of a widely available and inexpensive metallocene catalyst enabled the synthesis of isotactic polypropylene copolymers characterized by the copresence of randomly distributed cyclic units in the backbone and unsaturated pendant units employing 1,5-hexadiene as comonomer. Optimization of the polymerization conditions avoided the cross-linking phenomena that negatively affects the material processing and final properties, resulting in good yields of samples featuring high molecular masses and a precisely controlled microstructure. Such polypropylene-based copolymers exhibit a broad spectrum of properties ranging from thermoplastic to surprising elastomeric behavior, with the additional value of being functionalizable by post-polymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio De Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosa Villaccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Olga D'Anania
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino, I-80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Miriam Scoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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2
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Goller A, Obenauf J, Kretschmer WP, Kempe R. The Highly Controlled and Efficient Polymerization of Ethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216464. [PMID: 36541599 PMCID: PMC10108248 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The highly controlled and efficient polymerization of ethylene is a very attractive but challenging target. Herein we report on a Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization catalyst, which combines a high degree of control and very high activity in ethylene oligo- or polymerization with extremely high chain transfer agent (triethylaluminum) to catalyst ratios (catalyst economy). Our Zr catalyst is long living and temperature stable. The chain length of the polyethylene products increases over time under constant ethylene feed or until a certain volume of ethylene is completely consumed to reach the expected molecular weight. Very high activities are observed if the catalyst elongates 60 000 or more alkyl chains and the polydispersity of the strictly linear polyethylene materials obtained are very low. The key for the combination of high control and efficiency seems to be a catalyst stabilized by only one strongly bound monoanionic N-ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Goller
- Anorganische Chemie II-Katalysatordesign, Sustainable Chemistry Centre, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Johannes Obenauf
- Anorganische Chemie II-Katalysatordesign, Sustainable Chemistry Centre, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Winfried P Kretschmer
- Anorganische Chemie II-Katalysatordesign, Sustainable Chemistry Centre, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Anorganische Chemie II-Katalysatordesign, Sustainable Chemistry Centre, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, NW I, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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3
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Burgenson WR, Wentz CM, Sita LR. Tailoring Glass Transition Temperature in a Series of Poly(methylene-1,3-cyclopentane- stat-cyclohexane) Statistical Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:101-106. [PMID: 36598863 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of the synthesis and characterization of a new class of amorphous atactic cis, trans poly(methylene-1,3-cyclopentane-stat-cyclohexane) statistical copolymers (I) is reported. Production of different grades of I that vary with respect to the ratio of 5- and 6-membered cycloalkane repeat units was achieved through the living coordinative chain transfer cyclopolymerization of different initial feed ratios of 1,5-hexadiene and 1,6-heptadiene comonomers. It was determined that the glass transition temperature, Tg, of I can be systematically increased from -16 to 100 °C as a function of increasing 6-membered ring content, although not in a strictly linear fashion. It was further determined that a small level of 6-membered ring content is sufficient to disrupt the crystallinity of the limiting atactic cis, trans poly(methylene-1,3-cyclopentane) (PMCP) homopolymer that possesses a melting temperature, Tm, of 98 °C. These results establish a foundation for future potential technological applications of this unique class of polyolefin copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Burgenson
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Charlotte M Wentz
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lawrence R Sita
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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4
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Investigation of relative stabilities of CPAM zirconium cycloalkylmethyl vs isomeric ω-alkenyl complexes: Crystal structures of the cyclobutylmethyl and cyclopentylmethyl complexes. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Kuzminski BRS, Fischbach DM, Yap GPA, Sita LR. Migratory Insertion into a Hafnium–Phenyl Bond and a Ligand-Assisted Mechanism for Reversible Chain Transfer in the Living Coordinative Polymerization of Olefins. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R. S. Kuzminski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States,
| | - Danyon M. Fischbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States,
| | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States,
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6
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Robinson TP, Georges M, Turner ZR, Buffet JC, O’Hare D. Zirconium Permethylpentalene Amidinate Complexes: Characterization, Bonding, and Olefin Polymerization Catalysis. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Robinson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Maureen Georges
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Zoë R. Turner
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jean-Charles Buffet
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Dermot O’Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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Burkey AA, Fischbach DM, Wentz CM, Beers KL, Sita LR. Highly Versatile Strategy for the Production of Telechelic Polyolefins. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:402-409. [PMID: 35575371 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general and versatile synthetic strategy for producing practical quantities of a wide range of phenyl-group-terminated hetero- and homotelechelic semicrystalline polyethenes and amorphous atactic and semicrystalline isotactic poly(α-olefins) is reported. The phenyl groups serve as synthons for functionalities of additional classes of telechelic polyolefins that can be "unmasked" through simple high yielding postpolymerization reactions. A demonstration of the value of these materials as building blocks for structural classes of polyolefin-based synthetic polymers was provided by syntheses of well-defined polyolefin-polyester di- and triblock copolymers that were shown to adopt microphase-segregated nanostructured mesophases in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Burkey
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Danyon M. Fischbach
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Charlotte M. Wentz
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kathryn L. Beers
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Wallace MA, Sita LR. Temporal Control over Two‐ and Three‐State Living Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization for Modulating the Molecular Weight Distribution Profile of Polyolefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA
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9
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Wallace MA, Sita LR. Temporal Control over Two- and Three-State Living Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization for Modulating the Molecular Weight Distribution Profile of Polyolefins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19671-19678. [PMID: 34196076 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A highly versatile new strategy for manipulating the molecular weight profiles, including breadth, asymmetry (skewness) and modal nature (mono-, bi-, and multimodal), of a variety of different polyolefins is reported. It involves temporal control over two- and three-state living coordinative chain transfer polymerization (LCCTP) of olefins in a programmable way. By changing the identity of the R' groups of the chain transfer agent, ER'n , with time, different populations of chains within a bi- or multimodal polyolefin product can be selectively tagged with different end-groups. By changing the nature of the main-group metal of the CTA, programmed manipulation of the relative magnitudes of the dispersities of the different maxima that make up the final MWD profile can be achieved. This strategy can be implemented with existing LCCTP materials and conventional reactor methods to provide access to scalable and practical quantities of an unlimited array of new polyolefin materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lawrence R Sita
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Wallace MA, Burkey AA, Sita LR. Phenyl-Terminated Polyolefins via Living Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization with ZnPh 2 as a Chain Transfer Agent. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wallace
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Aaron A. Burkey
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Wallace MA, Sita LR. Multi-State Living Degenerative and Chain Transfer Coordinative Polymerization of α-Olefins via Sub-Stoichiometric Activation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wallace
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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12
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Wallace MA, Wentz CM, Sita LR. Optical Purity as a Programmable Variable for Controlling Polyolefin Tacticity in Living Coordinative Chain Transfer Polymerization: Application to the Stereomodulated LCCTP of α,ω-Nonconjugated Dienes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wallace
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Charlotte M. Wentz
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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