1
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Mu M, Walker KL, Sánchez-Sanz G, Waymouth RM, Trujillo C, Muldoon MJ, García-Melchor M. Insights into the Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Wacker-Type Oxidation of Styrene with Hydrogen Peroxide and tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide. ACS Catal 2024; 14:1567-1574. [PMID: 38327641 PMCID: PMC10845106 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Wacker oxidations are ubiquitous in the direct synthesis of carbonyl compounds from alkenes. While the reaction mechanism has been widely studied under aerobic conditions, much less is known about such processes promoted with peroxides. Here, we report an exhaustive mechanistic investigation of the Wacker oxidation of styrene using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidants by combining density functional theory and microkinetic modeling. Our results with H2O2 uncover a previously unreported reaction pathway that involves an intermolecular proton transfer assisted by the counterion [OTf]- present in the reaction media. Furthermore, we show that when TBHP is used as an oxidant instead of H2O2, the reaction mechanism switches to an intramolecular protonation sourced by the HOtBu moiety generated in situ. Importantly, these two mechanisms are predicted to outcompete the 1,2-hydride shift pathway previously proposed in the literature and account for the level of D incorporation in the product observed in labeling experiments with α-d-styrene and D2O2. We envision that these insights will pave the way for the rational design of more efficient catalysts for the industrial production of chemical feedstocks and fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manting Mu
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katherine L. Walker
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Goar Sánchez-Sanz
- Research
IT, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Robert M. Waymouth
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Cristina Trujillo
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark J. Muldoon
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s
University Belfast, Belfast BT71NN, U.K.
| | - Max García-Melchor
- School
of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2 Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Kou LG, Guo SH, Gao YR, Yue T, Wang YQ. Oxidative Cleavage and Fluoromethylthiolation of C═C Bonds: A General Route toward Mono-, Di-, and Trifluoromethylthioesters from Alkenes. Org Lett 2023; 25:5984-5988. [PMID: 37548642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel oxidative cleavage and fluoromethylthiolation reaction of C═C bonds has been developed that represents the first and general method for the preparation of mono-, di-, and trifluoromethylthioesters from alkenes. The protocol features excellent product selectivity and substrate suitability. Various observations suggested that the protocol proceeded via a two-step radical process and that aldehyde was the key intermediate. What's more meaningful is that this route provides a new direction for converting alkenes into higher-value-added carbonyl-containing chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Gang Kou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Shi-Huan Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Ya-Ru Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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3
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Zhang S, Zhang J, Zou H. Pd-Catalyzed TBHP-Mediated Selective Wacker-Type Oxidation and Oxo-acyloxylation of Olefins Using a 2-(1 H-Indazol-1-yl)quinoline Ligand. Org Lett 2023; 25:1850-1855. [PMID: 36896992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidation of terminal olefins to methyl ketones has emerged as an attractive strategy for organic synthesis. Here we report the Pd(II)-catalyzed selective oxidation of olefins using tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant and 2-(1H-indazol-1-yl)quinoline as the ligand. A wide range of olefins were well tolerated in this reaction system to provide methyl ketones, whereas the presence of Ac2O initiated the oxo-acyloxylation to afford the α-acetoxyacetone products. Isotope labeling studies and active-intermediate-capture experiments were performed to elucidate the underlying selective reaction mechanism. Notably, the generation of α-acetoxyacetone products involves the palladium enolate intermediate while the methyl ketone products were generated through the most commonly proposed alkylperoxide intermediates, followed by 1,2-hydride migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaizhong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jinquan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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4
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Pankov RO, Prima DO, Kostyukovich AY, Minyaev ME, Ananikov VP. Synthesis and a combined experimental/theoretical structural study of a comprehensive set of Pd/NHC complexes with o-, m-, and p-halogen-substituted aryl groups (X = F, Cl, Br, CF 3). Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4122-4135. [PMID: 36883531 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03665g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Pd/NHC complexes (NHCs - N-heterocyclic carbenes) with electron-withdrawing halogen groups were prepared by developing an optimized synthetic procedure to access imidazolium salts and the corresponding metal complexes. Structural X-ray analysis and computational studies have been carried out to evaluate the effect of halogen and CF3 substituents on the Pd-NHC bond and have provided insight into the possible electronic effects on the molecular structure. The introduction of electron-withdrawing substituents changes the ratio of σ-/π-contributions to the Pd-NHC bond but does not affect the Pd-NHC bond energy. Here, we report the first optimized synthetic approach to access a comprehensive range of o-, m-, and p-XC6H4-substituted NHC ligands, including incorporation into Pd complexes (X = F, Cl, Br, CF3). The catalytic activity of the obtained Pd/NHC complexes was compared in the Mizoroki-Heck reaction. For substitution with halogen atoms, the following relative trend was observed: X = Br > F > Cl, and for all halogen atoms, the catalytic activity changed in the following order: m-X, p-X > o-X. Evaluation of the relative catalytic activity showed a significant increase in the catalyst performance in the case of Br and CF3 substituents compared to the unsubstituted Pd/NHC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman O Pankov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Darya O Prima
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander Yu Kostyukovich
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Mikhail E Minyaev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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5
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Bysewski O, Winter A, Liebing P, Schubert US. Noble Metal Complexes of a Bis-Caffeine Containing NHC Ligand. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134316. [PMID: 35807559 PMCID: PMC9268361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have seen more and more use over the years. The go-to systems that are usually considered are derivatives of benzimidazole or imidazole. Caffeine possesses an imidazole unit and was already utilized as a carbene-type ligand; however, its use within a tridentate bis-NHC system has—to the best of our knowledge—not been reported so far. The synthesis of the ligand is straightforward and metal complexes are readily available via silver-salt metathesis. A platinum(II) and a palladium(II) complex were isolated and a crystal structure of the former was examined. For the Pt(II) complex, luminescence is observed in solid state as well as in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bysewski
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (O.B.); (A.W.)
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (O.B.); (A.W.)
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Phil Liebing
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; (O.B.); (A.W.)
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
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6
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Catalyst-Controlled Selectivity in Oxidation of Olefins: Highly Facile Success to Functionalized Aldehydes and Ketones. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Makmeesub N, Ritvirulh C, Choojun K, Sattayaporn S, Resasco D, Sooknoi T. Highly stable Pd2+ species anchoring on ethylenediamine-grafted-MIL-101(Cr) as a robust oxidation catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01932e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly stable Pd2+ species were anchored in ethylenediamine-grafted on MIL-101(Cr). The ethylenediamine (0.3-1.2 mmol/g) was first grafted onto MIL-101(Cr), then Pd2+ (0.03-0.2 mmol Pd/g) was incorporated by double-solvent adsorption. Fourier...
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8
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Luo M, Zhang Y, Fang P, Li Y, Qi C, Li Y, Shen R, Cheng K, Wang H. H 2O 2-mediated room temperature synthesis of 2-arylacetophenones from arylhydrazines and vinyl azides in water. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:630-635. [PMID: 34937078 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An environmentally benign, cost-efficient and practical methodology for the room temperature synthesis of 2-arylacetophenones in water has been discovered. The facile and efficient transformation involves the oxidative radical addition of arylhydrazines with α-aryl vinyl azides in the presence of H2O2 (as a radical initiator) and PEG-800 (as a phase-transfer catalyst). From the viewpoint of green chemistry and organic synthesis, the present protocol is of great significance because of using cheap, non-toxic and readily available starting materials and reagents as well as amenability to gram-scale synthesis, which provides an attractive strategy to access 2-arylacetophenones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiang Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yaohong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Ping Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Chenze Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Runpu Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Kai Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Hai Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemicals Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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9
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Jiang L, Liu Y, Meng X, Xian M, Xu C. Adsorption behavior study and mechanism insights into novel isothiocyanate modified material towards Pd2+. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Sysoeva AA, Novikov AS, Il'in MV, Suslonov VV, Bolotin DS. Predicting the catalytic activity of azolium-based halogen bond donors: an experimentally-verified theoretical study. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7611-7620. [PMID: 34323914 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01158h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This report demonstrates the successful application of electrostatic surface potential distribution analysis for evaluating the relative catalytic activity of a series of azolium-based halogen bond donors. A strong correlation (R2 > 0.97) was observed between the positive electrostatic potential of the σ-hole on the halogen atom and the Gibbs free energy of activation of the model reactions (i.e., halogen abstraction and carbonyl activation). The predictive ability of the applied approach was confirmed experimentally. It was also determined that the catalytic activity of azolium-based halogen bond donors was generally governed by the structure of the azolium cycle, whereas the substituents on the heterocycle had a limited impact on the activity. Ultimately, this study highlighted four of the most promising azolium halogen bond donors, which are expected to exhibit high catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Sysoeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail V Il'in
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation.
| | - Vitalii V Suslonov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation.
| | - Dmitrii S Bolotin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation.
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11
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Albarrán‐Velo J, Gotor‐Fernández V, Lavandera I. Markovnikov Wacker‐Tsuji Oxidation of Allyl(hetero)arenes and Application in a One‐Pot Photo‐Metal‐Biocatalytic Approach to Enantioenriched Amines and Alcohols. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Albarrán‐Velo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Universidad de Oviedo Avenida Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Vicente Gotor‐Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Universidad de Oviedo Avenida Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Iván Lavandera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica Universidad de Oviedo Avenida Julián Clavería 8 33006 Oviedo Spain
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12
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Muzart J. Progress in the synthesis of aldehydes from Pd-catalyzed Wacker-type reactions of terminal olefins. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Yadav S, Reshi NUD, Pal S, Bera JK. Aerobic oxidation of primary amines to amides catalyzed by an annulated mesoionic carbene (MIC) stabilized Ru complex. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01541a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A Ru complex, stabilized by an annulated mesoionic carbene ligand, catalyzes the aerobic oxidation of a host of primary amines to amides in high yields and excellent selectivity. Kinetics, Hammett and DFT studies provide mechanistic insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Yadav
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Noor U Din Reshi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Saikat Pal
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Jitendra K. Bera
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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14
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Tyagi A, Reshi NUD, Daw P, Bera JK. Palladium complexes with an annellated mesoionic carbene (MIC) ligand: catalytic sequential Sonogashira coupling/cyclization reaction for one-pot synthesis of benzofuran, indole, isocoumarin and isoquinolone derivatives. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15238-15248. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Pd(ii) complex containing a mesoionic carbene and phosphine ligands is an efficient catalyst for tandem coupling/cyclization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshi Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Noor U Din Reshi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Prosenjit Daw
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
| | - Jitendra K. Bera
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
- Kanpur 208016
- India
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