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Carceller JM, Arias KS, Climent MJ, Iborra S, Corma A. One-pot chemo- and photo-enzymatic linear cascade processes. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 38965865 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00595j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The combination of chemo- and photocatalyses with biocatalysis, which couples the flexible reactivity of the photo- and chemocatalysts with the highly selective and environmentally friendly nature of enzymes in one-pot linear cascades, represents a powerful tool in organic synthesis. However, the combination of photo-, chemo- and biocatalysts in one-pot is challenging because the optimal operating conditions of the involved catalyst types may be rather different, and the different stabilities of catalysts and their mutual deactivation are additional problems often encountered in one-pot cascade processes. This review explores a large number of transformations and approaches adopted for combining enzymes and chemo- and photocatalytic processes in a successful way to achieve valuable chemicals and valorisation of biomass. Moreover, the strategies for solving incompatibility issues in chemo-enzymatic reactions are analysed, introducing recent examples of the application of non-conventional solvents, enzyme-metal hybrid catalysts, and spatial compartmentalization strategies to implement chemo-enzymatic cascade processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Carceller
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (Universitat Politècnica de València-Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Avda dels Tarongers s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - K S Arias
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (Universitat Politècnica de València-Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Avda dels Tarongers s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M J Climent
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (Universitat Politècnica de València-Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Avda dels Tarongers s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - S Iborra
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (Universitat Politècnica de València-Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Avda dels Tarongers s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - A Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (Universitat Politècnica de València-Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Avda dels Tarongers s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Hu H, Chang Y, Wang Z, Cui J, Jia S, Du Y. A chemo-biocatalyst based on glutamate oxidase-integrated biomimetic trimanganese tetraoxide as cascade composite nano-catalyst for synthesis of α‑Ketoglutaric acid. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:1833-1841. [PMID: 37515973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The combination of chemo- and biocatalysts to perform one-pot synthetic route has presented great challenges for decades. Herein, glutamate oxidase (GLOX) and trimanganese tetraoxide (Mn3O4) nanocrystals were combined for the first time by one-step biomineralization to construct a mimic multi-enzyme system (GLOX@Mn3O4) for chemoenzymatic synthesis of α‑ketoglutaric acid (α‑KG). Mn3O4 not only served as a support for the enzyme immobilization, but also contributed its catalytic activity to co-operate with natural enzymes for the cascade reactions. The as-synthesized chemo-enzyme catalysts with directly contacted catalytic sites of the enzyme and inorganic catalyst maximizes the substrate channeling effffects for in situ rapid decomposition of the oxidative intermediate, H2O2, during the enzymatic oxidation of sodium glutamate, thus relieving the inhibition of H2O2 accumulation for GLOX. Benefiting from the excellent stability and reusability of GLOX@Mn3O4, a nearly 100% conversion (99.7%) of l-glutamate to α-KG was achieved, over 4.7 times higher than that of the free GLOX system (21.2%). This work provides a feasibility for constructing a high-performance chemo-enzyme catalyst for cascade catalysis, especially for those reactions with toxic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yuyan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zhongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jiandong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Shiru Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yingjie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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Bhosale SR, Bhosale RR, Patil DN, Dhavale RP, Kolekar GB, Shimpale VB, Anbhule PV. Bioderived Mesoporous Carbon@Tungsten Oxide Nanocomposite as a Drug Carrier Vehicle of Doxorubicin for Potent Cancer Therapy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11910-11924. [PMID: 37552874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Scientists have investigated the possibility of employing nanomaterials as drug carriers. These nanomaterials can preserve their content and transport it to the target region in the body. In this investigation, we proposed a simple method for developing distinctive, bioderived nanostructures with mesoporous carbon nanoparticles impregnated with tungsten oxide (WO3). Prior to characterizing and encapsulating WO3 with bioderived mesoporous carbon, the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was added to the nanoparticles and examined loading and release study. The approaches for both nanoparticle production and characterization are discussed in detail. Colloidal qualities of the nanomaterial can be effectively preserved while also allowing transdermal transportation of nanoparticles into the body by forming them into green, reusable, and porous nanostructures. Although the theories of nanoparticles and bioderived carbon each have been studied separately, the combination presents a new route to applications connected to nanomedicine. Furthermore, this sample was used to study exotic biomedical applications, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. The W-3 sample had lower antioxidant activity (44.01%) than the C@W sample (56.34%), which was the most potent. A high DOX entrapment effectiveness of 97% was eventually achieved by the C@W sample, compared to a pure WO3 entrapment efficiency of 91%. It was observed that the Carbon/WO3 composite (C@W) sample showed more efficacy because the mesoporous carbon composition with WO3 increases the average surface area and surface-active locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha R Bhosale
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Rakhee R Bhosale
- Analytical Chemistry and Material Science Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Devashree N Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Rushikesh P Dhavale
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Govind B Kolekar
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | | | - Prashant V Anbhule
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
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Oudi S, Oveisi AR, Daliran S, Khajeh M, Dhakshinamoorthy A, García H. A Porphyrin-Based Covalent Organic Framework as Metal-Free Visible-LED-Light Photocatalyst for One-Pot Tandem Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation/Knoevenagel Condensation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:558. [PMID: 36770519 PMCID: PMC9920377 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A porphyrin-based covalent organic framework (COF), namely Porph-UOZ-COF (UOZ stands for the University of Zabol), has been designed and prepared via the condensation reaction of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (DHPP) with 1,4-benzenediboronic acid (DBBA), under the solvothermal condition. The solid was characterized by spectroscopic, microscopic, and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The resultant multifunctional COF revealed an outstanding performance in catalyzing a one-pot tandem selective benzylic C-H photooxygenation/Knoevenagel condensation reaction in the absence of additives or metals under visible-LED-light irradiation. Notably, the catalytic activity of the COF was superior to individual organic counterparts and the COF was both stable and reusable for four consecutive runs. The present approach illustrates the potential of COFs as promising metal-free (photo) catalysts for the development of tandem reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Oudi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol P.O. Box 98615-538, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Oveisi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol P.O. Box 98615-538, Iran
| | - Saba Daliran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol P.O. Box 98615-538, Iran
| | - Mostafa Khajeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol P.O. Box 98615-538, Iran
| | - Amarajothi Dhakshinamoorthy
- Departamento de Quimica, Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. De los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Av. De los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Pan MM, Ouyang Y, Song YL, Si LQ, Jiang M, Yu X, Xu L, Willner I. Au 3+ -Functionalized UiO-67 Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles: O 2•- and •OH Generating Nanozymes and Their Antibacterial Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200548. [PMID: 35460191 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of Au3+ -modified UiO-67 metal-organic framework nanoparticles, Au3+ -NMOFs, are described. The Au3+ -NMOFs reveal dual oxidase-like and peroxidase-like activities and act as an active catalyst for the catalyzed generation of O2•- under aerobic conditions or •OH in the presence of H2 O2 . The two reactive oxygen species (ROS) agents O2•- and •OH are cooperatively formed by Au3+ -NMOFs under aerobic conditions, and in the presence of H2 O2. The Au3+ -NMOFs are applied as an effective catalyst for the generation ROS agents for antibacterial and wound healing applications. Effective antibacterial cell death and inhibition of cell proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial colonies are demonstrated in the presence of the Au3+ -NMOFs. In addition, in vivo experiments demonstrate effective wound healing of mice wounds infected by S. aureus, treated by the Au3+ -NMOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Pan
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Yu Ouyang
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Yong-Li Song
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Qin Si
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Li Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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Chen C, Vázquez-González M, O'Hagan MP, Ouyang Y, Wang Z, Willner I. Enzyme-Loaded Hemin/G-Quadruplex-Modified ZIF-90 Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles: Bioreactor Nanozymes for the Cascaded Oxidation of N-hydroxy-l-arginine and Sensing Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104420. [PMID: 35037383 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic cascades are challenging to operate in homogeneous solution, where diffusional mass transport hinders efficient communication between the reactive components. There is great interest in developing devices to perform such transformations in confined environments, which increase the efficiency of the cascaded process by generating high local concentrations of the reactive species. Herein, a bioreactor-nanozyme assembly is introduced for the cascaded aerobic oxidation of N-hydroxy-l-arginine (NOHA) to citrulline in the presence of glucose. The reaction mimics a key step in the nitric oxide synthase oxidation of l-arginine in nature. The system consists of glucose oxidase (GOx)-loaded hemin/G-quadruplex (hemin/G4)-modified ZIF-90 metal-organic framework nanoparticles. The aerobic oxidation of glucose by GOx yields H2 O2 that fuels the hemin/G4-catalyzed oxidation of NOHA into citrulline. The process driven by the bioreactor-nanozyme system is ≈sixfold enhanced compared to the homogeneous mixture of the biocatalysts, due to its operation in the confined environment of the nanoparticles. Extension to a three-step cascade is then demonstrated using a bioreactor composed of β-galactosidase/GOx-loaded hemin/G4-modified ZIF-90 nanoparticles activating the cascaded oxidation of NOHA to citrulline, in the presence of lactose. Moreover, the bioreactor-nanozyme hybrid is applied as a functional optical sensor of glucose, using fluorescence or chemiluminescence as readout signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Margarita Vázquez-González
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Michael P O'Hagan
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Yu Ouyang
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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Usui K, Manaka Y, Chun WJ, Motokura K. Rhodium-Iodide Complex on a Catalytically Active SiO 2 Surface for One-Pot Hydrosilylation-CO 2 Cycloaddition. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104001. [PMID: 34878192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel Rh-iodide complex was synthesized through a surface reaction between an immobilized Rh cyclooctadiene complex and alkylammonium iodide (N+ I- ) on SiO2 . In the presence of ammonium cations, the SiO2 -supported Rh-iodide complex could be effectively used for the one-pot synthesis of various silylcarbonate derivatives starting from epoxy olefins, hydrosilanes, and CO2 . The maximum turnover numbers (TONs) for the hydrosilylation reaction and the CO2 cycloaddition were 7600 (Rh) and 130 (N+ I- ), respectively. The catalyst exhibited much higher performance for hydrosilylation than solely the Rh complex on SiO2 . The mechanism of the Rh-catalyzed hydrosilylation reaction and the local structure of Rh, which is affected by the co-immobilized N+ I- , were investigated by using Rh and I K-edge XAFS and XPS. Analysis of the XAFS profiles indicated the presence of a Rh-I bond. The Rh unit was in its electron-rich state. Curve-fitting analysis of the Rh K-edge EXAFS profiles suggests dissociation of the cycloocta-1,5-diene (COD) ligand from the Rh center. Results from spectroscopic and kinetic analyses revealed that the high activity of the catalyst (during hydrosilylation) could be attributed to a decrease in steric hindrance and the electron-rich state of the Rh. The decrease in the steric hindrance could be attributed to the absence of COD, and the electron-rich state promoted the oxidative addition of Si-H. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a one-pot silylcarbonate synthesis as well as a determination of a novel surface Rh-iodide complex and its catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Usui
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, 226-8502 Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 240-8501, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuichi Manaka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, 226-8502 Yokohama, Japan.,Renewable Energy Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 963-0298, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Wang-Jae Chun
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, International Christian University, 181-8585, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro City, 226-8502 Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 240-8501, Yokohama, Japan
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Dong X, Sun Y. Cobalt Phosphate Nanocrystals: A Catalase-Like Nanozyme and In Situ Enzyme-Encapsulating Carrier for Efficient Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of α-Keto Acid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49974-49981. [PMID: 34636538 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemoenzymatic catalysis combining the traits of chemical and enzymatic catalysis provides tremendous possibilities for the design of biosynthetic pathways utilizing inorganic catalysts and enzymes. However, the efficiency of chemoenzymatic catalysis is usually governed by the synergy and compatibility of the two catalysts. Here, we report for the first time the catalase-like activity of cobalt phosphate nanocrystals (CoPs). By a one-pot biomimetic mineralization with CoPs and l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) under a mild condition, we have fabricated a hybrid nanobiocatalyst, LAAO@CoPs, for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of α-keto acid. The as-fabricated nanobiocatalyst with directly contacted catalytic sites of the enzyme and nanozyme maximizes the substrate channeling effects for in situ chemical decomposition of the oxidative intermediate, H2O2, during the enzymatic oxidation of l-tryptophan (l-Trp), thus minimizing the H2O2 accumulation and byproduct generation. Benefiting from the superiority of LAAO@CoPs, complete conversion (100.0%) of l-Trp to indole pyruvic acid is achieved, over two times higher than the yield of the free LAAO system (47.6%). Meanwhile, LAAO@CoPs show high stabilities against heat and proteolytic treatments. This work offers a new design approach for constructing a high-performance nanobiocatalyst for cascade reactions, especially for those systems with toxic or reactive intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfu Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Moriyama J, Yoshimoto M. Efficient Entrapment of Carbonic Anhydrase in Alginate Hydrogels Using Liposomes for Continuous-Flow Catalytic Reactions. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:6368-6378. [PMID: 33718727 PMCID: PMC7948239 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A versatile approach to entrap relatively small enzymes in hydrogels allows their diverse biotechnological applications. In the present work, bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) was efficiently entrapped in calcium alginate beads with the help of liposomes. A mixture of sodium alginate (3 wt %) and carbonic anhydrase-liposome conjugates (BCALs) was dripped into a Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH = 7.5) containing 0.4 M CaCl2 to induce the gelation and curing of the dispersed alginate-rich droplets. The entrapment efficiency of BCALs, which was defined as the amount of catalysts entrapped in alginate beads relative to that initially charged, was 98.7 ± 0.2% as determined through quantifying BCALs in the filtrate being separated from the beads. When free BCA was employed, on the other hand, a significantly lower entrapment efficiency of 27.2 ± 4.1% was obtained because free BCA could pass through alginate matrices. Because the volume of a cured alginate bead (10 μL) entrapped with BCALs was about 2.5 times smaller than that of an original droplet, BCALs were densely present in the beads to give the concentrations of lipids and BCA of 4.6-8.3 mM and 1.1-1.8 mg/mL, respectively. Alginate beads entrapped with BCALs were used to catalyze the hydrolysis of 1.0 mM p-nitrophenyl acetate (p-NA) at pH = 7.5 using the wells of a microplate or 10 mL glass beakers as batch reactors. Furthermore, the beads were confined in a column for continuous-flow hydrolysis of 1.0 mM p-NA for 1 h at a mean residence time of 8.5 or 4.3 min. The results obtained demonstrate that the conjugation of BCA to liposomes gave an opportunity to achieve efficient and stable entrapment of BCA in alginate hydrogels for applying to catalytic reactions in bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshi Moriyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai 2-16-1, Ube 755-8611, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Yamaguchi University, Tokiwadai 2-16-1, Ube 755-8611, Japan
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