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Chang ASM, Kascoutas MA, Valentine QP, How KI, Thomas RM, Cook AK. Alkene Isomerization Using a Heterogeneous Nickel-Hydride Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15596-15608. [PMID: 38771258 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed alkene isomerization is an enabling technology used to install an alkene distal to its original site. Due to their well-defined structure, homogeneous catalysts can be fine-tuned to optimize reactivity, stereoselectivity, and positional selectivity, but they often suffer from instability and nonrecyclability. Heterogeneous catalysts are generally highly robust but continue to lack active-site specificity and are challenging to rationally improve through structural modification. Known single-site heterogeneous catalysts for alkene isomerization utilize precious metals and bespoke, expensive, and synthetically intense supports. Additionally, they generally have mediocre reactivity, inspiring us to develop a heterogeneous catalyst with an active site made from readily available compounds made of Earth-abundant elements. Previous work demonstrated that a very active homogeneous catalyst is formed upon protonation of Ni[P(OEt)3]4 by H2SO4, generating a [Ni-H]+ active site. This catalyst is incredibly active, but also decomposes readily, which severely limits its utility. Herein we show that by using a solid acid (sulfated zirconia, SZO300), not only is this decomposition prevented, but high activity is maintained, improved selectivity is achieved, and a broader scope of functional groups is tolerated. Preliminary mechanistic experiments suggest that the catalytic reaction likely goes through an intermolecular, two-electron pathway. A detailed kinetic study comparing the state-of-the-art Ni and Pd isomerization catalysts reveals that the highest activity and selectivity is seen with the Ni/SZO300 system. The reactivity of Ni/SZO300, is not limited to alkene isomerization; it is also a competent catalyst for hydroalkenylation, hydroboration, and hydrosilylation, demonstrating the broad application of this heterogeneous catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Sy-Min Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Melanie A Kascoutas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Quinn P Valentine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Kiera I How
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Rachel M Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Amanda K Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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2
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Zhou G, Mu H, Jian Z. Accessing Functionalized Ultra-High Molecular Weight Poly(α-olefin)s via Hafnium-Mediated Highly Isospecific Copolymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400204. [PMID: 38751341 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by the favorable impact of heteroatom-containing groups in phenoxy-imine titanium and late transition metal catalysts, a series of novel pyridylamido hafnium catalysts bearing ─OMe (Cat-OMe), ─CF3 (Cat-CF3), and ─C6F5 (Cat-C6F5) substituents are designed and synthesized. Together with the established hafnium catalysts Cat-H and Cat-iPr by Dow/Symyx, these catalysts are applied in the polymerization of α-olefins, including 1-hexene, 1-octene, and 4M1P, as well as in the copolymerization of these α-olefins with a specifically designed polar monomer. The enhancement of polymer molecular weight derived from catalyst modification and the incorporation of polar monomers is discussed in detail. Notably, the new catalysts are all highly active for α-olefins polymerization, with catalyst Cat-CF3 producing isotactic polymers with the highest molecular weight (Mw = 1649 kg mol-1); in copolymerization with polar monomers, catalyst Cat-OMe yields isotactic copolymer with the highest molecular weight (Mw = 2990 kg mol-1). Interestingly, catalyst Cat-C6F5 bearing a ─C6F5 group in the N-aryl moiety gives rise to poly(α-olefin) with reduced stereoselectivity. The findings of this study underscore the potential of heteroatom-containing groups in the development of early transition metal catalysts and the synthesis of polymer with novel structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongliang Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhongbao Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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3
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Lai Q, Mason AH, Agarwal A, Edenfield WC, Zhang X, Kobayashi T, Kratish Y, Marks TJ. Rapid Polyolefin Hydrogenolysis by a Single-Site Organo-Tantalum Catalyst on a Super-Acidic Support: Structure and Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312546. [PMID: 37948306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The novel electrophilic organo-tantalum catalyst AlS/TaNpx (1) (Np=neopentyl) is prepared by chemisorption of the alkylidene Np3 Ta=CHt Bu onto highly Brønsted acidic sulfated alumina (AlS). The proposed catalyst structure is supported by EXAFS, XANES, ICP, DRIFTS, elemental analysis, and SSNMR measurements and is in good agreement with DFT analysis. Catalyst 1 is highly effective for the hydrogenolysis of diverse linear and branched hydrocarbons, ranging from C2 to polyolefins. To the best of our knowledge, 1 exhibits one of the highest polyolefin hydrogenolysis activities (9,800 (CH2 units) ⋅ mol(Ta)-1 ⋅ h-1 at 200 °C/17 atm H2 ) reported to date in the peer-reviewed literature. Unlike the AlS/ZrNp2 analog, the Ta catalyst is more thermally stable and offers multiple potential C-C bond activation pathways. For hydrogenolysis, AlS/TaNpx is effective for a wide variety of pre- and post-consumer polyolefin plastics and is not significantly deactivated by standard polyolefin additives at typical industrial concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingheng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL-60208-3113, USA
| | - Alexander H Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL-60208-3113, USA
| | - Amol Agarwal
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL-60208-3113, USA
| | - Wilson C Edenfield
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL-60208-3113, USA
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL-60208-3113, USA
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- U.S. DOE Ames National Laboratory, IOWA State University, Ames, IA50011-3020, USA
| | - Yosi Kratish
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL-60208-3113, USA
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL-60208-3113, USA
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Nifant’ev IE, Komarov PD, Kostomarova OD, Kolosov NA, Ivchenko PV. MAO- and Borate-Free Activating Supports for Group 4 Metallocene and Post-Metallocene Catalysts of α-Olefin Polymerization and Oligomerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3095. [PMID: 37514483 PMCID: PMC10384419 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern industry of advanced polyolefins extensively uses Group 4 metallocene and post-metallocene catalysts. High-throughput polyolefin technologies demand the use of heterogeneous catalysts with a given particle size and morphology, high thermal stability, and controlled productivity. Conventional Group 4 metal single-site heterogeneous catalysts require the use of high-cost methylalumoxane (MAO) or perfluoroaryl borate activators. However, a number of inorganic phases, containing highly acidic Lewis and Brønsted sites, are able to activate Group 4 metal pre-catalysts using low-cost and affordable alkylaluminums. In the present review, we gathered comprehensive information on MAO- and borate-free activating supports of different types and discussed the surface nature and chemistry of these phases, examples of their use in the polymerization of ethylene and α-olefins, and prospects of the further development for applications in the polyolefin industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E. Nifant’ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.N.); (P.D.K.)
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel D. Komarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.N.); (P.D.K.)
| | | | - Nikolay A. Kolosov
- NIOST LLC, Kuzovlevsky Tr. 2-270, 634067 Tomsk, Russia; (O.D.K.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Pavel V. Ivchenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Av. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.N.); (P.D.K.)
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Rapid atom-efficient polyolefin plastics hydrogenolysis mediated by a well-defined single-site electrophilic/cationic organo-zirconium catalyst. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7187. [PMID: 36418305 PMCID: PMC9684440 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyolefins comprise a major fraction of single-use plastics, yet their catalytic deconstruction/recycling has proven challenging due to their inert saturated hydrocarbon connectivities. Here a very electrophilic, formally cationic earth-abundant single-site organozirconium catalyst chemisorbed on a highly Brønsted acidic sulfated alumina support and characterized by a broad array of experimental and theoretical techniques, is shown to mediate the rapid hydrogenolytic cleavage of molecular and macromolecular saturated hydrocarbons under mild conditions, with catalytic onset as low as 90 °C/0.5 atm H2 with 0.02 mol% catalyst loading. For polyethylene, quantitative hydrogenolysis to light hydrocarbons proceeds within 48 min with an activity of > 4000 mol(CH2 units)·mol(Zr)-1·h-1 at 200 °C/2 atm H2 pressure. Under similar solventless conditions, polyethylene-co-1-octene, isotactic polypropylene, and a post-consumer food container cap are rapidly hydrogenolyzed to low molecular mass hydrocarbons. Regarding mechanism, theory and experiment identify a turnover-limiting C-C scission pathway involving ß-alkyl transfer rather than the more common σ-bond metathesis.
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Zhang S, Cao C, Guo W, Zhang Y, Sun M, Yang W, He L, Huang Q. Prominent Spatial Structure and Synergistic Linkage Effects in Bimetallic Titanium Olefin Polymerization Catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, the College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Chunpeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, the College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Wensi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, the College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, the College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Min Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Sinopec, Beijing100083, China
| | - Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, the College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Lei He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, the College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Qigu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, the College of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
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7
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Chen A, Ma Z, Pan Y, Chen M, Zou C. Cocatalyst Effect in Transition Metal Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization and Copolymerization. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Chen
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Zhanshan Ma
- Anhui University Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology CHINA
| | - Yao Pan
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Min Chen
- Anhui University Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology CHINA
| | - Chen Zou
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Polymer Science and Engineering China hefei 230026 hefei CHINA
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8
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Wang Y. Olefin polymerization cocatalysts: Development, applications, and prospects. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Motokura K, Ding S, Usui K, Kong Y. Enhanced Catalysis Based on the Surface Environment of the Silica-Supported Metal Complex. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Motokura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Siming Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kei Usui
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yuanyuan Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
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10
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Zhang J, Mason AH, Wang Y, Motta A, Kobayashi T, Pruski M, Gao Y, Marks TJ. Beyond the Active Site. Cp*ZrMe
3
/Sulfated Alumina‐Catalyzed Olefin Polymerization Tacticity via Catalyst⋅⋅⋅Surface Ion‐Pairing. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes (ICEP) Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208–3113 USA
| | - Alexander H. Mason
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes (ICEP) Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208–3113 USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes (ICEP) Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208–3113 USA
| | - Alessandro Motta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università di Roma “La Sapienza” and INSTM UdR Roma Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 I-00185 Roma Italy
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory Iowa State University Ames IA 50011–3020 USA
| | - Marek Pruski
- U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory Iowa State University Ames IA 50011–3020 USA
| | - Yanshan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes (ICEP) Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208–3113 USA
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Catalysis in Energy Processes (ICEP) Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208–3113 USA
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