1
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Albayati SH, Nezhad NG, Taki AG, Rahman RNZRA. Efficient and easible biocatalysts: Strategies for enzyme improvement. A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133978. [PMID: 39038570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the environmental friendliness and vast advantages that enzymes offer in the biotechnology and industry fields, biocatalysts are a prolific investigation field. However, the low catalytic activity, stability, and specific selectivity of the enzyme limit the range of the reaction enzymes involved in. A comprehensive understanding of the protein structure and dynamics in terms of molecular details enables us to tackle these limitations effectively and enhance the catalytic activity by enzyme engineering or modifying the supports and solvents. Along with different strategies including computational, enzyme engineering based on DNA recombination, enzyme immobilization, additives, chemical modification, and physicochemical modification approaches can be promising for the wide spread of industrial enzyme usage. This is attributed to the successful application of biocatalysts in industrial and synthetic processes requires a system that exhibits stability, activity, and reusability in a continuous flow process, thereby reducing the production cost. The main goal of this review is to display relevant approaches for improving enzyme characteristics to overcome their industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Hashim Albayati
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nima Ghahremani Nezhad
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anmar Ghanim Taki
- Department of Radiology Techniques, Health and Medical Techniques College, Alnoor University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abd Rahman
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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Chen Q, Wang J, Zhang S, Chen X, Hao J, Wu Q, Zhu D. Discovery and directed evolution of C-C bond formation enzymes for the biosynthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids and derivatives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38566472 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2332295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-α-amino acids (β-HAAs) have extensive applications in the pharmaceutical, chemical synthesis, and food industries. The development of synthetic methodologies aimed at producing optically pure β-HAAs has been driven by practical applications. Among the various synthetic methods, biocatalytic asymmetric synthesis is considered a sustainable approach due to its capacity to generate two stereogenic centers from simple prochiral precursors in a single step. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made in recent years to search for effective enzymes which enable such biotransformation. This review provides an overview on the discovery and engineering of C-C bond formation enzymes for the biocatalytic synthesis of β-HAAs. We highlight examples where the use of threonine aldolases, threonine transaldolases, serine hydroxymethyltransferases, α-methylserine aldolases, α-methylserine hydroxymethyltransferases, and engineered alanine racemases facilitated the synthesis of β-HAAs. Additionally, we discuss the potential future advancements and persistent obstacles in the enzymatic synthesis of β-HAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijia Chen
- College of Food Science and Biology, University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- College of Food Science and Biology, University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sisi Zhang
- College of Food Science and Biology, University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxiong Hao
- College of Food Science and Biology, University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiaqing Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Dunming Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
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3
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Wang L, Zhang M, Teng H, Wang Z, Wang S, Li P, Wu J, Yang L, Xu G. Rationally introducing non-canonical amino acids to enhance catalytic activity of LmrR for Henry reaction. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:26. [PMID: 38647789 PMCID: PMC10992053 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-024-00744-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of enzymes to catalyze Henry reaction has advantages of mild reaction conditions and low contamination, but low enzyme activity of promiscuous catalysis limits its application. Here, rational design was first performed to identify the key amino acid residues in Henry reaction catalyzed by Lactococcal multidrug resistance Regulator (LmrR). Further, non-canonical amino acids were introduced into LmrR, successfully obtaining variants that enhanced the catalytic activity of LmrR. The best variant, V15CNF, showed a 184% increase in enzyme activity compared to the wild type, and was 1.92 times more effective than the optimal natural amino acid variant, V15F. Additionally, this variant had a broad substrate spectrum, capable of catalyzing reactions between various aromatic aldehydes and nitromethane, with product yielded ranging from 55 to 99%. This study improved enzymatic catalytic activity by enhancing affinity between the enzyme and substrates, while breaking limited types of natural amino acid residues by introducing non-canonical amino acids into the enzyme, providing strategies for molecular modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haidong Teng
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Huadong Medicine Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310011, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shulin Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Liu G, Wang J, Chu J, Jiang T, Qin S, Gao Z, He B. Engineering Substrate Promiscuity of Nucleoside Phosphorylase Via an Insertions-Deletions Strategy. JACS AU 2024; 4:454-464. [PMID: 38425912 PMCID: PMC10900210 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Nucleoside phosphorylases (NPs) are the key enzymes in the nucleoside metabolism pathway and are widely employed for the synthesis of nucleoside analogs, which are difficult to access via conventional synthetic methods. NPs are generally classified as purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and pyrimidine or uridine nucleoside phosphorylase (PyNP/UP), based on their substrate preference. Here, based on the evolutionary information on the NP-I family, we adopted an insertions-deletions (InDels) strategy to engineer the substrate promiscuity of nucleoside phosphorylase AmPNPΔS2V102 K, which exhibits both PNP and UP activities from a trimeric PNP (AmPNP) of Aneurinibacillus migulanus. Furthermore, the AmPNPΔS2V102 K exerted phosphorylation activities toward arabinose nucleoside, fluorosyl nucleoside, and dideoxyribose, thereby broadening the unnatural-ribose nucleoside substrate spectrum of AmPNP. Finally, six purine nucleoside analogues were successfully synthesized, using the engineered AmPNPΔS2V102 K instead of the traditional "two-enzymes PNP/UP" approach. These results provide deep insights into the catalytic mechanisms of the PNP and demonstrate the benefits of using the InDels strategy to achieve substrate promiscuity in an enzyme, as well as broadening the substrate spectrum of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofei Liu
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Jialing Wang
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Jianlin Chu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech
University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Tianyue Jiang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech
University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Song Qin
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech
University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Bingfang He
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech
University, Nanjing 211800, China
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5
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Xu M, Tan Z, Qi S, Na Q, Zhang X, Zhuang W, Zhu C, Ying H, Shen T. Synthesis of 3-Phenylserine by a Two-enzyme Cascade System with PLP Cofactor. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302959. [PMID: 38012090 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A two-enzyme cascade system containing ω-transaminase (ω-TA) and L-threonine aldolase (L-ThA) was reported for the synthesis of 3-Phenylserine starting from benzylamine, and PLP was utilized as the only cofactor in these both two enzymes reaction system. Based on the transamination results, benzylamine was optimized as an advantageous amino donor as confirmed by MD simulation results. This cascade reaction system could not only facilitate the in situ removal of the co-product benzaldehyde, enhancing the economic viability of the reaction, but also establish a novel pathway for synthesizing high-value phenyl-serine derivatives. In our study, nearly 95 % of benzylamine was converted, yielding over 54 % of 3-Phenylserine under the optimized conditions cascade reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuotao Tan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyu Qi
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Na
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowang Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Shen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Lv K, Cao X, Pedroso MM, Wu B, Li J, He B, Schenk G. Structure-guided engineering of branched-chain α-keto acid decarboxylase for improved 1,2,4-butanetriol production by in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystem. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128303. [PMID: 37992939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Efficient synthetic routes for biomanufacturing chemicals often require the overcoming of pathway bottlenecks by tailoring enzymes to improve the catalytic efficiency or even implement non-native activities. 1,2,4-butanetriol (BTO), a valuable commodity chemical, is currently biosynthesized from D-xylose via a four-enzyme reaction cascade, with the ThDP-dependent α-keto acid decarboxylase (KdcA) identified as the potential bottleneck. Here, to further enhance the catalytic activity of KdcA toward the non-native substrate α-keto-3-deoxy-xylonate (KDX), in silico screening and structure-guided evolution were performed. The best mutants, S286L/G402P and V461K, exhibited a 1.8- and 2.5-fold higher enzymatic activity in the conversion of KDX to 3,4-dihydroxybutanal when compared to KdcA, respectively. MD simulations revealed that the two sets of mutations reshaped the substrate binding pocket, thereby increasing the binding affinity for KDX and promoting interactions between KDX and cofactor ThDP. Then, when the V461K mutant instead of wild type KdcA was integrated into the enzyme cascade, a 1.9-fold increase in BTO titer was observed. After optimization of the reaction conditions, the enzyme cocktail contained V461K converted 60 g/L D-xylose to 22.1 g/L BTO with a yield of 52.1 %. This work illustrated that protein engineering is a powerful tool for modifying the output of metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Lv
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuefei Cao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Marcelo Monteiro Pedroso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jiahuang Li
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
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7
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Xu SY, Zhou L, Xu Y, Hong HY, Dai C, Wang YJ, Zheng YG. Recent advances in structure-based enzyme engineering for functional reconstruction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3427-3445. [PMID: 37638646 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Structural information can help engineer enzymes. Usually, specific amino acids in particular regions are targeted for functional reconstruction to enhance the catalytic performance, including activity, stereoselectivity, and thermostability. Appropriate selection of target sites is the key to structure-based design, which requires elucidation of the structure-function relationships. Here, we summarize the mutations of residues in different specific regions, including active center, access tunnels, and flexible loops, on fine-tuning the catalytic performance of enzymes, and discuss the effects of altering the local structural environment on the functions. In addition, we keep up with the recent progress of structure-based approaches for enzyme engineering, aiming to provide some guidance on how to take advantage of the structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Yuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Yue Hong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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8
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Li Y, Lu D, Gong Y. Cobalt(II)-Catalyzed Selective Three-Component Oxyalkylation of N-Aryl Glycinates: A Route to CF 3-Labeled Threonine Analogues. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 38033236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycinates, protected enols, and an electrophilic trifluoromethylating reagent were employed to assemble CF3-labeled threonine analogues through a radical addition cascade. To suppress the competing oxidation of the oxyalkyl radical intermediate, various redox catalysts were evaluated and Co(II) exhibited supreme selectivity control with a proper counterion. A series of glycinate and related peptides were thus successfully modified under Co-catalysis. Mechanistic studies revealed that a N-aryl glycinate could be preferentially oxidized by cobalt over the oxyalkyl radical to generate an imine intermediate, and the key to this selectivity could be ascribed to the prechelation of glycinate, as well as a weakly basic carboxylate counterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Dengfu Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, 9 Yuexing Third Road, Shenzhen 518063, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuefa Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China
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9
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Liu W, Tang S, Peng J, Zhu Y, Pan L, Wang J, Peng X, Cheng H, Chen Z, Wang Y, Zhou H. Enhancing lactose recognition of a key enzyme in 2'-fucosyllactose synthesis: α-1,2-fucosyltransferase. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1303-1314. [PMID: 36116126 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2'-Fucosyllactose, a representative oligosaccharide in human milk, is an emerging and promising food and pharmaceutical ingredient due to its powerful health benefits, such as participating in immune regulation, regulation of intestinal flora, etc. To enable economically viable production of 2'-fucosyllactose, different biosynthesis strategies using precursors and pathway enzymes have been developed. The α-1,2-fucosyltransferases are an essential part involved in these strategies, but their strict substrate selectivity and unsatisfactory substrate tolerance are one of the key roadblocks limiting biosynthesis. RESULTS To tackle this issue, a semi-rational manipulation combining computer-aided designing and screening with biochemical experiments were adopted. The mutant had a 100-fold increase in catalytic efficiency compared to the wild-type. The highest 2'-fucosyllactose yield was up to 0.65 mol mol-1 lactose with a productivity of 2.56 g mL-1 h-1 performed by enzymatic catalysis in vitro. Further analysis revealed that the interactions between the mutant and substrates were reduced. The crucial contributions of wild-type and mutant to substrate recognition ability were closely related to their distinct phylotypes in terms of amino acid preference. CONCLUSION It is envisioned that the engineered α-1,2-fucosyltransferase could be harnessed to relieve constraints imposed on the bioproduction of 2'-fucosyllactose and lay a theoretical foundation for elucidating the substrate recognition mechanisms of fucosyltransferases. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Shizhe Tang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jing Peng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Zhu
- Changsha Yunkang Biotechnology Co Ltd, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lina Pan
- Ausnutria Institute Food & Nutrition, Ausnutria Dairy China Co Ltd, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ausnutria Institute Food & Nutrition, Ausnutria Dairy China Co Ltd, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- Ausnutria Institute Food & Nutrition, Ausnutria Dairy China Co Ltd, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Haina Cheng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Chen
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
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10
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Zheng W, Pu Z, Xiao L, Xu G, Yang L, Yu H, Wu J. Mutability-Landscape-Guided Engineering of l-Threonine Aldolase Revealing the Prelog Rule in Mediating Diastereoselectivity of C-C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213855. [PMID: 36367520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
l-threonine aldolase (LTA) catalyzes C-C bond synthesis with moderate diastereoselectivity. In this study, with LTA from Cellulosilyticum sp (CpLTA) as an object, a mutability landscape was first constructed by performing saturation mutagenesis at substrate access tunnel amino acids. The combinatorial active-site saturation test/iterative saturation mutation (CAST/ISM) strategy was then used to tune diastereoselectivity. As a result, the diastereoselectivity of mutant H305L/Y8H/V143R was improved from 37.2 %syn to 99.4 %syn . Furthermore, the diastereoselectivity of mutant H305Y/Y8I/W307E was inverted to 97.2 %anti . Based on insight provided by molecular dynamics simulations and coevolution analysis, the Prelog rule was employed to illustrate the diastereoselectivity regulation mechanism of LTA, holding that the asymmetric formation of the C-C bond was caused by electrons attacking the carbonyl carbon atom of the substrate aldehyde from the re or si face. The study would be useful to expand LTA applications and guide engineering of other C-C bond-forming enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Zheng
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongji Pu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanxin Xiao
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Bioengineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Centre, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311200, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Li Z, Gao C, Ye C, Guo L, Liu J, Chen X, Song W, Wu J, Liu L. Systems engineering of Escherichia coli for high-level shikimate production. Metab Eng 2023; 75:1-11. [PMID: 36328295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To further increase the production efficiency of microbial shikimate, a valuable compound widely used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, ten key target genes contributing to shikimate production were identified by exploiting the enzyme constraint model ec_iML1515, and subsequently used for promoting metabolic flux towards shikimate biosynthesis in the tryptophan-overproducing strain Escherichia coli TRP0. The engineered E. coli SA05 produced 78.4 g/L shikimate via fed-batch fermentation. Deletion of quinate dehydrogenase and introduction of the hydroaromatic equilibration-alleviating shikimate dehydrogenase mutant AroET61W/L241I reduced the contents of byproducts quinate (7.5 g/L) and 3-dehydroshikimic acid (21.4 g/L) by 89.1% and 52.1%, respectively. Furthermore, a high concentration shikimate responsive promoter PrpoS was recruited to dynamically regulate the expression of the tolerance target ProV to enhance shikimate productivity by 23.2% (to 2 g/L/h). Finally, the shikimate titer was increased to 126.4 g/L, with a yield of 0.50 g/g glucose and productivity of 2.63 g/L/h, using a 30-L fermenter and the engineered strain E. coli SA09. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest reported shikimate titer and productivity in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Liang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
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12
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Improving the Cβ stereoselectivity of L-threonine aldolase for the preparation of L-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine, a powerful anti-Parkinson's disease drug. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Cui L, Cui A, Li Q, Yang L, Liu H, Shao W, Feng Y. Molecular Evolution of an Aminotransferase Based on Substrate–Enzyme Binding Energy Analysis for Efficient Valienamine Synthesis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Anqi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qitong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lezhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenguang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science & Biotechnology, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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14
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Chen Q, Jiang Y, Kang Z, Cheng J, Xiong X, Hu CY, Meng Y. Engineering a Feruloyl-Coenzyme A Synthase for Bioconversion of Phenylpropanoid Acids into High-Value Aromatic Aldehydes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9948-9960. [PMID: 35917470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic aldehydes find extensive applications in food, perfume, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. However, a limited natural enzyme selectivity has become the bottleneck of bioconversion of aromatic aldehydes from natural phenylpropanoid acids. Here, based on the original structure of feruloyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase (FCS) from Streptomyces sp. V-1, we engineered five substrate-binding domains to match specific phenylpropanoid acids. FcsCIAE407A/K483L, FcsMAE407R/I481R/K483R, FcsHAE407K/I481K/K483I, FcsCAE407R/I481R/K483T, and FcsFAE407R/I481K/K483R showed 9.96-, 10.58-, 4.25-, 6.49-, and 8.71-fold enhanced catalytic efficiency for degrading CoA thioesters of cinnamic acid, 4-methoxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation illustrated that novel substrate-binding domains formed strong interaction forces with substrates' methoxy/hydroxyl group and provided hydrophobic/alkaline catalytic surfaces. Five recombinant E. coli with FCS mutants were constructed with the maximum benzaldehyde, p-anisaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, protocatechualdehyde, and vanillin productivity of 6.2 ± 0.3, 5.1 ± 0.23, 4.1 ± 0.25, 7.1 ± 0.3, and 8.7 ± 0.2 mM/h, respectively. Hence, our study provided novel and efficient enzymes for the bioconversion of phenylpropanoid acids into aromatic aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Chen
- The Engineering Research Center for High-Valued Utilization of Fruit Resources in Western China, Ministry of Education, National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Changan Avenue, Changan, Xian 710119, P.R. China
| | - Yaqin Jiang
- The Engineering Research Center for High-Valued Utilization of Fruit Resources in Western China, Ministry of Education, National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Changan Avenue, Changan, Xian 710119, P.R. China
| | - Zhengzhong Kang
- AutoDrug Biotech Co. Ltd, No. 58 XiangKe Rd, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Meat Processing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochao Xiong
- Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, United States
| | - Ching Yuan Hu
- The Engineering Research Center for High-Valued Utilization of Fruit Resources in Western China, Ministry of Education, National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Changan Avenue, Changan, Xian 710119, P.R. China
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, AgSci. 415J, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yonghong Meng
- The Engineering Research Center for High-Valued Utilization of Fruit Resources in Western China, Ministry of Education, National Research and Development Center of Apple Processing Technology, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Changan Avenue, Changan, Xian 710119, P.R. China
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15
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Cai B, Bocola M, Zhou A, Sun F, Xu Q, Yang J, Shen T, Zhang Z, Sun L, Ji Y, Bong YK, Daussmann T, Chen H. Computer-aided directed evolution ofl-threonine aldolase for asymmetric biocatalytic synthesis of a chloramphenicol intermediate. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 68:116880. [PMID: 35714535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
l-Threonine aldolases (LTAs) employing pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) as cofactor can convert low-cost achiral substrates glycine and aldehyde directly into valuable β-hydroxy-α-amino acids such as (2R,3S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-(4-nitrophenyl) propanoic acid ((R,S)-AHNPA), which is utilized broadly as crucial chiral intermediates for bioactive compounds. However, LTAs' stereospecificity towards the β carbon is rather moderate and their activity and stability at high substrate load is low, which limits their industrial application. Here, computer-aided directed evolution was applied to improve overall activity, selectivity and stability under desired process conditions of a l-threonine aldolase in the asymmetric synthesis of (R,S)-AHNPA. Selectivity and stability determining regions were computationally identified for structure-guided directed evolution of LTA-variants under efficient biocatalytic process conditions using 40% ethanol as cosolvent. We applied molecular modeling to rationalize selectivity improvement and design focused libraries targeting the substrate binding pocket, and we also used MD simulations in nonaqueous process environment as an effective and promising method to predict potential unstable loop regions near the tetramer interface which are hot-spots for cosolvent resistance. An excellent LTA variant EM-ALDO031 with 18 mutations was obtained, which showed ∼ 30-fold stability improvement in 40% ethanol and diastereoselectivity (de) raised from 31.5% to 85% through a three-phase evolution campaign. Our fast and efficient data-driven methodology utilizing a combination of experimental and computational tools enabled us to evolve an aldolase variant to achieve the target of 90% conversion at up to 150 g/L substrate load in 40% ethanol, enabling the biocatalytic production of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids from cheap achiral precursors at multi-ton scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqin Cai
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Marco Bocola
- Enzymaster Deutschland GmbH, Neusser Str. 39, Düsseldorf 40219, Germany
| | - Ameng Zhou
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Fenshuai Sun
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Jiadong Yang
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Tianran Shen
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Yaoyao Ji
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Yong Koy Bong
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China
| | - Thomas Daussmann
- Enzymaster Deutschland GmbH, Neusser Str. 39, Düsseldorf 40219, Germany
| | - Haibin Chen
- Enzymaster (Ningbo) Bio-engineering Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Innovation Center, No.2646 East Zhongshan Road, Ningbo 31500, China.
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16
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Wang LC, Xu L, Su BM, Xu XQ, Lin J. An Effective Chemo-Enzymatic method with An Evolved L-Threonine Aldolase for Preparing L-threo-4-Methylsulfonylphenylserine Ethyl Ester of High Optical Purity. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Hot spots-making directed evolution easier. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 56:107926. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Tong F, Qin Z, Wang H, Jiang Y, Li J, Ming H, Qu G, Xiao Y, Sun Z. Biosynthesis of Chiral Amino Alcohols via an Engineered Amine Dehydrogenase in E. coli. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:778584. [PMID: 35071200 PMCID: PMC8766677 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.778584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral amino alcohols are prevalent synthons in pharmaceuticals and synthetic bioactive compounds. The efficient synthesis of chiral amino alcohols using ammonia as the sole amino donor under mild conditions is highly desired and challenging in organic chemistry and biotechnology. Our previous work explored a panel of engineered amine dehydrogenases (AmDHs) derived from amino acid dehydrogenase (AADH), enabling the one-step synthesis of chiral amino alcohols via the asymmetric reductive amination of α-hydroxy ketones. Although the AmDH-directed asymmetric reduction is in a high stereoselective manner, the activity is yet fully excavated. Herein, an engineered AmDH derived from a leucine dehydrogenase from Sporosarcina psychrophila (SpAmDH) was recruited as the starting enzyme, and the combinatorial active-site saturation test/iterative saturation mutagenesis (CAST/ISM) strategy was applied to improve the activity. After three rounds of mutagenesis in an iterative fashion, the best variant wh84 was obtained and proved to be effective in the asymmetric reductive amination of 1-hydroxy-2-butanone with 4-fold improvements in kcat/Km and total turnover number (TTN) values compared to those of the starting enzyme, while maintaining high enantioselectivity (ee >99%) and thermostability (T5015 >53°C). In preparative-scale reaction, the conversion of 100 and 200 mM 1-hydroxy-2-butanone catalyzed by wh84 was up to 91–99%. Insights into the source of an enhanced activity were gained by the computational analysis. Our work expands the catalytic repertoire and toolbox of AmDHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Zongmin Qin
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyue Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Junkuan Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Ming
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
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19
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Doyon TJ, Kumar P, Thein S, Kim M, Stitgen A, Grieger AM, Madigan C, Willoughby PH, Buller AR. Scalable and Selective β-Hydroxy-α-Amino Acid Synthesis Catalyzed by Promiscuous l-Threonine Transaldolase ObiH. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100577. [PMID: 34699683 PMCID: PMC8796315 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes from secondary metabolic pathways possess broad potential for the selective synthesis of complex bioactive molecules. However, the practical application of these enzymes for organic synthesis is dependent on the development of efficient, economical, operationally simple, and well-characterized systems for preparative scale reactions. We sought to bridge this knowledge gap for the selective biocatalytic synthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids, which are important synthetic building blocks. To achieve this goal, we demonstrated the ability of ObiH, an l-threonine transaldolase, to achieve selective milligram-scale synthesis of a diverse array of non-standard amino acids (nsAAs) using a scalable whole cell platform. We show how the initial selectivity of the catalyst is high and how the diastereomeric ratio of products decreases at high conversion due to product re-entry into the catalytic cycle. ObiH-catalyzed reactions with a variety of aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic aldehydes selectively generated a panel of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids possessing broad functional-group diversity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ObiH-generated β-hydroxy-α-amino acids could be modified through additional transformations to access important motifs, such as β-chloro-α-amino acids and substituted α-keto acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Doyon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Prasanth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Sierra Thein
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, United States
| | - Maeve Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, United States
| | - Abigail Stitgen
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, United States
| | | | - Cormac Madigan
- Department of Chemistry, Ripon College, Ripon, WI 54971, United States
| | | | - Andrew R. Buller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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20
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Zheng W, Pu Z, Xiao L, Xu G, Yang LR, Yu H, Wu J. Substrate access path-guided engineering of L-threonine aldolase for improving diastereoselectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8258-8261. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02644a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The L-threonine aldolase from Leishmania major was engineered to improve diastereoselectivity by a CAST/ISM strategy, providing insights into the relationship between physico -chemical properties of substrate access path and diastereoselectivity....
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21
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Cheng X, Ma L. Enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated compounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8033-8058. [PMID: 34625820 PMCID: PMC8500828 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated compounds are widely used in the fields of molecular imaging, pharmaceuticals, and materials. Fluorinated natural products in nature are rare, and the introduction of fluorine atoms into organic compound molecules can give these compounds new functions and make them have better performance. Therefore, the synthesis of fluorides has attracted more and more attention from biologists and chemists. Even so, achieving selective fluorination is still a huge challenge under mild conditions. In this review, the research progress of enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated compounds is summarized since 2015, including cytochrome P450 enzymes, aldolases, fluoroacetyl coenzyme A thioesterases, lipases, transaminases, reductive aminases, purine nucleoside phosphorylases, polyketide synthases, fluoroacetate dehalogenases, tyrosine phenol-lyases, glycosidases, fluorinases, and multienzyme system. Of all enzyme-catalyzed synthesis methods, the direct formation of the C-F bond by fluorinase is the most effective and promising method. The structure and catalytic mechanism of fluorinase are introduced to understand fluorobiochemistry. Furthermore, the distribution, applications, and future development trends of fluorinated compounds are also outlined. Hopefully, this review will help researchers to understand the significance of enzymatic methods for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds and find or create excellent fluoride synthase in future research.Key points• Fluorinated compounds are distributed in plants and microorganisms, and are used in imaging, medicine, materials science.• Enzyme catalysis is essential for the synthesis of fluorinated compounds.• The loop structure of fluorinase is the key to forming the C-F bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, Thirteenth Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, Thirteenth Street, Binhai New District, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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22
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Reetz MT, Garcia-Borràs M. The Unexplored Importance of Fleeting Chiral Intermediates in Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14939-14950. [PMID: 34491742 PMCID: PMC8461649 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Decades of extensive research efforts by biochemists, organic chemists, and protein engineers have led to an understanding of the basic mechanisms of essentially all known types of enzymes, but in a formidable number of cases an essential aspect has been overlooked. The occurrence of short-lived chiral intermediates formed by symmetry-breaking of prochiral precursors in enzyme catalyzed reactions has been systematically neglected. We designate these elusive species as fleeting chiral intermediates and analyze such crucial questions as "Do such intermediates occur in homochiral form?" If so, what is the absolute configuration, and why did Nature choose that particular stereoisomeric form, even when the isolable final product may be achiral? Does the absolute configuration of a chiral product depend in any way on the absolute configuration of the fleeting chiral precursor? How does this affect the catalytic proficiency of the enzyme? If these issues continue to be unexplored, then an understanding of the mechanisms of many enzyme types remains incomplete. We have systematized the occurrence of these chiral intermediates according to their structures and enzyme types. This is followed by critical analyses of selected case studies and by final conclusions and perspectives. We hope that the fascinating concept of fleeting chiral intermediates will attract the attention of scientists, thereby opening an exciting new research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T. Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Muelheim, Germany
- Tianjin
Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport
Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institute
of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis (IQCC) and Departament de
Química, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany
69, 17003 Girona, Spain
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23
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Lee SH, Yeom SJ, Kim SE, Oh DK. Development of aldolase-based catalysts for the synthesis of organic chemicals. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:306-319. [PMID: 34462144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aldol chemicals are synthesized by condensation reactions between the carbon units of ketones and aldehydes using aldolases. The efficient synthesis of diverse organic chemicals requires intrinsic modification of aldolases via engineering and design, as well as extrinsic modification through immobilization or combination with other catalysts. This review describes the development of aldolases, including their engineering and design, and the selection of desired aldolases using high-throughput screening, to enhance their catalytic properties and perform novel reactions. Aldolase-containing catalysts, which catalyze the aldol reaction combined with other enzymatic and/or chemical reactions, can efficiently synthesize diverse complex organic chemicals using inexpensive and simple materials as substrates. We also discuss the current challenges and emerging solutions for aldolase-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Hwa Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Yeom
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Enzymatic Synthesis of l- threo-β-Hydroxy-α-Amino Acids via Asymmetric Hydroxylation Using 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Hydroxylase from Sulfobacillus thermotolerans Y0017. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0133521. [PMID: 34347519 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01335-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-α-amino acids are useful compounds for pharmaceutical development. Enzymatic synthesis of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids has attracted considerable interest as a selective, sustainable, and environmentally benign process. In this study, we identified a novel amino acid hydroxylase, AEP14369, from Sulfobacillus thermotolerans Y0017, which is included in a previously constructed CAS-like superfamily protein library, to widen the variety of amino acid hydroxylases. The detailed structures determined by nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography analysis of the enzymatically produced compounds revealed that AEP14369 catalyzed threo-β-selective hydroxylation of l-His and l-Gln in a 2-oxoglutarate-dependent manner. Furthermore, the production of l-threo-β-hydroxy-His and l-threo-β-hydroxy-Gln was achieved using Escherichia coli expressing the gene encoding AEP14369 as a whole-cell biocatalyst. Under optimized reaction conditions, 137 mM (23.4 g L-1) l-threo-β-hydroxy-His and 150 mM l-threo-β-hydroxy-Gln (24.3 g L-1) were obtained, indicating that the enzyme is applicable for preparative-scale production. AEP14369, an l-His/l-Gln threo-β-hydroxylase, increases the availability of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase and opens the way for the practical production of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids in the future. The amino acids produced in this study would also contribute to the structural diversification of pharmaceuticals that affect important bioactivities. Importance Owing to an increasing concern for sustainability, enzymatic approaches for producing industrially useful compounds have attracted considerable attention as a powerful complement to chemical synthesis for environment-friendly synthesis. In this study, we developed a bioproduction method for β-hydroxy-α-amino acid synthesis using a newly discovered enzyme. AEP14369 from the moderate thermophilic bacterium Sulfobacillus thermotolerans Y0017 catalyzed the hydroxylation of l-His and l-Gln in a regioselective and stereoselective fashion. Furthermore, we biotechnologically synthesized both l-threo-β-hydroxy-His and l-threo-β-hydroxy-Gln with a titer of over 20 g L-1 through whole-cell bioconversion using recombinant Escherichia coli cells. As β-hydroxy-α-amino acids are important compounds for pharmaceutical development, this achievement would facilitate future sustainable and economical industrial applications.
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Wu L, Qin L, Nie Y, Xu Y, Zhao YL. Computer-aided understanding and engineering of enzymatic selectivity. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107793. [PMID: 34217814 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes offering chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity enable the asymmetric synthesis of high-value chiral molecules. Unfortunately, the drawback that naturally occurring enzymes are often inefficient or have undesired selectivity toward non-native substrates hinders the broadening of biocatalytic applications. To match the demands of specific selectivity in asymmetric synthesis, biochemists have implemented various computer-aided strategies in understanding and engineering enzymatic selectivity, diversifying the available repository of artificial enzymes. Here, given that the entire asymmetric catalytic cycle, involving precise interactions within the active pocket and substrate transport in the enzyme channel, could affect the enzymatic efficiency and selectivity, we presented a comprehensive overview of the computer-aided workflow for enzymatic selectivity. This review includes a mechanistic understanding of enzymatic selectivity based on quantum mechanical calculations, rational design of enzymatic selectivity guided by enzyme-substrate interactions, and enzymatic selectivity regulation via enzyme channel engineering. Finally, we discussed the computational paradigm for designing enzyme selectivity in silico to facilitate the advancement of asymmetric biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunjie Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Qin
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yao Nie
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Suqian Industrial Technology Research Institute of Jiangnan University, Suqian 223814, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yi-Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, MOE-LSB & MOE-LSC, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Liu Q, Xie X, Tang M, Tao W, Shi T, Zhang Y, Huang T, Zhao Y, Deng Z, Lin S. One-Pot Asymmetric Synthesis of an Aminodiol Intermediate of Florfenicol Using Engineered Transketolase and Transaminase. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinyue Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mancheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wentao Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuanzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yilei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuangjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory on Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Tang J, Chen L, Zhang L, Ni G, Yu J, Wang H, Zhang F, Yuan S, Feng M, Chen S. Structure-guided evolution of a ketoreductase for efficient and stereoselective bioreduction of bulky α-amino β-keto esters. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01032h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chiral vicinal amino alcohols were generated with excellent stereoselectivity and high conversion from bulky α-amino β-keto esters by an engineered ketoreductase called M30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Tang
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Liuqing Chen
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Ni
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Yuan
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Meiqing Feng
- Department of Biological Medicines & Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Shaoxin Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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Zhang R, Tan J, Luo Z, Dong H, Ma N, Liao C. Stereo-selective synthesis of non-canonical γ-hydroxy-α-amino acids by enzymatic carbon–carbon bond formation. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A feasible and sustainable approach for stereo-selective synthesis of non-canonical γ-hydroxy-α-amino acids from l-aspartic acid and different aldehydes has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiamu Tan
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenzhen Luo
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haihong Dong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ningshan Ma
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cangsong Liao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
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