1
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Jiang Z, He S, Yan Y, Liu Z, Xu X, Jin Z. Molecular Editing of Toluene by Sequential meta-C-H/Benzylic C-N Deaminative Functionalizations. Org Lett 2024; 26:7431-7435. [PMID: 39177250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
An approach to synthesizing structurally diverse toluene derivatives via sequential meta-C-H and benzylic C-N deaminative functionalization was developed by using a recyclable bifunctional directing template. The functionalized Katritzky salt intermediates are shown to be engaged in a wide range of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formation reactions. The synthetic utility of the strategy was demonstrated by late-stage functionalization of toloxatone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Jiang
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elementoorganic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Siquan He
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Native Medicinal and Edible Plant Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashgar 844000, China
| | - Yifei Yan
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elementoorganic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zelin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Native Medicinal and Edible Plant Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashgar 844000, China
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elementoorganic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhong Jin
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elementoorganic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Native Medicinal and Edible Plant Resource Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashgar 844000, China
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2
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Dinh LP, Starbuck HF, Hamby TB, LaLama MJ, He CQ, Kalyani D, Sevov CS. Persistent organonickel complexes as general platforms for Csp 2-Csp 3 coupling reactions. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1515-1522. [PMID: 38684816 PMCID: PMC11374490 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The importance of constructing Csp2-Csp3 bonds has motivated the development of electrochemical, photochemical and thermal activation methods to reductively couple abundant aryl and alkyl electrophiles. However, these methodologies are limited to couplings of very specific substrate classes and require specialized sets of catalysts and reaction set-ups. Here we show a consolidation of these myriad strategies into a single set of conditions that enable reliable alkyl-aryl couplings, including those that were previously unknown. These reactions rely on the discovery of unusually persistent organonickel complexes that serve as stoichiometric platforms for C(sp2)-C(sp3) coupling. Aryl, heteroaryl or vinyl complexes of Ni can be inexpensively prepared on a multigram scale by mild electroreduction from the corresponding C(sp2) electrophile. Organonickel complexes can be isolated and stored or telescoped directly to reliably diversify drug-like molecules. Finally, the procedure was miniaturized to micromole scales by integrating soluble battery chemistries as redox initiators, enabling a high-throughput exploration of substrate diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long P Dinh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hunter F Starbuck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Taylor B Hamby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew J LaLama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cyndi Q He
- Modelling & Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Christo S Sevov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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3
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Hanumanthu R, Weaver JD. Cooperative Catalytic Coupling of Benzyl Chlorides and Bromides with Electron-Deficient Alkenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:5248-5252. [PMID: 38896786 PMCID: PMC11217938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Benzyl radicals are an important class of intermediate. The use of visible light to generate them directly from their respective halides is an ideal synthetic strategy. The central impediment associated with their direct single-electron reduction (photo- or electro-) lies in their highly variable and structurally dependent reduction potential, which combine to make the identification of a general set of conditions difficult. Herein, we have employed a strategy of nucleophilic cooperative catalysis in which catalytic lutidine undergoes halide substitution, which decreases and levels the reduction potential. This allows a general set of photocatalytic conditions to transform a broad range of benzyl halides into radicals that can be used in the synthesis of more complex molecules, exemplified here by Giese coupling with electron-deficient alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshini Hanumanthu
- 107 Physical Science, Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Jimmie D. Weaver
- 107 Physical Science, Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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4
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Huang H, Alvarez-Hernandez JL, Hazari N, Mercado BQ, Uehling MR. Effect of 6,6'-Substituents on Bipyridine-Ligated Ni Catalysts for Cross-Electrophile Coupling. ACS Catal 2024; 14:6897-6914. [PMID: 38737398 PMCID: PMC11087080 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A family of 4,4'-tBu2-2,2'-bipyridine (tBubpy) ligands with substituents in either the 6-position, 4,4'-tBu2-6-Me-bpy (tBubpyMe), or 6 and 6'-positions, 4,4'-tBu2-6,6'-R2-bpy (tBubpyR2; R = Me, iPr, sBu, Ph, or Mes), was synthesized. These ligands were used to prepare Ni complexes in the 0, I, and II oxidation states. We observed that the substituents in the 6 and 6'-positions of the tBubpy ligand impact the properties of the Ni complexes. For example, bulkier substituents in the 6,6'-positions of tBubpy better stabilized (tBubpyR2)NiICl species and resulted in cleaner reduction from (tBubpyR2)NiIICl2. However, bulkier substituents hindered or prevented coordination of tBubpyR2 ligands to Ni0(cod)2. In addition, by using complexes of the type (tBubpyMe)NiCl2 and (tBubpyR2)NiCl2 as precatalysts for different XEC reactions, we demonstrated that the 6 or 6,6' substituents lead to major differences in catalytic performance. Specifically, while (tBubpyMe)NiIICl2 is one of the most active catalysts reported to date for XEC and can facilitate XEC reactions at room temperature, lower turnover frequencies were observed for catalysts containing tBubpyR2 ligands. A detailed study on the catalytic intermediates (tBubpy)Ni(Ar)I and (tBubpyMe2)Ni(Ar)I revealed several factors that likely contributed to the differences in catalytic activity. For example, whereas complexes of the type (tBubpy)Ni(Ar)I are low spin and relatively stable, complexes of the type (tBubpyMe2)Ni(Ar)I are high-spin and less stable. Further, (tBubpyMe2)Ni(Ar)I captures primary and benzylic alkyl radicals more slowly than (tBubpy)Ni(Ar)I, consistent with the lower activity of the former in catalysis. Our findings will assist in the design of tailor-made ligands for Ni-catalyzed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | | | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Mycah R Uehling
- Merck & Co., Inc., Discovery Chemistry, HTE and Lead Discovery Capabilities, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
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5
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Fan Y, Blenko AL, Labalme S, Lin W. Metal-Organic Layers with Photosensitizer and Pyridine Pairs Activate Alkyl Halides for Photocatalytic Heck-Type Coupling with Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7936-7941. [PMID: 38477710 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical generation of alkyl radicals from haloalkanes often requires strong energy input from ultraviolet light or a strong photoreductant. Haloalkanes can alternatively be activated with nitrogen-based nucleophiles through a sequential SN2 reaction and single-electron reduction to access alkyl radicals, but these two reaction steps have opposite steric requirements on the nucleophiles. Herein, we report the design of Hf12 metal-organic layers (MOLs) with iridium-based photosensitizer bridging ligands and secondary-building-unit-supported pyridines for photocatalytic alkyl radical generation from haloalkanes. By bringing the photosensitizer and pyridine pairs in proximity, the MOL catalysts allowed facile access to the pyridinium salts from SN2 reactions between haloalkanes and pyridines and at the same time enhanced electron transfer from excited photosensitizers to pyridinium salts to facilitate alkyl radical generation. Consequentially, the MOLs efficiently catalyzed Heck-type cross-coupling reactions between haloalkanes and olefinic substrates to generate functionalized alkenes. The MOLs showed 4.6 times higher catalytic efficiency than the homogeneous counterparts and were recycled and reused without a loss of catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Fan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Abigail L Blenko
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Steven Labalme
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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6
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Carson MC, Liu CR, Kozlowski MC. Synthesis of Phenol-Pyridinium Salts Enabled by Tandem Electron Donor-Acceptor Complexation and Iridium Photocatalysis. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3419-3429. [PMID: 38365194 PMCID: PMC11197922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a dual photocatalytic system to synthesize phenol-pyridinium salts using visible light. Utilizing both electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex and iridium(III) photocatalytic cycles, the C-N cross-coupling of unprotected phenols and pyridines proceeds in the presence of oxygen to furnish pyridinium salts. Photocatalytic generation of phenoxyl radical cations also enabled a nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) of a fluorophenol with an electron-poor pyridine. Spectroscopic experiments were conducted to probe the mechanism and reaction selectivity. The unique reactivity of these phenol-pyridinium salts were displayed in several derivatization reactions, providing rapid access to a diverse chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Carson
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Cindy R. Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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7
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Marchese AD, Dorsheimer JR, Rovis T. Photoredox-Catalyzed Generation of Tertiary Anions from Primary Amines via a Radical Polar Crossover. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317563. [PMID: 38189622 PMCID: PMC10873470 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
A method for the generation of tertiary carbanions via a deaminative radical-polar crossover is reported using redox active imines from α-tertiary primary amines. A variety of benzylic amines and amino esters can be used in this approach, with the latter engaging in a novel "aza-Reformatsky" reaction. Electronic trends correlate the stability of the resulting carbanion with reaction efficiency. The anions can be trapped with different electrophiles including aldehydes, ketones, imines, Michael acceptors, and H2 O/D2 O. Selective anion formation can be achieved in the presence of another equivalent or more acidic C-H bond in both an inter- and intramolecular fashion. Mechanistic studies suggest the intermediacy of a discrete carbanion intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin D. Marchese
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Julia R. Dorsheimer
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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8
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Garcia B, Sampson J, Watson MP, Kalyani D. Primary vs. secondary alkylpyridinium salts: a comparison under electrochemical and chemical reduction conditions. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:324-332. [PMID: 37477413 PMCID: PMC10799965 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
This report details a systematic comparison of the scope of aryl bromides in nickel-catalyzed, reductive cross-electrophile couplings of primary vs. secondary alkylpyridinium salts using both electrochemical and chemical reductants. Facilitated by the use of high-throughput experimentation (HTE) techniques, 37 aryl bromides, including 13 complex, drug-like examples, were investigated. By using primary and secondary substrates differing only by one methylene, we observed that the trends in ArBr scope are similar between the primary and secondary alkylpyridinium salts, although distinctions were observed in isolated cases. In addition, the electrochemical conditions compared favorably to those using chemical reductants, especially among the more complex, drug-like aryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bria Garcia
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
| | - Jessica Sampson
- High Throughput Experimentation Facility, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Mary P Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
| | - Dipannita Kalyani
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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9
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Fu J, Lundy W, Chowdhury R, Twitty JC, Dinh LP, Sampson J, Lam YH, Sevov CS, Watson MP, Kalyani D. Nickel-Catalyzed Electroreductive Coupling of Alkylpyridinium Salts and Aryl Halides. ACS Catal 2023; 13:9336-9345. [PMID: 38188282 PMCID: PMC10769313 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical, nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling of alkylpyridinium salts and aryl halides is reported. High-throughput experimentation (HTE) was employed for rapid reaction optimization and evaluation of a broad scope of pharmaceutically relevant structurally diverse aryl halides, including complex drug-like substrates. In addition, the transformation is compatible with both primary and secondary alkylpyridinium salts with distinct conditions. Mechanistic insights were critical to enhance the efficiency of coupling using secondary alkylpyridinium salts. Systematic comparisons of the electrochemical and non-electrochemical methods revealed the complementary scope and efficiency of the two approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Fu
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Windsor Lundy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Rajdip Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - J. Cameron Twitty
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Long P. Dinh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jessica Sampson
- High Throughput Experimentation Facility, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Modeling & Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Christo S. Sevov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mary P. Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dipannita Kalyani
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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10
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Baker KM, Bercher OP, Twitty JC, Mortimer T, Watson MP. 2,6-Bis(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (1-bpp) as a General Ligand for the Negishi Alkylation of Alkylpyridinium Salts. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37368977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A Ni/1-bpp catalyst was demonstrated to be effective in the Negishi alkylation with multiple classes of alkylpyridinium salts, including α-primary and α-secondary. These conditions are also effective for benzylic pyridinium salts, demonstrating the successful Negishi alkylation of benzylic pyridinium salts for the first time. Further, 14 derivatives of 1-bpp were prepared with a variety of steric and electronic properties to study how these changes impact the success of the Negishi alkylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Baker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Olivia P Bercher
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - J Cameron Twitty
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Thomas Mortimer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Mary P Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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11
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Douthwaite J, Zhao R, Shim E, Mahjour B, Zimmerman PM, Cernak T. Formal Cross-Coupling of Amines and Carboxylic Acids to Form sp 3-sp 2 Carbon-Carbon Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10930-10937. [PMID: 37184831 PMCID: PMC10214451 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Amines and carboxylic acids are abundant synthetic building blocks that are classically united to form an amide bond. To access new pockets of chemical space, we are interested in the development of amine-acid coupling reactions that complement the amide coupling. In particular, the formation of carbon-carbon bonds by formal deamination and decarboxylation would be an impactful addition to the synthesis toolbox. Here, we report a formal cross-coupling of alkyl amines and aryl carboxylic acids to form C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds following preactivation of the amine-acid building blocks as a pyridinium salt and N-acyl-glutarimide, respectively. Under nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling conditions, a diversity of simple and complex substrates are united in good to excellent yield, and numerous pharmaceuticals are successfully diversified. High-throughput experimentation was leveraged in the development of the reaction and the discovery of performance-enhancing additives such as phthalimide, RuCl3, and GaCl3. Mechanistic investigations suggest phthalimide may play a role in stabilizing productive Ni complexes rather than being involved in oxidative addition of the N-acyl-imide and that RuCl3 supports the decarbonylation event, thereby improving reaction selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James
L. Douthwaite
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ruheng Zhao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Eunjae Shim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Babak Mahjour
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M. Zimmerman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tim Cernak
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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12
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Crudden C. Mary P. Watson Selected to Receive the 2023 ACS Catalysis Lectureship for the Advancement of Catalytic Science. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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13
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Duan A, Xiao F, Lan Y, Niu L. Mechanistic views and computational studies on transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9986-10015. [PMID: 36374254 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00371f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions have been considered as a powerful tool to convert two electrophiles into value-added products. Numerous related reports have shown the fascinating potential. Mechanistic studies, especially theoretical studies, can provide important implications for the design of novel reductive coupling reactions. In this review, we summarize the representative advancements in theoretical studies on transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling reactions and systematically elaborate the mechanisms for the key steps of reductive coupling reactions. The activation modes of electrophiles and the deep insights of selectivity generation are mechanistically discussed. In addition, the mechanism of the reduction of high-oxidation-state catalysts and further construction of new chemical bonds are also described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abing Duan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Fengjiao Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Yu Lan
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Linbin Niu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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14
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Szabó K, Goliszewska K, Szurmak J, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Gryko D. Site-Selective, Photocatalytic Vinylogous Amidation of Enones. Org Lett 2022; 24:8120-8124. [PMID: 36327199 PMCID: PMC9664488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite the broad interest in organic compounds possessing a γ-aminocarbonyl motif, limited strategies for their synthesis have been reported. Herein, we describe a mild and efficient method for the site-selective amidation of unsaturated enones with electrophilic N-centered radicals as a key intermediate. The photocatalytic vinylogous reaction of dienolates with N-amino pyridinium salts affords γ-amido carbonyl compounds. This process is high-yielding, scalable, and tolerates a broad range of unsaturated α,β-unsaturated carbonyls, including biologically relevant compounds, as starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitti
Franciska Szabó
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Goliszewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Szurmak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Motsch BJ, Wengryniuk SE. Site-Selective Synthesis of N-Benzyl 2,4,6-Collidinium Salts by Electrooxidative C-H Functionalization. Org Lett 2022; 24:6060-6065. [PMID: 35938890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-alkylpyridinium salts are versatile pseudohalides for SET-mediated cross couplings. However, the common 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium salt is plagued by poor atom economy and high cost of synthesis. Thus, there is a growing need for more practical scaffolds and innovative strategies for pyridinium salt formation. Herein, we report the synthesis of benzylic 2,4,6-collidinium salts via electrooxidative C-H functionalization. This method provides a complementary approach to tradtional strategies relying on substitution and condensation of prefunctionalized substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Motsch
- Temple University, Department of Chemistry, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadephia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Sarah E Wengryniuk
- Temple University, Department of Chemistry, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadephia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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16
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Roychowdhury P, Herrera RG, Tan H, Powers DC. Traceless Benzylic C-H Amination via Bifunctional N-Aminopyridinium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200665. [PMID: 35483017 PMCID: PMC9256810 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
C-H amination reactions provide the opportunity to streamline the synthesis of nitrogen-containing organic small molecules. The impact of intermolecular C-H amination methods, however, is currently limited the frequent requirement for the amine precursors to bear activating groups, such as N-sulfonyl substituents, that are both challenging to remove and not useful synthetic handles for subsequent derivatization. Here, we introduce traceless nitrogen activation for C-H amination-which enables application of selective C-H amination chemistry to the preparation of diverse N-functionalized products-via sequential benzylic C-H N-aminopyridylation followed by Ni-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling with aryl boronic acids. Unlike many C-H amination reactions that provide access to protected amines, the current method installs an easily diversifiable synthetic handle that serves as a lynchpin for C-H amination, deaminative N-N functionalization sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Roberto G Herrera
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Hao Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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17
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Kato N, Nanjo T, Takemoto Y. A Pyridine-Based Donor–Acceptor Molecule: A Highly Reactive Organophotocatalyst That Enables the Reductive Cleavage of C–Br Bonds through Halogen Bonding. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nanjo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Takemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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18
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Catalyst-free electrochemical dearomatization of pyridine derivatives. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Roychowdhury P, Herrera RG, Tan H, Powers DC. Traceless Benzylic C−H Amination via Bifunctional
N
‐Aminopyridinium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto G. Herrera
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Hao Tan
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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20
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Wang K, Liu X, Yang S, Tian Y, Zhou M, Zhou J, Jia X, Li B, Liu S, Chen J. In Situ Alkyl Radical Recycling-Driven Decoupled Electrophotochemical Deamination. Org Lett 2022; 24:3471-3476. [PMID: 35546086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular electrophotocatalysis has emerged as a powerful strategy for the development of sustainable synthetic protocols. With the proof-of-concept, we exploited a versatile electrophotocatalytic deaminative alkylation approach. Mechanistic investigation indicated that in situ recycling of the alkyl radicals was the key point. Notably, ligand modification and late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals were also established, highlighting its feasibility in practical utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyang Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
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21
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Sekino T, Sato S, Yoshino T, Kojima M, Matsunaga S. Regioselective Deaminative Allylation of Aliphatic Amines via Dual Cobalt and Organophotoredox Catalysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:2120-2124. [PMID: 35262366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rapid progress in C-C bond-forming reactions using Katritzky salts, their deaminative allylation remains a challenge. Inspired by the metallaphotoredox-catalyzed allylic substitution regime, here, we report the deaminative allylation of Katritzky salts via cobalt/organophotoredox dual catalysis. This cross-electrophile coupling enables regioselective allylation using a variety of allylic esters, overcoming the substrate limitations of reported protocols. Mechanistic studies indicate the involvement of a π-allyl cobalt complex as a radicalophile that mediates C-C bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Sekino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shunta Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Yoshino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kojima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
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22
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Charboneau DJ, Huang H, Barth EL, Germe CC, Hazari N, Mercado BQ, Uehling MR, Zultanski SL. Tunable and Practical Homogeneous Organic Reductants for Cross-Electrophile Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21024-21036. [PMID: 34846142 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of four new tunable homogeneous organic reductants based on a tetraaminoethylene scaffold are reported. The new reductants have enhanced air stability compared to current homogeneous reductants for metal-mediated reductive transformations, such as cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), and are solids at room temperature. In particular, the weakest reductant is indefinitely stable in air and has a reduction potential of -0.85 V versus ferrocene, which is significantly milder than conventional reductants used in XEC. All of the new reductants can facilitate C(sp2)-C(sp3) Ni-catalyzed XEC reactions and are compatible with complex substrates that are relevant to medicinal chemistry. The reductants span a range of nearly 0.5 V in reduction potential, which allows for control over the rate of electron transfer events in XEC. Specifically, we report a new strategy for controlled alkyl radical generation in Ni-catalyzed C(sp2)-C(sp3) XEC. The key to our approach is to tune the rate of alkyl radical generation from Katritzky salts, which liberate alkyl radicals upon single electron reduction, by varying the redox potentials of the reductant and Katritzky salt utilized in catalysis. Using our method, we perform XEC reactions between benzylic Katritzky salts and aryl halides. The method tolerates a variety of functional groups, some of which are particularly challenging for most XEC transformations. Overall, we expect that our new reductants will both replace conventional homogeneous reductants in current reductive transformations due to their stability and relatively facile synthesis and lead to the development of novel synthetic methods due to their tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Charboneau
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Haotian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Emily L Barth
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Cameron C Germe
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mycah R Uehling
- Discovery Chemistry, HTE and Lead Discovery Capabilities, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan L Zultanski
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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23
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Dorsheimer JR, Ashley MA, Rovis T. Dual Nickel/Photoredox-Catalyzed Deaminative Cross-Coupling of Sterically Hindered Primary Amines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19294-19299. [PMID: 34767360 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We report a method to activate α-3° amines for deaminative arylation via condensation with an electron-rich aldehyde and merge this reactivity with nickel metallaphotoredox to generate benzylic quaternary centers, a common motif in pharmaceuticals and natural products. The reaction is accelerated by added ammonium salts. Evidence is provided in support of two roles for the additive: inhibition of nickel black formation and acceleration of the overall reaction rate. We demonstrate a robust scope of amine and haloarene coupling partners and show an expedited synthesis of ALK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Dorsheimer
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Melissa A Ashley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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24
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Seefeldt P, Dasi R, Villinger A, Brasholz M. Photoredox‐Induced Deaminative Radical‐Cationic Three‐Component Couplings with
N
‐Alkylpyridinium Salts and Alkenes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Seefeldt
- Institute of Chemistry University of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Rajesh Dasi
- Institute of Chemistry University of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institute of Chemistry University of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Malte Brasholz
- Institute of Chemistry University of Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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25
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Hewitt KA, Herbert CA, Matus AC, Jarvo ER. Nickel-Catalyzed Kumada Cross-Coupling Reactions of Benzylic Sulfonamides. Molecules 2021; 26:5947. [PMID: 34641491 PMCID: PMC8512530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a Kumada cross-coupling reaction of benzylic sulfonamides. The scope of the transformation includes acyclic and cyclic sulfonamide precursors that cleanly produce highly substituted acyclic fragments. Preliminary data are consistent with a stereospecific mechanism that allows for a diastereoselective reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA; (K.A.H.); (C.A.H.); (A.C.M.)
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26
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Bercher OP, Plunkett S, Mortimer TE, Watson MP. Deaminative Reductive Methylation of Alkylpyridinium Salts. Org Lett 2021; 23:7059-7063. [PMID: 34464140 PMCID: PMC8448964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methyl groups can imbue valuable properties in organic molecules, often leading to enhanced bioactivity. To enable efficient installation of methyl groups on simple building blocks and in late-stage functionalization, a nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling of secondary Katritzky alkylpyridinium salts with methyl iodide was developed. When coupled with formation of the pyridinium salt from an alkyl amine, this method allows amino groups to be readily transformed to methyl groups with broad functional group and heterocycle tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia P. Bercher
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
| | - Shane Plunkett
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
| | - Thomas E. Mortimer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
| | - Mary P. Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, United States
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