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Wang X, Ma Y, Li Y, Wang L, Chi L. Discovery of highly efficient dual-atom catalysts for propane dehydrogenation assisted by machine learning. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:22286-22291. [PMID: 39136548 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02219j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is a highly efficient approach for industrial production of propylene, and the dual-atom catalysts (DACs) provide new pathways in advancing atomic catalysis for PDH with dual active sites. In this work, we have developed an efficient strategy to identify promising DACs for PDH reaction by combining high-throughput density functional theory (DFT) calculations and the machine-learning (ML) technique. By choosing the γ-Al2O3(100) surface as the substrate to anchor dual metal atoms, 435 kinds of DACs have been considered to evaluate their PDH catalytic activity. Four ML algorithms are employed to predict the PDH activity and determine the relationship between the intrinsic characteristics of DACs and the catalytic activity. The promising catalysts of CuFe, CuCo and CoZn DACs are finally screened out, which are further validated by the whole kinetic reaction calculations, and the highly efficient performance of DACs is attributed to the synergistic effects and interactions between the paired active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Wang
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Yanxia Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Youyong Li
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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2
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Li P, Yao Y, Chai S, Li Z, Xue F, Wang X. Modulating Electron Density of Boron-Oxygen Groups in Borate via Metal Electronegativity for Propane Oxidative Dehydrogenation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2868. [PMID: 38930237 PMCID: PMC11205058 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The robust electronegativity of the [BO3]3- structure enables the extraction of electrons from adjacent metals, offering a strategy for modulating oxygen activation in propane oxidative dehydrogenation. Metals (Ni 1.91, Al 1.5, and Ca 1.0) with varying electronegativities were employed to engineer borate catalysts. Metals in borate lacked intrinsic catalytic activity for propane conversion; instead, they modulated [BO3]3- group reactivity through adjustments in electron density. Moderate metal electronegativity favored propane oxidative dehydrogenation to propylene, whereas excessively low electronegativity led to propane overoxidation to carbon dioxide. Aluminum, with moderate electronegativity, demonstrated optimal performance. Catalyst AlBOx-1000 achieved a propane conversion of 47.5%, with the highest propylene yield of 30.89% at 550 °C, and a total olefin yield of 51.51% with a 58.92% propane conversion at 575 °C. Furthermore, the stable borate structure prevents boron element loss in harsh conditions and holds promise for industrial-scale catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (P.L.); (Y.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.L.); (F.X.)
- Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Yongbin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (P.L.); (Y.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.L.); (F.X.)
- Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Shanshan Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (P.L.); (Y.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.L.); (F.X.)
- Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (P.L.); (Y.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.L.); (F.X.)
- Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Fan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (P.L.); (Y.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.L.); (F.X.)
- Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China; (P.L.); (Y.Y.); (S.C.); (Z.L.); (F.X.)
- Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University, Tangshan 063000, China
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3
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Purdy SC, Collinge G, Zhang J, Borate SN, Unocic KA, Wu Q, Wegener EC, Kropf AJ, Samad NR, Yuk SF, Zhang D, Habas S, Krause TR, Harris JW, Lee MS, Glezakou VA, Rousseau R, Sutton AD, Li Z. Dynamic Copper Site Redispersion through Atom Trapping in Zeolite Defects. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8280-8297. [PMID: 38467029 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Single-site copper-based catalysts have shown remarkable activity and selectivity for a variety of reactions. However, deactivation by sintering in high-temperature reducing environments remains a challenge and often limits their use due to irreversible structural changes to the catalyst. Here, we report zeolite-based copper catalysts in which copper oxide agglomerates formed after reaction can be repeatedly redispersed back to single sites using an oxidative treatment in air at 550 °C. Under different environments, single-site copper in Cu-Zn-Y/deAlBeta undergoes dynamic changes in structure and oxidation state that can be tuned to promote the formation of key active sites while minimizing deactivation through Cu sintering. For example, single-site Cu2+ reduces to Cu1+ after catalyst pretreatment (270 °C, 101 kPa H2) and further to Cu0 nanoparticles under reaction conditions (270-350 °C, 7 kPa EtOH, 94 kPa H2) or accelerated aging (400-450 °C, 101 kPa H2). After regeneration at 550 °C in air, agglomerated CuO was dispersed back to single sites in the presence and absence of Zn and Y, which was verified by imaging, in situ spectroscopy, and catalytic rate measurements. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that solvation of CuO monomers by water facilitates their transport through the zeolite pore, and condensation of the CuO monomer with a fully protonated silanol nest entraps copper and reforms the single-site structure. The capability of silanol nests to trap and stabilize copper single sites under oxidizing conditions could extend the use of single-site copper catalysts to a wider variety of reactions and allows for a simple regeneration strategy for copper single-site catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Purdy
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Gregory Collinge
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Shivangi N Borate
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Kinga A Unocic
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Qiyuan Wu
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation & Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Evan C Wegener
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - A Jeremy Kropf
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nohor River Samad
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Simuck F Yuk
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Difan Zhang
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Susan Habas
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation & Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Theodore R Krause
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - James W Harris
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Roger Rousseau
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Andrew D Sutton
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Zhenglong Li
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
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4
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Zhang Y, Chen Q, Zhang H. Mechanism research reveals the role of Fe n ( n = 2-5) supported C 2N as single-cluster catalysts (SCCs) for the non-oxidative propane dehydrogenation in the optimization of catalytic performance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24143-24154. [PMID: 37655603 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03204c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Single cluster catalysts show excellent potential for propane dehydrogenation, compensating for the limited catalytic performance of single-atom catalysts in reactions involving multiple reaction steps and intermediates. Herein, density functional theory is used to investigate the catalytic activity and mechanism for non-oxidized propane dehydrogenation on Fen-C2N (n = 2-5). Firstly, the stability of Fen-C2N (n = 2-5) is evaluated by comparing the mean values of binding energy and cohesive energy. The results show that Fen-C2N (n = 2-4) can exist stably, which is also verified by the molecular dynamics calculation at 873 K. Band structure analysis shows that the screened catalysts have metal properties, which are conducive to charge transfer. Fukui function analysis is used to predict the optimal adsorption site. The electronic properties of propane and propylene adsorbed on catalysts are further studied by the partial density of states and deformation charge density. The activation barrier (Ea) and reaction energy (ΔE) of the main reaction steps are evaluated. The results show that Fe2-C2N (Ea = 0.97 eV, ΔE= 0.22 eV) has the best catalytic activity. The Ea for further propylene dehydrogenation is also used to evaluate the yield of propylene. Compared with Fe-C2N, Fe2-C2N can regulate the adsorption strength of propane and propylene, showing better catalytic ability and higher selectivity for propylene. The above research provides ideas for the design of new catalysts with high selectivity and activity for non-oxidative propane dehydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Center for Computational Chemistry and Molecular Simulation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Qin Chen
- Center for Computational Chemistry and Molecular Simulation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Center for Computational Chemistry and Molecular Simulation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
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5
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Ping L, Zhang Y, Wang B, Fan M, Ling L, Zhang R. Unraveling the Surface State Evolution of IrO 2 in Ethane Chemical Looping Oxidative Dehydrogenation. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P. R. China
| | - Baojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P. R. China
| | - Maohong Fan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Energy Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Lixia Ling
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P. R. China
| | - Riguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean and Efficient Coal Utilization, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, P. R. China
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Ma R, Gao J, Kou J, Dean DP, Breckner CJ, Liang K, Zhou B, Miller JT, Zou G. Insights into the Nature of Selective Nickel Sites on Ni/Al 2O 3 Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou515031, China
| | - Junxian Gao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Jiajing Kou
- College of Vehicles and Energy, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao066000, China
| | - David P. Dean
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Christian J. Breckner
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Kaijun Liang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou515031, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou515031, China
| | - Jeffrey T. Miller
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, United States
| | - Guojun Zou
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou515031, China
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7
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Yan H, Li S, Feng X, Lu J, Zheng X, Li R, Zhou X, Chen X, Liu Y, Chen D, Shan H, Yang C. Rational Screening of Metal Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Glycerol to Glyceric Acid from Microkinetic Analysis. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Shangfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Xiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Jiarong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Xiuhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Ruiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Yibin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - De Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Honghong Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
| | - Chaohe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing China University of Petroleum Qingdao China
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8
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Zhang Y, Chen X, Ali AM, Zhang H. Screening of transition metal doped two-dimensional C2N (TM-C2N) as high-performance catalyst for the non-oxidative propane dehydrogenation. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Liu Z, Yang J, Wen Y, Lan Y, Guo L, Chen X, Cao K, Chen R, Shan B. Promotional Effect of H 2 Pretreatment on the CO PROX Performance of Pt 1/Co 3O 4: A First-Principles-Based Microkinetic Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27762-27774. [PMID: 35674013 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atomic Pt studded on cobalt oxide is a promising catalyst for CO preferential oxidation (PROX) dependent on its surface treatment. In this work, the CO PROX reaction mechanism on Co3O4 supported single Pt atom is investigated by a comprehensive first-principles based microkinetic analysis. It is found that as synthesized Pt1/Co3O4 interface is poisoned by CO in a wide low temperature window, leading to its low reactivity. The CO poisoning effect can be effectively mitigated by a H2 prereduction treatment, that exposes Co ∼ Co dimer sites for a noncompetitive Langmuir-Hinshelhood mechanism. In addition, surface H atoms assist O2 dissociation via "twisting" mechanism, avoiding the high barriers associated with direct O2 dissociation path. Microkinetic analysis reveals that the promotion of H-assisted pathway on H2 treated sample helps improve the activity and selectivity at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiao Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Limin Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Kun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Bin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die and Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
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10
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Unveiling the catalyst deactivation mechanism in the non-oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes on Rh(111): Density functional theory and kinetic Monte Carlo study. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Streibel V, Aljama HA, Yang AC, Choksi TS, Sánchez-Carrera RS, Schäfer A, Li Y, Cargnello M, Abild-Pedersen F. Microkinetic Modeling of Propene Combustion on a Stepped, Metallic Palladium Surface and the Importance of Oxygen Coverage. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Streibel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hassan A. Aljama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - An-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tej S. Choksi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Ansgar Schäfer
- BASF SE, Quantum Chemistry, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Yuejin Li
- BASF Corporation, Environmental Catalysis R&D and Application, 25 Middlesex-Essex Turnpike, Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United States
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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