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Hu X, Zhao Y, He T, Niu C, Liu F, Jia W, Mu Y, Li X, Rong ZQ. Access to distal biaxial atropisomers by iridium catalyzed asymmetric C-H alkylation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13541-13549. [PMID: 39183921 PMCID: PMC11339954 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01837k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Distal biaxial atropisomers are typical structures in chiral catalysts and ligands and offer a wide variety of applications in biology and materials technology, but the development of efficient synthesis of these valuable scaffolds is still in great demand. Herein, we describe a highly efficient iridium catalyzed asymmetric C-H alkylation reaction that provides a range of new distal biaxial atropisomers with excellent yields (up to 99%) and stereoselectivity (up to 99% ee and essentially one isomer). Based on this unprecedented strategy, a polycyclic skeleton with five successive chiral centers as well as C-C and C-N (or N-N) two distal chiral axes was created successfully in mild circumstances. In addition, the optically pure products bearing fluorophores show circular polarized luminescence (CPL) properties, being potential candidate materials for CPL applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Yunxu Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Tong He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Caoyue Niu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Feipeng Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Wei Jia
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Yi Mu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Zi-Qiang Rong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU) Xi'an 710072 China
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2
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Li C, Cai SZ, Ye J, Fang X. Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially and Centrally Chiral Styrenes via Nickel-Catalyzed Desymmetric Hydrocyanation of Biaryl Dienes. Org Lett 2024; 26:3867-3871. [PMID: 38691097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a highly regio-, enantio-, and diastereoselective nickel-catalyzed desymmetric hydrocyanation of biaryl dienes for the simultaneous construction of axial and central chiralities is presented, which offers a convenient approach to a variety of tirenes containing the union of an axially chiral biaryl and a centrally α-chiral nitrile under mild conditions using a commercially available catalyst. The synthetic utility is highlighted by the development of a novel axially chiral phosphine ligand and biphenyl-based chiral diene ligand and their potential applications in the field of asymmetric catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Song-Zhou Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Juntao Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xianjie Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
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3
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Zhang HH, Li TZ, Liu SJ, Shi F. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Atropisomers Bearing Multiple Chiral Elements: An Emerging Field. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202311053. [PMID: 37917574 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of asymmetric catalysis, the demand for the enantioselective synthesis of complex and diverse molecules with different chiral elements is increasing. Owing to the unique features of atropisomerism, the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of atropisomers has attracted a considerable interest from the chemical science community. In particular, introducing additional chiral elements, such as carbon centered chirality, heteroatomic chirality, planar chirality, and helical chirality, into atropisomers provides an opportunity to incorporate new properties into axially chiral compounds, thus expanding the potential applications of atropisomers. Thus, it is important to perform catalytic asymmetric transformations to synthesize atropisomers bearing multiple chiral elements. In spite of challenges in such transformations, in recent years, chemists have devised powerful strategies under asymmetric organocatalysis or metal catalysis, synthesizing a wide range of enantioenriched atropisomers bearing multiple chiral elements. Therefore, the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of atropisomers bearing multiple chiral elements has become an emerging field. This review summarizes the rapid progress in this field and indicates challenges, thereby promoting this field to a new horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hao Zhang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Tian-Zhen Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Si-Jia Liu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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4
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Wang X, Si XJ, Sun Y, Wei Z, Xu M, Yang D, Shi L, Song MP, Niu JL. C-N Axially Chiral Heterobiaryl Isoquinolinone Skeletons Construction via Cobalt-Catalyzed Atroposelective C-H Activation/Annulation. Org Lett 2023; 25:6240-6245. [PMID: 37595028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the atroposelective construction of isoquinolinones bearing a C-N chiral axis has been successfully developed via a Co-catalyzed C-H bond activation and annulation process. This conversion can be effectively carried out in an environmentally friendly oxygen atmosphere to generate the target C-N axially chiral frameworks with excellent reactivities and enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee) in the absence of any additives. Additionally, the current protocol has proved to be an alternative approach for the C-N axial architectures fabrication under electrochemical conditions for cobalt/Salox catalysis, and this strategy allowed the efficient and atom-economical synthesis of various axially chiral isoquinolinones under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ju Si
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhisen Wei
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Miao Xu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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Boron Lewis Acid Catalysis Enables the Direct Cyanation of Benzyl Alcohols by Means of Isonitrile as Cyanide Source. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052174. [PMID: 36903420 PMCID: PMC10004367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an efficient and straightforward method for cyanation of alcohols is of great value. However, the cyanation of alcohols always requires toxic cyanide sources. Herein, an unprecedented synthetic application of an isonitrile as a safer cyanide source in B(C6F5)3-catalyzed direct cyanation of alcohols is reported. With this approach, a wide range of valuable α-aryl nitriles was synthesized in good to excellent yields (up to 98%). The reaction can be scaled up and the practicability of this approach is further manifested in the synthesis of an anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen. Moreover, experimental studies were performed to illustrate the reaction mechanism.
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Atroposelective desymmetrization of 2-arylresorcinols via Tsuji-Trost allylation. Commun Chem 2023; 6:42. [PMID: 36841918 PMCID: PMC9968306 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation has proven to be a powerful method for the preparation of a wide variety of chiral molecules. However, the catalytic and atroposelective allylic alkylation is still rare and challenging, especially for biaryl substrates. Herein, we report the palladium-catalyzed desymmetric and atroposelective allylation, in which the palladium complex with a chiral phosphoramidite ligand enables desymmetrization of nucleophilic 2-arylresorcinols in a highly enantioselective manner. With the aid of the secondary kinetic resolution effect, a wide variety of substrates containing a hydroxymethyl group at the bottom aromatic ring are able to provide O-allylated products up to 98:2 er. Computational studies show an accessible quadrant of the allylpalladium complex and provide three plausible transition states with intra- or intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The energetically favorable transition state is in good agreement with the observed enantioselectivity and suggests that the catalytic reaction would proceed with an intramolecular hydrogen bond.
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Construction of Non-Biaryl Atropisomeric Amide Scaffolds Bearing a C-N Axis via Enantioselective Catalysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196583. [PMID: 36235120 PMCID: PMC9572367 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant scaffold offered by atropisomeric amides with a C–N chiral axis has been extensively utilized for pharmaceuticals, agricultural science, and organic syntheses. As a result, the field of atropisomer synthesis has attracted considerable interest within chemistry communities. To date, a range of catalytic atroposelective approaches has been reported for the efficient construction of these challenging scaffolds. However, greatly concise and highly useful methodologies for the synthesis of these atropisomeric compounds, focusing on transition-metal, chiral amine, and phosphoric acid catalysis reactions, etc., are still desirable. Hence, it is indispensable to succinctly and systematically present all such reports by means of disclosing the mechanistic analysis and application, as well as the challenges and issues associated with the establishment of these atropisomers. In this review, we summarize the development of catalytic asymmetric synthetic strategies to access non-biaryl atropisomers rotating around a C–N chiral axis, including the reaction methods, mechanism, late-stage transformations, and applications.
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Wang H, Wei Y, Li Y, Long S, Sun LJ, Li S, Lin YW. Phosphine-Catalyzed Atroposelective Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Desymmetrization of N-Arylmaleimides. Org Lett 2022; 24:6494-6498. [PMID: 36069471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a new strategy for the enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral N-aryl succinimides was devised by [3 + 2] annulation of MBH carbonates and N-aryl maleimides under chiral phosphine. This desymmetrization process allows for quick construction of both two stereogenic carbon centers and a remote CAr-N atropisomeric chirality. A series of structurally diverse N-aryl succinimides were obtained with good to excellent yields, diastereoselectivities, and enantioselectivities. The process is mild, efficient, and scalable and features a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Long
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Juan Sun
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixiong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.,Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Protein Structure and Function, University of South China Medical School, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
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9
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Zhang S, Luo ZH, Wang WT, Qian L, Liao JY. Simultaneous Construction of C-N Axial and Central Chirality via Silver-Catalyzed Desymmetrizative [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Prochiral N-Aryl Maleimides with Activated Isocyanides. Org Lett 2022; 24:4645-4649. [PMID: 35724978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an unprecedented strategy for the simultaneous construction of a remote C-N stereogenic axis and three contiguous stereogenic carbon centers via silver-catalyzed desymmetrizative [3 + 2] cycloaddition of prochiral N-aryl maleimides with activated isocyanides. This method features operational simplicity, wide substrate scope, high efficiency, and good to excellent stereoselectivity. Notably, it represents the first example of catalytic enantioselective synthesis of C-N atropisomers with the use of activated isocyanides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
| | - Zhang-Hong Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
| | - Wen-Tao Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
| | - Linghui Qian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
| | - Jia-Yu Liao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058.,Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310018
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10
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Rodríguez‐Salamanca P, Fernández R, Hornillos V, Lassaletta JM. Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral C-N Atropisomers. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104442. [PMID: 35191558 PMCID: PMC9314733 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecules with restricted rotation around a single bond or atropisomers are found in a wide number of natural products and bioactive molecules as well as in chiral ligands for asymmetric catalysis and smart materials. Although most of these compounds are biaryls and heterobiaryls displaying a C-C stereogenic axis, there is a growing interest in less common and more challenging axially chiral C-N atropisomers. This review offers an overview of the various methodologies available for their asymmetric synthesis. A brief introduction is initially given to contextualize these axially chiral skeletons, including a historical background and examples of natural products containing axially chiral C-N axes. The preparation of different families of C-N based atropisomers is then presented from anilides to chiral five- and six-membered ring heterocycles. Special emphasis has been given to modern catalytic asymmetric strategies over the past decade for the synthesis of these chiral scaffolds. Applications of these methods to the preparation of natural products and biologically active molecules will be highlighted along the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rodríguez‐Salamanca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro deInnovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)C/ Américo Vespucio, 4941092SevillaSpain
| | - Rosario Fernández
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad de Sevilla) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) C/ Prof. García González, 141012SevillaSpain
| | - Valentín Hornillos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro deInnovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)C/ Américo Vespucio, 4941092SevillaSpain
- Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidad de Sevilla) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) C/ Prof. García González, 141012SevillaSpain
| | - José M. Lassaletta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (CSIC-US) and Centro deInnovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)C/ Américo Vespucio, 4941092SevillaSpain
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Mei GJ, Koay WL, Guan CY, Lu Y. Atropisomers beyond the C–C axial chirality: Advances in catalytic asymmetric synthesis. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Chen C, Fang S, Dong Z, Xu J, Yang Z. Catalytic Diastereospecific and Enantioselective (3 + 2) Transannulations of 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles with Strained Norbornene Derivatives. Org Lett 2022; 24:2110-2114. [PMID: 35274965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the adoption of a ring-strain-release strategy, iridium-catalyzed transannulations with norbornene derivatives are achieved in a diastereospecific and enantioselective manner. The first asymmetric transannulations of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunzhi Chen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuyan Fang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ziyang Dong
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhanhui Yang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Stereoselective construction of atropisomers featuring a C–N chiral axis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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14
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Ding Y, Long J, Fang X. Nickel-catalyzed highly regioselective hydrocyanation of aliphatic allenes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01099a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed hydrocyanation of aliphatic allenes with excellent regioselectivity is developed. This protocol enables a catalytic pathway to access various allylic nitriles containing quaternary carbon centers in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinguo Long
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xianjie Fang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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