1
|
Thangaraj B, Monama-Tsaulwayo W, Mohiuddin E, Millan Mdleleni M. Recent developments in (bio)ethanol conversion to fuels and chemicals over heterogeneous catalysts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024:131230. [PMID: 39117246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Bioethanol is one of the most important bio-resources produced from biomass fermentation and is an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil-based fuels as it is regarded as renewable and clean. Bioethanol and its derivatives are used as feedstocks in petrochemical processes as well as fuel and fuel additives in motor vehicles to compensate for the depletion of fossil fuels. This review chronicles the recent developments in the catalytic conversion of ethanol to diethyl ether, ethylene, propylene, long-chain hydrocarbons and other important products. Various heterogeneous catalysts, such as zeolites, metal oxides, heteropolyacids, mesoporous materials and metal-organic frameworks, have been used in the ethanol conversion processes and are discussed extensively. The significance of various reaction parameters such as pressure, temperature, water content in the ethanol feed and the effect of catalyst modification based on various kinds of literature are critically evaluated. Further, coke formation and coke product analysis using various analytical and spectroscopic techniques during the ethanol conversion are briefly discussed. The review concludes by providing insights into possible research paths pertaining to catalyst design aimed at enhancing the catalytic conversion of (bio)ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baskaran Thangaraj
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Winnie Monama-Tsaulwayo
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Mohiuddin
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Masikana Millan Mdleleni
- PetroSA-Synthetic Fuels Innovation Centre, South African Institute for Advanced Materials Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Purdy SC, Collinge G, Zhang J, Borate SN, Unocic KA, Wu Q, Wegener EC, Kropf AJ, Samad NR, Yuk SF, Zhang D, Habas S, Krause TR, Harris JW, Lee MS, Glezakou VA, Rousseau R, Sutton AD, Li Z. Dynamic Copper Site Redispersion through Atom Trapping in Zeolite Defects. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8280-8297. [PMID: 38467029 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Single-site copper-based catalysts have shown remarkable activity and selectivity for a variety of reactions. However, deactivation by sintering in high-temperature reducing environments remains a challenge and often limits their use due to irreversible structural changes to the catalyst. Here, we report zeolite-based copper catalysts in which copper oxide agglomerates formed after reaction can be repeatedly redispersed back to single sites using an oxidative treatment in air at 550 °C. Under different environments, single-site copper in Cu-Zn-Y/deAlBeta undergoes dynamic changes in structure and oxidation state that can be tuned to promote the formation of key active sites while minimizing deactivation through Cu sintering. For example, single-site Cu2+ reduces to Cu1+ after catalyst pretreatment (270 °C, 101 kPa H2) and further to Cu0 nanoparticles under reaction conditions (270-350 °C, 7 kPa EtOH, 94 kPa H2) or accelerated aging (400-450 °C, 101 kPa H2). After regeneration at 550 °C in air, agglomerated CuO was dispersed back to single sites in the presence and absence of Zn and Y, which was verified by imaging, in situ spectroscopy, and catalytic rate measurements. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that solvation of CuO monomers by water facilitates their transport through the zeolite pore, and condensation of the CuO monomer with a fully protonated silanol nest entraps copper and reforms the single-site structure. The capability of silanol nests to trap and stabilize copper single sites under oxidizing conditions could extend the use of single-site copper catalysts to a wider variety of reactions and allows for a simple regeneration strategy for copper single-site catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Purdy
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Gregory Collinge
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Shivangi N Borate
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Kinga A Unocic
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Qiyuan Wu
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation & Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Evan C Wegener
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - A Jeremy Kropf
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Nohor River Samad
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Simuck F Yuk
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Difan Zhang
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Susan Habas
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation & Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Theodore R Krause
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - James W Harris
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Roger Rousseau
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Andrew D Sutton
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Zhenglong Li
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song Y, Yu Y, Jin M, Hou C, Wang J, Wang X, Zhou X, Chen J, Shen Z, Zhang Y. Sulfadiazine removal efficiency with persulfate driven by electron-rich Cu-beta zeolites. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140300. [PMID: 37777089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Surface electron transport and transfer of catalysts have important consequences for persulfate (PS) activation in PS system. In this paper, an electron-rich Cu-beta zeolites catalyst was synthesized utilizing a straightforward solid-state ion exchange technique to efficiently degrade sulfadiazine. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed that Cu element substitutes Al element and enters the beta molecular sieve framework smoothly. Furthermore, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements demonstrated that the Cu-beta catalyst is primarily Cu0. Cu-beta zeolites catalyst can exhibit excellent catalytic activity to degrade sulfadiazine with the oxidant of PS. The optimal sulfadiazine removal performance was explored by adjusting reaction parameters, including sulfadiazine concentration, catalyst dosage, oxidant dosage, and solution pH. The sulfadiazine removal efficiency in the Cu-beta zeolites/PS system could reach 90.5% at the optimal reaction condition ([PS]0 = 0.5 g/L, [Cu-beta zeolites]0 = 1.0 g/L, pH = 7.0) with 50 mg/L of sulfadiazine. Meanwhile, The degradation efficiency was less affected by anionic interference (Cl-, SO4-, HCO3-). The surface electron transport and transfer of the Cu-beta zeolites catalyst were significant causes for the remarkable degradation performance. According to electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching studies, the Cu-beta zeolites/PS system was mostly dominated by SO4•- in the degradation of sulfadiazine. Furthermore, two possible pathways for sulfadiazine degradation were proposed according to the analysis of intermediate products detected by the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Song
- Institute of New Rural Development, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Yibiao Yu
- Institute of New Rural Development, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Mengyu Jin
- Institute of New Rural Development, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Cheng Hou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Institute of New Rural Development, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Institute of New Rural Development, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China
| | - Xuefei Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jiabin Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zheng Shen
- Institute of New Rural Development, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yalei Zhang
- Institute of New Rural Development, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Unocic KA, Purdy SC, Allard LF, Collinge GB, Zhang J, Borate SN, Wu Q, Wegener EC, Samad NR, Habas S, Krause TR, Harris JW, Lee MS, Glezakou VA, Rousseau R, Sutton AD, Li Z. Investigation of Cu Species in Dealuminated Beta Zeolite Studied by Operando Closed-Cell Gas Reaction STEM. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1614-1615. [PMID: 37613949 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga A Unocic
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Stephen C Purdy
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Lawrence F Allard
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Gregory B Collinge
- Physical and Computational Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | - Qiyuan Wu
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Evan C Wegener
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | | | - Susan Habas
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Theodore R Krause
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | | | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Physical and Computational Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Glezakou
- Physical and Computational Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Physical and Computational Sciences, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Andrew D Sutton
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Zhenglong Li
- Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hayes G, Laurel M, MacKinnon D, Zhao T, Houck HA, Becer CR. Polymers without Petrochemicals: Sustainable Routes to Conventional Monomers. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2609-2734. [PMID: 36227737 PMCID: PMC9999446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Access to a wide range of plastic materials has been rationalized by the increased demand from growing populations and the development of high-throughput production systems. Plastic materials at low costs with reliable properties have been utilized in many everyday products. Multibillion-dollar companies are established around these plastic materials, and each polymer takes years to optimize, secure intellectual property, comply with the regulatory bodies such as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals and the Environmental Protection Agency and develop consumer confidence. Therefore, developing a fully sustainable new plastic material with even a slightly different chemical structure is a costly and long process. Hence, the production of the common plastic materials with exactly the same chemical structures that does not require any new registration processes better reflects the reality of how to address the critical future of sustainable plastics. In this review, we have highlighted the very recent examples on the synthesis of common monomers using chemicals from sustainable feedstocks that can be used as a like-for-like substitute to prepare conventional petrochemical-free thermoplastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Laurel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dan MacKinnon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Tieshuai Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Hannes A Houck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom.,Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - C Remzi Becer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mamedov K, Davis RJ. Cascade Reaction of Ethanol to Butadiene over Ag-Promoted, Silica- or Zeolite-Supported Ta, Y, Pr, or La Oxide Catalysts. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Mamedov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| | - Robert J. Davis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou BC, Li WC, Lv WL, Xiang SY, Gao XQ, Lu AH. Enhancing Ethanol Coupling to Produce Higher Alcohols by Tuning H 2 Partial Pressure over a Copper-Hydroxyapatite Catalyst. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Chuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wen-Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wen-Lu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shi-Yu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin-Qian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - An-Hui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Liaoning Key Laboratory for Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Resources, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Zeolites with ordered microporous systems, distinct framework topologies, good spatial nanoconfinement effects, and superior (hydro)thermal stability are an ideal scaffold for planting diverse active metal species, including single sites, clusters, and nanoparticles in the framework and framework-associated sites and extra-framework positions, thus affording the metal-in-zeolite catalysts outstanding activity, unique shape selectivity, and enhanced stability and recyclability in the processes of Brønsted acid-, Lewis acid-, and extra-framework metal-catalyzed reactions. Especially, thanks to the advances in zeolite synthesis and characterization techniques in recent years, zeolite-confined extra-framework metal catalysts (denoted as metal@zeolite composites) have experienced rapid development in heterogeneous catalysis, owing to the combination of the merits of both active metal sites and zeolite intrinsic properties. In this review, we will present the recent developments of synthesis strategies for incorporating and tailoring of active metal sites in zeolites and advanced characterization techniques for identification of the location, distribution, and coordination environment of metal species in zeolites. Furthermore, the catalytic applications of metal-in-zeolite catalysts are demonstrated, with an emphasis on the metal@zeolite composites in hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and oxidation reactions. Finally, we point out the current challenges and future perspectives on precise synthesis, atomic level identification, and practical application of the metal-in-zeolite catalyst system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shiqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang K, Liu N, Ma Q, Kawabata Y, Wang F, Gao W, Zhang B, Guo X, He Y, Yang G, Tsubaki N. Probing the promotional roles of lanthanum in physicochemical properties and performance of ZnZr/Si-beta catalyst for direct conversion of aqueous ethanol to butadiene. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
10
|
Reaction Mechanism of One-step Conversion of Ethanol to 1,3-Butadiene over Zn-Y/BEA and Superior Catalysts Screening. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2204078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
11
|
Wang K, Peng X, Wang C, Gao W, Liu N, Guo X, He Y, Yang G, Jiang L, Tsubaki N. Selective direct conversion of aqueous ethanol into butadiene via rational design of multifunctional catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The highly efficient multifunctional 3% Y–Zn0.02Zr0.02/Si-beta catalyst possessed superior butadiene selectivity and ethanol conversion in direct conversion of aqueous ethanol into butadiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangzhou Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Xiaobo Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chengwei Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Weizhe Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Na Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Yingluo He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Guohui Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Lilong Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Noritatsu Tsubaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku 3190, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|