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Zhang JX, Shi YB, Tan X, Duan L, Zhang L, Meng GH, Mu WH. Palladium-Catalyzed Sequential Cross-Coupling/Annulation of ortho-Vinyl Bromobenzene with Aryl Bromide: Bimetallic Pathway versus Pd(II)-Pd(IV) Pathway: A DFT Investigation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4406-4422. [PMID: 38512313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed sequential cross-coupling/annulation of ortho-vinyl bromobenzenes with aryl bromides generating phenanthrenes was characterized by density functional theory (DFT). The Pd(II)-Pd(IV) pathway (Path V) is shown to be less probable than the bimetallic pathway (Path I), the latter proceeding via the following six steps: oxidative addition, vinyl-C(sp2)-H activation, Pd(II)-Pd(II) transmetalation, C-C coupling, aryl-C(sp2)-H activation, and reductive elimination. The aryl-C(sp2)-H activation process acts as the rate-determining step (RDS) of the entire chemical transformation, with an activation free energy barrier of ca. 27.4-28.8 kcal·mol-1, in good agreement with the corresponding experimental data (phenanthrenes' yields of ca. 65-90% at 130 °C after 5 h of reaction). The K2CO3 additive effectively reduces the activation free energy barrier of the RDS through direct participation in the reaction while preferentially modulating the charge distributions and increasing the stability of corresponding intermediates and complexes along the reaction path. Furthermore, bonding and electronic structure analyses of the key structures indicate that the chemo- and regioselectivities of the reaction are strongly influenced by both electronic effects and steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xuan Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China
| | - Yu-Bing Shi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China
| | - Xue Tan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China
| | - Liangfei Duan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China
| | - Guang-Hao Meng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China
| | - Wei-Hua Mu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China
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2
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Zhu BB, Zhang SS, Fu JG, Lin GQ, Feng CG. Palladium-catalyzed disilylation of ortho-halophenylethylenes enabled by 2-pyridone ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:5922-5925. [PMID: 37171020 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01452e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed disilylation reaction applicable for a variety of non-, α-, or β-substituted and α,β-disubstituted ortho-halophenylethylenes has been developed. This reaction proceeds with high yields and very low catalyst loadings. The two C-Si bonds of the disilylated products could be well-differentiated chemoselectively in the reaction with various electrophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Fu
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen-Guo Feng
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Li M, Li SX, Chen DP, Gao F, Qiu YF, Wang XC, Quan ZJ, Liang YM. Regioselective C-H Active Carbonylation via 1,4-Palladium Migration. Org Lett 2023; 25:2761-2766. [PMID: 37052909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a highly regioselective three-component coupling reaction of styrene, CO gas, and an amine compound to synthesize multisubstituted α,β-unsaturated amides, which involves a palladium-catalyzed sequential 1,4-palladium migration, C(sp2)-H activation, carbonylation, and amination. Salient features of this strategy include the use of 1 atm of CO, excellent stereochemistry, and good functional group tolerance. Further, a series of control experiments and density functional theory calculations were performed to afford some insights for the transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Shun-Xi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Fan Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Feng Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Cun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Jun Quan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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Ye ZH, Gou FH, Wu Y, Li CY, Wang P. Diverse Synthesis of Alkenylsilanes via Pd-Catalyzed Alkenyl C-H Silylation. Org Lett 2023; 25:2145-2150. [PMID: 36921249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, we disclose a general approach for the diverse synthesis of alkenylsilanes in a highly efficient, stereoselective, and atom-economic manner by leveraging the palladium-catalyzed disilylation reaction of 2-bromostyrene derivatives with hexamethyldisilane, which is suitable for the preparation of a series of disubstituted, trisubstituted, and tetrasubstituted alkenylsilanes. Furthermore, the resulting tetrasubstituted alkenylsilanes could be readily transformed into the corresponding diarylated benzosiloles, which have been proven to be a potential AIE material and a fluorene material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Hang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha West Higher Education District, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Hu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yichen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Chuan-Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha West Higher Education District, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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5
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Lu MZ, Goh J, Maraswami M, Jia Z, Tian JS, Loh TP. Recent Advances in Alkenyl sp 2 C-H and C-F Bond Functionalizations: Scope, Mechanism, and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:17479-17646. [PMID: 36240299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Alkenes and their derivatives are featured widely in a variety of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and advanced materials. Significant efforts have been made toward the development of new and practical methods to access this important class of compounds by selectively activating the alkenyl C(sp2)-H bonds in recent years. In this comprehensive review, we describe the state-of-the-art strategies for the direct functionalization of alkenyl sp2 C-H and C-F bonds until June 2022. Moreover, metal-free, photoredox, and electrochemical strategies are also covered. For clarity, this review has been divided into two parts; the first part focuses on currently available alkenyl sp2 C-H functionalization methods using different alkene derivatives as the starting materials, and the second part describes the alkenyl sp2 C-F bond functionalization using easily accessible gem-difluoroalkenes as the starting material. This review includes the scope, limitations, mechanistic studies, stereoselective control (using directing groups as well as metal-migration strategies), and their applications to complex molecule synthesis where appropriate. Overall, this comprehensive review aims to document the considerable advancements, current status, and emerging work by critically summarizing the contributions of researchers working in this fascinating area and is expected to stimulate novel, innovative, and broadly applicable strategies for alkenyl sp2 C-H and C-F bond functionalizations in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Lu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Goh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Manikantha Maraswami
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.,Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Jiang W, Kong T, Camargo PHC, Gao C, Xiong Y. Highly Efficient and Selective Photocatalytic Nonoxidative Coupling of Methane to Ethylene over Pd-Zn Synergistic Catalytic Sites. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9831340. [PMID: 36452434 PMCID: PMC9680520 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9831340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic nonoxidative coupling of CH4 to multicarbon (C2+) hydrocarbons (e.g., C2H4) and H2 under ambient conditions provides a promising energy-conserving approach for utilization of carbon resource. However, as the methyl intermediates prefer to undergo self-coupling to produce ethane, it is a challenging task to control the selective conversion of CH4 to higher value-added C2H4. Herein, we adopt a synergistic catalysis strategy by integrating Pd-Zn active sites on visible light-responsive defective WO3 nanosheets for synergizing the adsorption, activation, and dehydrogenation processes in CH4 to C2H4 conversion. Benefiting from the synergy, our model catalyst achieves a remarkable C2+ compounds yield of 31.85 μmol·g-1·h-1 with an exceptionally high C2H4 selectivity of 75.3% and a stoichiometric H2 evolution. In situ spectroscopic studies reveal that the Zn sites promote the adsorption and activation of CH4 molecules to generate methyl and methoxy intermediates with the assistance of lattice oxygen, while the Pd sites facilitate the dehydrogenation of methoxy to methylene radicals for producing C2H4 and suppress overoxidation. This work demonstrates a strategy for designing efficient photocatalysts toward selective coupling of CH4 to higher value-added chemicals and highlights the importance of synergistic active sites to the synergy of key steps in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanduo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Institute of Energy Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Yihong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wenbin Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tingting Kong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | | | - Chao Gao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yujie Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Institute of Energy Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
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7
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Chen LP, Cheng SL, Fan XY, Zhu JF, Wang BQ, Feng C, Xiang SK. Palladium-catalyzed triple coupling of 2-iodoanisoles with aryl iodides to access 6H-dibenzopyrans. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00738j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed triple coupling of 2-iodoanisoles with aryl iodides has been developed. 3-Methyl-2-pyridone was used as a ligand to accelerate the cross-coupling and suppress the homo-coupling of 2-iodoanisoles. A variety...
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8
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Chen X, Lei S, Chen Y, Deng W, Deng G, Liang Y, Yang Y. Decarboxylative cyclization of o-chlorobenzoic acids with C, C-palladacycles formed by an aminopalladation/dealkylation strategy to access dibenzo[ a, c]carbazoles. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00490a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel decarboxylative cyclization of o-chlorobenzoic acids with C,C-palladacycles formed by an aminopalladation/dealkylation strategy for the assembly of dibenzo[a,c]carbazoles has been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiahong Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Sen Lei
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yan Chen
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Wenbo Deng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Guobo Deng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yun Liang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for New Petro-chemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education), and Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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