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Bofill JM, Severi M, Quapp W, Ribas-Ariño J, de P R Moreira I, Albareda G. Optimal Oriented External Electric Fields to Trigger a Barrierless Oxaphosphetane Ring Opening Step of the Wittig Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400173. [PMID: 38457260 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The Wittig reaction is one of the most important processes in organic chemistry for the asymmetric synthesis of olefinic compounds. In view of the increasingly acknowledged potentiality of the electric fields in promoting reactions, here we will consider the effect of the oriented external electric field (OEEF) on the second step of Wittig reaction (i. e. the ring opening oxaphosphetane) in a model system for non-stabilized ylides. In particular, we have determined the optimal direction and strength of the electric field that should be applied to annihilate the reaction barrier of the ring opening through the polarizable molecular electric dipole (PMED) model that we have recently developed. We conclude that the application of the optimal external electric field for the oxaphosphetane ring opening favours a Bestmann-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Maria Bofill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Severi
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Quapp
- Mathematisches Institut, Universität Leipzig, PF 100920, D-04009, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jordi Ribas-Ariño
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ibério de P R Moreira
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Li S, Wang CW, Zhao X, Dang JS, Li J. Mechanistic Studies of Stimulus-Response Integrated Catalysis of Single-Atom Alloys under Electric Fields for Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:5088-5095. [PMID: 38708949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The present work introduces a novel catalytic strategy to promote the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) by employing a cooperative Cu-based single-atom alloy (SAA) and oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) as catalysts. The field strength (F)-dependent reaction pathways are investigated by means of first-principles calculations. Different dipole-induced responses of intermediates to electric fields break the original scaling relationships and effectively tune not only the activity but also the product selectivity of the NRR. When the most active Os1Cu SAA is taken as an example, in the absence of an OEEF, the overpotential (η) of the NRR is 0.62 V, which is even larger than that of the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A negative field not only reduces η but switches the preference to the NRR over the HER. In particular, η at F = -1.14 V/Å reaches the bottom of 0.18 V, which is 70% lower than that in the field-free state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science and Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Shuang Dang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Fundamental Science Center of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
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Bofill JM, Severi M, Quapp W, Ribas-Ariño J, Moreira IDPR, Albareda G. An algorithm to find the optimal oriented external electrostatic field for annihilating a reaction barrier in a polarizable molecular system. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114112. [PMID: 37724726 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) to promote and control chemical reactivity has motivated many theoretical and computational studies in the last decade to model the action of OEEFs on a molecular system and its effects on chemical processes. Given a reaction, a central goal in this research area is to predict the optimal OEEF (oOEEF) required to annihilate the reaction energy barrier with the smallest possible field strength. Here, we present a model rooted in catastrophe and optimum control theories that allows us to find the oOEEF for a given reaction valley in the potential energy surface (PES). In this model, the effective (or perturbed) PES of a polarizable molecular system is constructed by adding to the original, non-perturbed, PES a term accounting for the interaction of the OEEF with the intrinsic electric dipole and polarizability of the molecular system, so called the polarizable molecular electric dipole (PMED) model. We demonstrate that the oOEEF can be established by locating a point in the original PES with unique topological properties: the optimal barrier breakdown or bond-breaking point (oBBP). The essential feature of the oBBP structure is the fact that this point maintains its topological properties for all the applied OEEFs, also for the unperturbed PES, thus becoming much more relevant than the commonly used minima and transition state structures. The PMED model proposed here has been implemented in an open access package and is shown to successfully predict the oOEEF for two processes: an isomerization reaction of a cumulene derivative and the Huisgen cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Maria Bofill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Severi
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Quapp
- Mathematisches Institut, Universität Leipzig, PF 100920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jordi Ribas-Ariño
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ibério de P R Moreira
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Secció de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Albareda
- Ideaded, Carrer de la Tecnologia, 35, 08840 Viladecans, Barcelona, Spain
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Lv J, Sun R, Yang Q, Gan P, Yu S, Tan Z. Research on Electric Field-Induced Catalysis Using Single-Molecule Electrical Measurement. Molecules 2023; 28:4968. [PMID: 37446629 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of catalysis in controlling chemical reactions is crucial. As an important external stimulus regulatory tool, electric field (EF) catalysis enables further possibilities for chemical reaction regulation. To date, the regulation mechanism of electric fields and electrons on chemical reactions has been modeled. The electric field at the single-molecule electronic scale provides a powerful theoretical weapon to explore the dynamics of individual chemical reactions. The combination of electric fields and single-molecule electronic techniques not only uncovers new principles but also results in the regulation of chemical reactions at the single-molecule scale. This perspective focuses on the recent electric field-catalyzed, single-molecule chemical reactions and assembly, and highlights promising outlooks for future work in single-molecule catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyao Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Ruiqin Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Qifan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Pengfei Gan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Shiyong Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zhibing Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
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Domínguez-Flores F, Melander MM. Approximating constant potential DFT with canonical DFT and electrostatic corrections. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:144701. [PMID: 37061493 DOI: 10.1063/5.0138197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of electrochemical interfaces has led to the development of several approximate density functional theory (DFT)-based schemes to study reaction thermodynamics and kinetics as a function of electrode potential. While fixed electrode potential conditions can be simulated with grand canonical ensemble DFT (GCE-DFT), various electrostatic corrections on canonical, constant charge DFT are often applied instead. In this work, we present a systematic derivation and analysis of the different electrostatic corrections on canonical DFT to understand their physical validity, implicit assumptions, and scope of applicability. Our work highlights the need to carefully address the suitability of a given model for the problem under study, especially if physical or chemical insight in addition to reaction energetics is sought. In particular, we analytically show that the different corrections cannot differentiate between electrostatic interactions and covalent or charge-transfer interactions. By numerically testing different models for CO2 adsorption on a single-atom catalyst as a function of the electrode potential, we further show that computed capacitances, dipole moments, and the obtained physical insight depend sensitively on the chosen approximation. These features limit the scope, generality, and physical insight of these corrective schemes despite their proven practicality for specific systems and energetics. Finally, we suggest guidelines for choosing different electrostatic corrections and propose the use of conceptual DFT to develop more general approximations for electrochemical interfaces and reactions using canonical DFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Domínguez-Flores
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marko M Melander
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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A catastrophe theory-based model for optimal control of chemical reactions by means of oriented electric fields. Theor Chem Acc 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-023-02959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe effect of oriented external electric fields (OEEF) on chemical reactivity has been studied theoretically and computationally in the last decades. A central goal in this research area is to predict the orientation and the smallest amplitude electric field that renders a barrierless chemical process with the smallest possible strength. Recently, a model to find the optimal electric field has been proposed and described (Bofill JM et al., J. Chem. Theory Comput. 18:935, 2022). We here proof that this model is based on catastrophe and optimum control theories. Based on both theories a technical treatment of the model is given and applied to a two-dimensional generic example that provides insight into its nature and capability. Finally, the model is applied to determine the optimal OEEF for the trans-to-cis isomerization of a [3]cumulene derivative.
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Hajra C, Mandal S, Datta A. External Electric Field Induces a Mechanistic Crossover in the Reactivity of 1,3-Dienes with Sulfur Dioxide: Sulfolene Versus Sultine. J Org Chem 2023; 88:917-923. [PMID: 36598469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Dienes (1) react with SO2 to produce sulfolenes (2) and sultines (3). Previous experiments and computational studies have shown that hetero-Diels-Alder (HDA) reaction producing the sultine is kinetically favorable compared to the chelotropic (CE) reaction producing the sulfolene. In this article, DFT calculations for a series of substituted 1,3-dienes show that under the influence of a moderate oriented external electric field (OEEF) of 2.0-4.0 V nm-1 along the reaction axis, the chelotropic reaction becomes the kinetically favorable reaction. In the absence of the OEEF, the destabilizing distortion involved in bringing the 1,3-diene and SO2 to the CE transition-state (TS) exceeds than for the HDA TS. However, under the influence of the OEEF, the strongly stabilizing electrostatic interactions in the CE TS effectively overcome the structural distortion energy. The enhanced dipole moment of the CE TS vis-à-vis the HDA TS under the OEEF accounts for the stabilization of the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandralekha Hajra
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur─700032Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sucharita Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur─700032Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur─700032Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Hanaway D, Kennedy CR. Automated Variable Electric-Field DFT Application for Evaluation of Optimally Oriented Electric Fields on Chemical Reactivity. J Org Chem 2023; 88:106-115. [PMID: 36507909 PMCID: PMC9830642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent theoretical work and experiments at molecular junctions have provided a strong conceptualization for the effects of oriented electric fields (OEFs) on organic reactions. Depending on the axis of application, OEFs can increase (or decrease) the reaction rate or distinguish between isomeric pathways. Despite the conceptual elegance of OEFs, which may be applied externally or induced locally, as tools for catalyzing organic reactions, implementation in synthetically relevant systems has been hampered by inefficiencies in evaluating reaction sensitivity to field effects. Herein, we describe the development of the Automated Variable Electric-Field DFT Application (A.V.E.D.A.) for streamlined evaluation of a reaction's susceptibility to OEFs. This open-source software was designed to be accessible for nonexpert users of computational and programming tools. Following initiation by a single command (and with no subsequent intervention) the Linux workflow manages a series of density functional theory calculations and mathematical manipulations to optimize local-minimum and transition-state structures in oriented electric fields of increasing magnitude. The resulting molecular and reaction dipole moments, field-perturbed geometries, and net effective activation energies are compiled for user interpretation. Ten representative pericyclic reactions that showcase the development and evaluation of A.V.E.D.A. are described.
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Electric Field Effects on Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting: Perspectives and Outlook. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15041553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The grand challenges in renewable energy lie in our ability to comprehend efficient energy conversion systems, together with dealing with the problem of intermittency via scalable energy storage systems. Relatively little progress has been made on this at grid scale and two overriding challenges still need to be addressed: (i) limiting damage to the environment and (ii) the question of environmentally friendly energy conversion. The present review focuses on a novel route for producing hydrogen, the ultimate clean fuel, from the Sun, and renewable energy source. Hydrogen can be produced by light-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, but it is very inefficient; rather, we focus here on how electric fields can be applied to metal oxide/water systems in tailoring the interplay with their intrinsic electric fields, and in how this can alter and boost PEC activity, drawing both on experiment and non-equilibrium molecular simulation.
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Ali HS, de Visser SP. Electrostatic Perturbations in the Substrate-Binding Pocket of Taurine/α-Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase Determine its Selectivity. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104167. [PMID: 34967481 PMCID: PMC9304159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Taurine/α-ketoglutarate dioxygenase is an important enzyme that takes part in the cysteine catabolism process in the human body and selectively hydroxylates taurine at the C1 -position. Recent computational studies showed that in the gas-phase the C2 -H bond of taurine is substantially weaker than the C1 -H bond, yet no evidence exists of 2-hydroxytaurine products. To this end, a detailed computational study on the selectivity patterns in TauD was performed. The calculations show that the second-coordination sphere and the protonation states of residues play a major role in guiding the enzyme to the right selectivity. Specifically, a single proton on an active site histidine residue can change the regioselectivity of the reaction through its electrostatic perturbations in the active site and effectively changes the C1 -H and C2 -H bond strengths of taurine. This is further emphasized by many polar and hydrogen bonding interactions of the protein cage in TauD with the substrate and the oxidant that weaken the pro-R C1 -H bond and triggers a chemoselective reaction process. The large cluster models reproduce the experimental free energy of activation excellently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Saqib Ali
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Sam P. de Visser
- Manchester Institute of BiotechnologyThe University of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical ScienceThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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