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Li J, Sheng B, Chen Y, Yang J, Wang P, Li Y, Yu T, Pan H, Qiu L, Li Y, Song J, Zhu L, Wang X, Huang Z, Zhou B. Utilizing full-spectrum sunlight for ammonia decomposition to hydrogen over GaN nanowires-supported Ru nanoparticles on silicon. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7393. [PMID: 39191764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Photo-thermal-coupling ammonia decomposition presents a promising strategy for utilizing the full-spectrum to address the H2 storage and transportation issues. Herein, we exhibit a photo-thermal-catalytic architecture by assembling gallium nitride nanowires-supported ruthenium nanoparticles on a silicon for extracting hydrogen from ammonia aqueous solution in a batch reactor with only sunlight input. The photoexcited charge carriers make a predomination contribution on H2 activity with the assistance of the photothermal effect. Upon concentrated light illumination, the architecture significantly reduces the activation energy barrier from 1.08 to 0.22 eV. As a result, a high turnover number of 3,400,750 is reported during 400 h of continuous light illumination, and the H2 activity per hour is nearly 1000 times higher than that under the pure thermo-catalytic conditions. The reaction mechanism is extensively studied by coordinating experiments, spectroscopic characterizations, and density functional theory calculation. Outdoor tests validate the viability of such a multifunctional architecture for ammonia decomposition toward H2 under natural sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Li
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Renewable Synthetic Fuel, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Nano-Optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education (NFC-MOE), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqing Chen
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jiajia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Nano-Optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education (NFC-MOE), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Nano-Optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education (NFC-MOE), Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yixin Li
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Renewable Synthetic Fuel, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianqi Yu
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Renewable Synthetic Fuel, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu Pan
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Renewable Synthetic Fuel, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Renewable Synthetic Fuel, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Renewable Synthetic Fuel, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Song
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Lei Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Renewable Synthetic Fuel, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Nano-Optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education (NFC-MOE), Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhen Huang
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Renewable Synthetic Fuel, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Baowen Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Research Center for Renewable Synthetic Fuel, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, China.
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Kang J, He W, Wang K, Chen Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Li W. Single-atom nickel sites boosting Si nanowires for photoelectrocatalytic CO 2 conversion with nearly 100% selectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6039-6042. [PMID: 38775147 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01068j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
It is a challenge to design a photocathode with well-defined active sites for efficient photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction. Herein, single-atom Ni sites are integrated into Si nanowires to develop a novel photocathode, denoted as Ni-NC/Si. The photocathode demonstrates a stable faradaic efficiency for CO production, approaching nearly 100% at -0.6 V vs. RHE. The introduction of single-atom Ni sites provides sufficient active sites for CO2 reduction, thereby improving the selectivity towards CO formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihu Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Wenhao He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Keke Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Ya Li
- Hunan Institute of Metrology and Test, Changsha, 410014, China.
| | - Wenzhang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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Wu Y, Fan N, Wei Z, Shen J, Chen C, Xu B, Peng Y, Shen M, Fan R. Sulfidation-Induced Surface Local Electronic and Atomic Structures in a Silver Catalyst Enables Silicon Photocathode for Selective and Efficient Photoelectrochemical CO 2 Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:21868-21876. [PMID: 38637014 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Converting CO2 to value-added chemicals through a photoelectrochemical (PEC) system is a creative approach toward renewable energy utilization and storage. However, the rational design of appropriate catalysts while being effectively integrated with semiconductor photoelectrodes remains a considerable challenge for achieving single-carbon products with high efficiency. Herein, we demonstrate a novel sulfidation-induced strategy for in situ grown sulfide-derived Ag nanowires on a Si photocathode (denoted as SD-Ag/Si) based on the standard crystalline Si solar cells. Such an exquisite design of the SD-Ag/Si photocathode not only provides a large electrochemically active surface area but also endows abundant active sites of Ag2S/Ag interfaces and high-index Ag facets for PEC CO production. The optimized SD-Ag/Si photocathode displays an ideal CO Faradic efficiency of 95.2% and an onset potential of +0.26 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode, ascribed to the sulfidation-induced synergistic effect of the surface atomic arrangement and electronic structure in Ag catalysts that promote charge transfer, facilitate CO2 adsorption and activation, and suppress hydrogen evolution reaction. This sulfidation-induced strategy represents a scalable approach for designing high-performance catalysts for electrochemical and PEC devices with efficient CO2 utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ningbo Fan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zhihe Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Junxia Shen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Cong Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Bin Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Mingrong Shen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ronglei Fan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Yu J, Hao X, Mu L, Shi W, She G. Photoelectrocatalytic Utilization of CO 2 : A Big Show of Si-based Photoelectrodes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303552. [PMID: 38158581 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
CO2 is a greenhouse gas that contributes to environmental deterioration; however, it can also be utilized as an abundant C1 resource for the production of valuable chemicals. Solar-driven photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) CO2 utilization represents an advanced technology for the resourcing of CO2 . The key to achieving PEC CO2 utilization lies in high-performance semiconductor photoelectrodes. Si-based photoelectrodes have attracted increasing attention in the field of PEC CO2 utilization due to their suitable band gap (1.1 eV), high carrier mobility, low cost, and abundance on Earth. There are two pathways to PEC CO2 utilization using Si-based photoelectrodes: direct reduction of CO2 into small molecule fuels and chemicals, and fixation of CO2 with organic substrates to generate high-value chemicals. The efficiency and product selectivity of PEC CO2 utilization depends on the structures of the photoelectrodes as well as the composition, morphology, and size of the catalysts. In recent years, significant and influential progress has been made in utilizing Si-based photoelectrodes for PEC CO2 utilization. This review summarizes the latest research achievements in Si-based PEC CO2 utilization, with a particular emphasis on the mechanistic understanding of CO2 reduction and fixation, which will inspire future developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Xue Hao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Lixuan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Guangwei She
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
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Zhao R, Zhu Z, Ouyang T, Liu ZQ. Selective CO 2 -to-Syngas Conversion Enabled by Bimetallic Gold/Zinc Sites in Partially Reduced Gold/Zinc Oxide Arrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313597. [PMID: 37853853 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic CO2 -to-syngas (gaseous mixture of CO and H2 ) is a promising way to curb excessive CO2 emission and the greenhouse gas effect. Herein, we present a bimetallic AuZn@ZnO (AuZn/ZnO) catalyst with high efficiency and durability for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 and H2 O, which enables a high Faradaic efficiency of 66.4 % for CO and 26.5 % for H2 and 3 h stability of CO2 -to-syngas at -0.9 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). The CO/H2 ratios show a wide range from 0.25 to 2.50 over a narrow potential window (-0.7 V to -1.1 V vs. RHE). In situ attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy combined with density functional theory calculations reveals that the bimetallic synergistic effect between Au and Zn sites lowers the activation energy barrier of CO2 molecules and facilitates electronic transfer, further highlighting the potential to control CO/H2 ratios for efficient syngas production using the coexisting Au sites and Zn sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials/Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials/Huangpu Hydrogen Innovation Center/Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ziyin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials/Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials/Huangpu Hydrogen Innovation Center/Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ting Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials/Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials/Huangpu Hydrogen Innovation Center/Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials/Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials/Huangpu Hydrogen Innovation Center/Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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6
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Zhou B, Li J, Dong X, Yao L. GaN nanowires/Si photocathodes for CO2 reduction towards solar fuels and chemicals: advances, challenges, and prospects. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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7
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Feng ZC, Liu YL, Yiin J, Chen LC, Chen KH, Klein B, Ferguson IT. Synthesis, Structural and Magnetic Properties of Cobalt-Doped GaN Nanowires on Si by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:97. [PMID: 36614436 PMCID: PMC9821199 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
GaN nanowires (NWs) grown on silicon via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition were doped with Cobalt (Co) by ion implantation, with a high dose concentration of 4 × 1016 cm-2, corresponding to an average atomic percentage of ~3.85%, and annealed after the implantation. Co-doped GaN showed optimum structural properties when annealed at 700 °C for 6 min in NH3 ambience. From scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscope, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements and analyses, the single crystalline nature of Co-GaN NWs was identified. Slight expansion in the lattice constant of Co-GaN NWs due to the implantation-induced stress effect was observed, which was recovered by thermal annealing. Co-GaN NWs exhibited ferromagnetism as per the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurement. Hysteretic curves with Hc (coercivity) of 502.5 Oe at 5 K and 201.3 Oe at 300 K were obtained. Applied with a magnetic field of 100 Oe, the transition point between paramagnetic property and ferromagnetic property was determined at 332 K. Interesting structural and conducive magnetic properties show the potential of Co-doped GaN nanowires for the next optoelectronic, electronic, spintronic, sensing, optical, and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chuan Feng
- Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA
| | - Yu-Lun Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey Yiin
- Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA
| | - Li-Chyong Chen
- National Taiwan University Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hsien Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Benjamin Klein
- Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA
| | - Ian T. Ferguson
- Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Kennesaw State University, Marietta, GA 30060, USA
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Back-illuminated photoelectrochemical flow cell for efficient CO2 reduction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7111. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34926-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPhotoelectrochemical CO2 reduction reaction flow cells are promising devices to meet the requirements to produce solar fuels at the industrial scale. Photoelectrodes with wide bandgaps do not allow for efficient CO2 reduction at high current densities, while the integration of opaque photoelectrodes with narrow bandgaps in flow cell configurations still remains a challenge. This paper describes the design and fabrication of a back-illuminated Si photoanode promoted PEC flow cell for CO2 reduction reaction. The illumination area and catalytic sites of the Si photoelectrode are decoupled, owing to the effective passivation of defect states that allows for the long minority carrier diffusion length, that surpasses the thickness of the Si substrate. Hence, a solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency of CO of 2.42% and a Faradaic efficiency of 90% using Ag catalysts are achieved. For CO2 to C2+ products, the Faradaic efficiency of 53% and solar-to-fuel of 0.29% are achieved using Cu catalyst in flow cell.
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Lim JW, Dong WJ, Cho WS, Yoo CJ, Lee JL. CuS x Catalysts by Ag-Mediated Corrosion of Cu for Electrochemical Reduction of Sulfur-Containing CO 2 Gas to HCOOH. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wook Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang790-784, Korea
| | - Wan Jae Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang790-784, Korea
| | - Won Seok Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang790-784, Korea
| | - Chul Jong Yoo
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang790-784, Korea
| | - Jong-Lam Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang790-784, Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang790-784, Korea
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Shao J, Li H, Fei H, Yang L, Wang G, Li M, Gao J, Liao H, Lu J. Fabrication of an S-Scheme AgBr–PI Heterojunction for Biphenyl A Degradation and Its Degradation Pathways and Mechanism. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Shao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Heng Fei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liujun Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huarong Liao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianmei Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
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