1
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Wang Z, Liu C, Huang J, Huang L, Feng H. Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective Monofluoroallylation of Indoles with gem-Difluorocyclopropanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:6905-6909. [PMID: 39088798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
We present a palladium-catalyzed ring-opening reaction that induces indoles to cross-couple with gem-difluorocyclopropanes. The reaction proceeds through a domino process of C-C bond activation and C-F bond elimination, followed by C-C(sp2) coupling to produce various 2-fluoroallylindoles. This method is characterized by its high functional group tolerance, good yields and high regioselectivity, under base-free conditions. The synthetic utility of the products is illustrated by the functionalization of the NH and C2 positions of the indole scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Junhai Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Liliang Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Huangdi Feng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
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2
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Murata Y, Hada K, Aggarwal T, Escorihuela J, Shibata N. Transition-Metal-Free Approach for Z-Vinyl Fluorides by Hydrofluorination of Alkynes bearing SF 4 and SF 5 Groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318086. [PMID: 38206172 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of vinyl fluorides plays a crucial role in various scientific disciplines, including pharmaceutical and materials sciences. Herein, we present a direct and stereoselective hydrofluorination method for the synthesis of Z isomers of vinyl fluorides from alkynes containing unexplored SF5 and SF4 groups. Our strategy employed tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) as a fluorine source. It demonstrates high compatibility with aryls, biaryls, heteroaryls, and tert-alkyl groups, allowing facile incorporation of SF5 and SF4 groups across the triple bond without any transition-metal catalysts. This approach avoids the potential decomposition of the SF5 or SF4 units via coordination with transition metals or acidic protic sources. Remarkably, this transformation proceeded at room temperature without any additional additives, providing the Z isomer of vinyl fluorides in excellent yield and high selectivity. The presence of a water molecule as a hydrate in TBAF is essential for efficient conversion. This methodology opens new avenues for the synthesis of enchanting SF5 - and SF4 -containing fluorinated vinylic scaffolds, thereby providing advanced opportunities for novel drug discovery and fluorinated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Murata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Kenshiro Hada
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Trapti Aggarwal
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Norio Shibata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan
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3
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Farley SES, Mulryan D, Rekhroukh F, Phanopoulos A, Crimmin MR. Catalytic HF Shuttling between Fluoroalkanes and Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202317550. [PMID: 38069591 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report BF3 ⋅ OEt2 as a catalyst to shuttle equivalents of HF from a fluoroalkane to an alkyne. Reactions of terminal and internal aliphatic alkynes led to formation of difluoroalkane products, while diarylalkynes can be selectively converted into fluoroalkenes. The method tolerates numerous sensitive functional groups including halogen, protected amine, ester and thiophene substituents. Mechanistic studies (DFT, probe experiments) suggest the catalyst is involved in both the defluorination and fluorination steps, with BF3 acting as a Lewis acid and OEt2 a weak Lewis base that mediates proton transfer. In certain cases, the interconversion of fluoroalkene and difluoroalkane products was found to be reversible. The new catalytic system was applied to demonstrate proof-of-concept recycling of poly(vinylidene difluoride).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E S Farley
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Daniel Mulryan
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Feriel Rekhroukh
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Mark R Crimmin
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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4
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Hooker LV, Bandar JS. Synthetic Advantages of Defluorinative C-F Bond Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308880. [PMID: 37607025 PMCID: PMC10843719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in the development of methods to both create compounds that contain C-F bonds and to functionalize C-F bonds. As such, C-F bonds are becoming common and versatile synthetic functional handles. This review summarizes the advantages of defluorinative functionalization reactions for small molecule synthesis. The coverage is organized by the type of carbon framework the fluorine is attached to for mono- and polyfluorinated motifs. The main challenges, opportunities and advances of defluorinative functionalization are discussed for each class of organofluorine. Most of the text focuses on case studies that illustrate how defluorofunctionalization can improve routes to synthetic targets or how the properties of C-F bonds enable unique mechanisms and reactions. The broader goal is to showcase the opportunities for incorporating and exploiting C-F bonds in the design of synthetic routes, improvement of specific reactions and advent of new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy V Hooker
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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5
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Gauthier R, Paquin JF. Hydrofluorination of Alkynes: From (E) to (Z). Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301896. [PMID: 37458694 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The hydrofluorination of alkynes is an efficient synthetic route to monofluoroalkenes or difluoroalkanes. Both fluorinated motifs have found applications in medicinal chemistry and beyond. This review explores the recent advances in the hydrofluorination of diverse alkynes through various activation methods, from classical coinage metal catalysis to metal-free conditions. The range of alkynes goes from the simplest unactivated alkynes to activated ones (ynones and derivatives, ynamides, alkynyl sulfides and sulfones as much as haloalkynes). Regio- and stereoselective methods exists, but there is still room for improvement depending on the type of alkyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Gauthier
- PROTEO, CCVC, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jean-François Paquin
- PROTEO, CCVC, Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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6
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Scattolin T, Tonon G, Botter E, Guillet SG, Tzouras NV, Nolan SP. Gold(I)-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Synthons in Organometallic Synthesis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301961. [PMID: 37463071 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The prominent role of gold-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes in numerous research areas such as homogeneous (photo)catalysis, medicinal chemistry and materials science has prompted organometallic chemists to design gold-based synthons that permit access to target complexes through simple synthetic steps under mild conditions. In this review, the main gold-NHC synthons employed in organometallic synthesis are discussed. Mechanistic aspects involved in their synthesis and reactivity as well as applications of gold-NHC synthons as efficient pre-catalysts, antitumor agents and/or photo-emissive materials are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Eleonora Botter
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Sebastien G Guillet
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Heinekamp C, Buzanich AG, Ahrens M, Braun T, Emmerling F. An amorphous Lewis-acidic zirconium chlorofluoride as HF shuttle: C-F bond activation and formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11224-11227. [PMID: 37655607 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03164k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
An exceptional HF transfer reaction by C-F bond activation of fluoropentane and a subsequent hydrofluorination of alkynes at room temperature is reported. An amorphous Lewis-acidic Zr chlorofluoride serves as heterogeneous catalyst, which is characterised by an eightfold coordination environment at Zr including chlorine atoms. The studies are seminal in establishing sustainable fluorine chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heinekamp
- Department Materials Chemistry, Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ana Guilherme Buzanich
- Department Materials Chemistry, Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mike Ahrens
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Department Materials Chemistry, Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Yang H, Wang J, Jin C, Li X, Xu X. Au(I)-Catalyzed Regioselective Hydrofluorination of Propargylamines Using Aqueous HF. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12074-12078. [PMID: 37494279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Gold-catalyzed regioselective hydrofluorination of alkynes using aqueous HF has been achieved by employing an amide directing group. For both aryl- and alkyl-substituted propargylamines, the fluorination occurred at the site distal to the amino group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Can Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
| | - Xiangsheng Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China
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9
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Ibni Hashim I, Tzouras NV, Janssens W, Scattolin T, Bourda L, Bhandary S, Van Hecke K, Nolan SP, Cazin CSJ. Synthesis of Carbene‐Metal‐Amido (CMA) Complexes and Their Use as Precatalysts for the Activator‐Free, Gold‐Catalyzed Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Alkynes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201224. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Ibni Hashim
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V. Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Wim Janssens
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Laurens Bourda
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Catherine S. J. Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281,S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
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10
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Sander S, Braun T. Platinum-Catalyzed Hydrofluorination of Alkynes: Hydrogen Bonding to Indolylphosphine Ligands to Provide Fluoride Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204678. [PMID: 35420731 PMCID: PMC9401575 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of the Pt complexes cis-[Pt(CH3 )2 {R2 P(Ind)}2 ] (Ind=2-(3-methyl)indolyl, R=Ph (1 a), 4-FC6 H4 (1 b), 4-CF3 C6 H4 (1 c)) with HF afforded the fluorido complexes trans-[Pt(F(HF)2 )(CH3 ){R2 P(Ind)}2 ] 2 a-c, which can be converted into trans-[Pt(F)(CH3 ){R2 P(Ind)}2 ] (3 a-c) by treatment with CsF. Addition of 3-hexyne to 2 a-c gave alkyne complexes trans-[Pt(C,C-η2 -C2 H5 C≡CC2 H5 )(CH3 ){R2 P(Ind)}2 {F(HF)2 }] (4 a-c) at which a fluoride is stabilised as polyfluoride in the coordination sphere by hydrogen bonding to the indolyl-substituted phosphine ligands. Subsequent heating of a solution of 4 a in the presence of PVPHF led to fluoroalkene formation. Selective catalytic hydrofluorination of alkynes to yield (Z)-fluoroalkenes were developed. The ability of hydrogen bonding to polyfluoride favours the fluorination step as demonstrated by studies with complexes bearing no indolyl groups at the phosphine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Sander
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of ChemistryHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
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11
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Rigoulet M, Vesseur D, Miqueu K, Bourissou D. Gold(I) α-Trifluoromethyl Carbenes: Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204781. [PMID: 35466483 PMCID: PMC9323441 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aryl trifluoromethyl diazomethanes 2-R (R=Ph, OMe, CF3 ) are readily decomposed by the (o-carboranyl)diphosphine gold(I) complex 1. The resulting α-CF3 substituted carbene complexes 3-R have been characterized by multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy as well as X-ray crystallography (for 3-Ph). The bonding situation was thoroughly assessed by computational means, showing stabilization of the electrophilic carbene center by π-donation from the aryl substituent and backdonation from Au, as enhanced by the chelating P^P ligand. Reactivity studies under stoichiometric and catalytic conditions substantiate typical carbene-type behavior for 3-Ph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Rigoulet
- CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire HétérochimieFondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069)118 Route de Narbonne31062Toulouse Cedex 09France
| | - David Vesseur
- CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire HétérochimieFondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069)118 Route de Narbonne31062Toulouse Cedex 09France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPAInstitut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux (IPREM, UMR 5254)Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot64053Pau Cedex 09France
| | - Didier Bourissou
- CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire HétérochimieFondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA, UMR 5069)118 Route de Narbonne31062Toulouse Cedex 09France
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12
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Gold(I) α‐Trifluoromethyl Carbenes: Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Sander S, Braun T. Platinum‐Catalyzed Hydrofluorination of Alkynes: Hydrogen Bonding to Indolylphosphine Ligands to Provide Fluoride Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Sander
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin: Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin chemistry GERMANY
| | - Thomas Braun
- Humboldt University Chemistry Brook-Taylor Str. 2 12489 Berlin GERMANY
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