1
|
Kundu J, Kwon T, Lee K, Choi S. Exploration of metal-free 2D electrocatalysts toward the oxygen electroreduction. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20220174. [PMID: 39175883 PMCID: PMC11335471 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of economical and readily available electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) holds paramount importance in the advancement of fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Recently, 2D non-metallic materials have obtained substantial attention as viable alternatives for ORR catalysts due to their manifold advantages, encompassing low cost, ample availability, substantial surface-to-volume ratio, high conductivity, exceptional durability, and competitive activity. The augmented ORR performances observed in metal-free 2D materials typically arise from heteroatom doping, defects, or the formation of heterostructures. Here, the authors delve into the realm of electrocatalysts for the ORR, pivoting around metal-free 2D materials. Initially, the merits of metal-free 2D materials are explored and the reaction mechanism of the ORR is dissected. Subsequently, a comprehensive survey of diverse metal-free 2D materials is presented, tracing their evolutionary journey from fundamental concepts to pragmatic applications in the context of ORR. Substantial importance is given on the exploration of various strategies for enhancing metal-free 2D materials and assessing their impact on inherent material performance, including electronic properties. Finally, the challenges and future prospects that lie ahead for metal-free 2D materials are underscored, as they aspire to serve as efficient ORR electrocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyjit Kundu
- Department of Chemistry and Green‐Nano Materials Research CenterKyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic SciencesIncheon National UniversityIncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural SciencesKorea UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Il Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Green‐Nano Materials Research CenterKyungpook National UniversityDaeguRepublic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wahidah H, Chun HJ, Kim WH, Kim TW, Kim SK, Hong JW. Crystal-Phase- and B-Content-Dependent Electrochemical Behavior of Pd─B Nanocrystals toward Oxygen Reduction Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402271. [PMID: 39030960 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
The manipulation of crystal phases in metal-nonmetal interstitial alloy nanostructures has attracted considerable attention due to the formation of unique electronic structures and surface atomic arrangements, resulting in unprecedented catalytic performances. However, achieving simultaneous control over crystal phase and nonmetal elements in metal-nonmetal interstitial alloy nanostructures has remained a formidable challenge. Here, a novel synthesis approach is presented for Pd─B interstitial alloy nanocrystals (NCs) that allows investigation of the crystal-phase- and B-content-dependent catalytic performance. Through comparison of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) properties of Pd─BX interstitial alloy NCs with different crystal phases and B contents, achieved by precise control of reaction temperature and time, the influences of crystal phase and B contents in the Pd─BX interstitial alloy NCs on ORR are precisely investigated. The hexagonal closed packed (hcp) PdB0.5 NCs exhibit superior catalytic activity, with mass activities reaching 2.58 A mg-1, surpassing Pd/C by 10.3 times, attributed to synergistic effects by the hcp crystal phase and relatively high B contents. This study not only provides a novel approach to fabricate interstitial alloy nanostructures with unconventional crystal phases and finely controlled nonmetal elements but also elucidates the importance of crystal phase and nonmetal element content in optimizing electrocatalytic efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafidatul Wahidah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joon Chun
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyeok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ki Kim
- Department of Energy System Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wook Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang B, Xiang Z. Nanostructure Engineering of Cathode Layers in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: From Catalysts to Membrane Electrode Assembly. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11598-11630. [PMID: 38669279 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is the core component of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which is the place where the reaction occurrence, the multiphase material transfer and the energy conversion, and the development of MEA with high activity and long stability are crucial for the practical application of PEMFCs. Currently, efforts are devoted to developing the regulation of MEA nanostructure engineering, which is believed to have advantages in improving catalyst utilization, maximizing three-phase boundaries, enhancing mass transport, and improving operational stability. This work reviews recent research progress on platinum group metal (PGM) and PGM-free catalysts with multidimensional nanostructures, catalyst layers (CLs), and nano-MEAs for PEMFCs, emphasizing the importance of structure-function relationships, aiming to guide the further development of the performance for PEMFCs. Then the design strategy of the MEA interface is summarized systematically. In addition, the application of in situ and operational characterization techniques to adequately identify current density distributions, hot spots, and water management visualization of MEAs is also discussed. Finally, the limitations of nanostructured MEA research are discussed and future promising research directions are proposed. This paper aims to provide valuable insights into the fundamental science and technical engineering of efficient MEA interfaces for PEMFCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bolong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lin F, Li M, Zeng L, Luo M, Guo S. Intermetallic Nanocrystals for Fuel-Cells-Based Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12507-12593. [PMID: 37910391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis underpins the renewable electrochemical conversions for sustainability, which further replies on metallic nanocrystals as vital electrocatalysts. Intermetallic nanocrystals have been known to show distinct properties compared to their disordered counterparts, and been long explored for functional improvements. Tremendous progresses have been made in the past few years, with notable trend of more precise engineering down to an atomic level and the investigation transferring into more practical membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which motivates this timely review. After addressing the basic thermodynamic and kinetic fundamentals, we discuss classic and latest synthetic strategies that enable not only the formation of intermetallic phase but also the rational control of other catalysis-determinant structural parameters, such as size and morphology. We also demonstrate the emerging intermetallic nanomaterials for potentially further advancement in energy electrocatalysis. Then, we discuss the state-of-the-art characterizations and representative intermetallic electrocatalysts with emphasis on oxygen reduction reaction evaluated in a MEA setup. We summarize this review by laying out existing challenges and offering perspective on future research directions toward practicing intermetallic electrocatalysts for energy conversions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangxu Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Menggang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lingyou Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingchuan Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaojun Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tao L, Huang B, Zhao Y. Low-Dimensional High-Entropy Alloys for Advanced Electrocatalytic Reactions. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300097. [PMID: 37236145 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional high-entropy alloy (HEA) nanomaterials are widely employed as electrocatalysts for energy conversion reactions, due to their inherent advantages, including high electron mobility, rich catalytically active site, optimal electronic structure. Moreover, the high-entropy, lattice distortion, and sluggish diffusion effects also enable them to be promising electrocatalysts. A thorough understanding on the structure-activity relationships of low-dimensional HEA catalyst play a huge role in the future pursuit of more efficient electrocatalysts. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of low-dimensional HEA nanomaterials for efficient catalytic energy conversion. By systematically discussing the fundamentals of HEA and properties of low-dimensional nanostructures, we highlight the advantages of low-dimensional HEAs. Subsequently, we also present many low-dimensional HEA catalysts for electrocatalytic reactions, aiming to gain a better understanding on the structure-activity relationship. Finally, a series of upcoming challenges and issues are also thoroughly proposed as well as their future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Special Functional Textile Materials, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Textile and Garment, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Changzhou Sveck Photovoltaic New Material Co., Ltd, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213200, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211189, China
| | - Baoyu Huang
- Changzhou Sveck Photovoltaic New Material Co., Ltd, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213200, China
| | - Yitao Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Special Functional Textile Materials, Changzhou Vocational Institute of Textile and Garment, Changzhou, 213164, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang L, Wang K, Jin L, Xu H, Chen H. Engineering metallenes for boosting electrocatalytic biomass-oxidation-assisted hydrogen evolution reaction. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11378-11389. [PMID: 37551456 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Metallenes exhibit great potential for catalytic reaction, particularly for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and biomass oxidation reaction, due to their favorable electronic configurations, ultrahigh specific surface areas, and highly accessible surface atoms. Therefore, metallenes can function as bifunctional electrocatalysts to boost the energy-saving biomass-oxidation-assisted HER, and have attracted great interest. Given the growing importance of green hydrogen as an alternative energy source in recent years, it is timely and imperative to summarize the recent progress and current status of metallene-based catalysts for the biomass-oxidation-assisted HER. Here, we review the recent advances in metallenes in terms of composition and structural regulations including alloying, nonmetal doping, defect engineering, surface functionalization, and heterostructure engineering strategies and their applications in driving electrocatalytic HER, with special focus on biomass-oxidation-assisted hydrogen production. The underlying structure-activity relationship and mechanisms are also comprehensively discussed. Finally, we also propose the challenges and future directions of metallene-based catalysts for the applications in biomass-oxidation-assisted HER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lida Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China.
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China.
| | - Lie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China.
| | - Haiqun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province 213164, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang G, Wang Y, Ma Y, Zhang H, Zheng Y. Boosting Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Formic Acid on Ir(IV)-Doped PdAg Alloy Nanodendrites with Sub-5 nm Branches. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093670. [PMID: 37175080 PMCID: PMC10180118 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) represents an important class of small organic molecule oxidation and is central to the practical application of fuel cells. In this study, we report the fabrication of Ir(IV)-doped PdAg alloy nanodendrites with sub-5 nm branches via stepwise synthesis in which the precursors of Pd and Ag were co-reduced, followed by the addition of IrCl3 to conduct an in situ galvanic replacement reaction. When serving as the electrocatalyst for the FAOR in an acidic medium, Ir(IV) doping unambiguously enhanced the activity of PdAg alloy nanodendrites and improved the reaction kinetics and long-term stability. In particular, the carbon-supported PdAgIr nanodendrites exhibited a prominent mass activity with a value of 1.09 A mgPd-1, which is almost 2.0 times and 2.7 times that of their PdAg and Pd counterparts, and far superior to that of commercial Pt/C. As confirmed by the means of the DFT simulations, this improved electrocatalytic performance stems from the reduced overall barrier in the oxidation of formic acid into CO2 during the FAOR and successful d-band tuning, together with the stabilization of Pd atoms. The current study opens a new avenue for engineering Pd-based trimetallic nanocrystals with versatile control over the morphology and composition, shedding light on the design of advanced fuel cell electrocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gongguo Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials, Jining University, Qufu 273155, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Health Management Department, Shandong Vocational College of Light Industry, Zibo 255300, China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials, Jining University, Qufu 273155, China
| | - Yiqun Zheng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Materials, Jining University, Qufu 273155, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim HJ, Hong E, Hong Y, Kim J, Kabiraz MK, Kim YM, Lee H, Seo WS, Choi SI. Surface distortion of FeRu nanoparticles improves the hydrogen evolution reaction performance in alkaline media. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5816-5824. [PMID: 36857715 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05881b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rational design of electrocatalysts, including an increased catalytic surface area, a unique surface structure, and improved conductivity, for facilitating the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is emerging as an important issue. In this work, we consider the engineering of catalyst surfaces as an effective and feasible way to accelerate the HER kinetics. By etching the surface Fe of FeRu alloy nanoparticles (NPs) using hydrofluoric acid (HF), a distorted catalytic surface of FeRu NPs was formed. The distorted surface of the HF-treated FeRu NPs was successfully analyzed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy, and electrochemical absorption/desorption experiments. The electrocatalytic HER activity of the HF-treated FeRu NPs demonstrated that surface distortion enhances the water dissociation reaction and the electron transfer rate. As a result, the surface-distorted FeRu NPs improved HER performances in alkaline media compared to the pristine FeRu alloy NP/C, commercial Ru/C, and the state-of-the-art Pt/C catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Eunseo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Yonghoon Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Jeonghyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Mrinal Kanti Kabiraz
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Young-Min Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hangil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea.
| | - Won Seok Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea.
| | - Sang-Il Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chu X, Wang K, Qian W, Xu H. Surface and interfacial engineering of 1D Pt-group nanostructures for catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Abstract
Understanding the structure-activity relationship at electrochemical interfaces is crucial in improving the performance of practical electrochemical devices, ranging from fuel cells, electrolyzers, and batteries to electrochemical sensors. However, functional electrochemical interfaces are often complex and contain various surface structures, creating heterogeneity in electrochemical activity. In this Perspective, we highlight the role of heterogeneity in electrochemistry, especially in the context of electrocatalysis. Current methods for revealing the heterogeneity at electrochemical interfaces, including nanoelectrochemistry tools and single-entity approaches, are discussed. Lastly, we provide perspectives on what one can learn by studying heterogeneity and how one can use heterogeneity to design more efficient electrochemical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Hyun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyein Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Heekwon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kabiraz MK, Kim HJ, Hong Y, Chang Q, Choi S. Excess dopant effect in
platinum‐based
alloys toward the oxygen electroreduction reaction. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Kanti Kabiraz
- Department of Chemistry and Green‐Nano Materials Research Center Kyungpook National University Daegu South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Green‐Nano Materials Research Center Kyungpook National University Daegu South Korea
| | - Youngmin Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Green‐Nano Materials Research Center Kyungpook National University Daegu South Korea
| | - Qiaowan Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering Columbia University New York New York USA
| | - Sang‐Il Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Green‐Nano Materials Research Center Kyungpook National University Daegu South Korea
- Department of Hydrogen and Renewable Energy Kyungpook National University Daegu South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chang F, Liu Y, Yang L, Zhang Q, Wei J, Wang X, Bai Z. Modulating the intrinsic properties of platinum–cobalt nanowires for enhanced electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01146h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to improve the intrinsic activity of nanoalloy electrocatalysts is essential for designing highly efficient electrocatalysts by optimizing the basic physical properties of the nanoalloy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yongpeng Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Juncai Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|