1
|
Garrido-González JJ, Medrano-Uribe K, Rosso C, Humbrías-Martín J, Dell'Amico L. Photocatalytic Synthesis and Functionalization of Sulfones, Sulfonamides and Sulfoximines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401307. [PMID: 39037368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur(VI)-based functional groups are popular scaffolds in a wide variety of research fields including synthetic and medicinal chemistry, as well as chemical biology. The growing interest in sulfur(VI)-containing molecules has motivated the scientific community to explore new methods to synthesize and modify them. Here, photocatalysis plays a key role granting access to new types of reactivity under mild reaction conditions. In this Perspective, we present a selection of works reported in the last six years focused on the photocatalytic assembly and reactivity of sulfones, sulfonamides, and sulfoximines. We addressed the key synthetic intermediates for each transformation, while discussing limitations and strength points of the protocols. Future directions of the field are finally presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José J Garrido-González
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Katy Medrano-Uribe
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Jorge Humbrías-Martín
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shen J, Li H, Li Y, Zhu Z, Luo K, Wu L. Visible-Light-Promoted Radical Cascade Sulfone Alkylation/Cyclization of 2-Isocyanoaryl Thioethers Enabled by Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex Formation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10223-10233. [PMID: 38939958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
A photo-induced cascade sulfone alkylation/cyclization of 2-isocyanoaryl thioethers is explored. This visible-light-triggered reaction not only occurs under extremely mild reaction conditions but also does not require the presence of a photosensitizer. The photocatalytic process is triggered by the photochemical activity of in situ-generated electron donor-acceptor complexes, arising from the association of 2-isocyanoaryl thioethers and α-iodosulfones. The radical pathway was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, radical trapping, Job's plot, and on/off irradiation experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoque IU, Samanta A, Pramanik S, Chowdhury SR, Lo R, Maity S. Photocascade chemoselective controlling of ambident thio(seleno)cyanates with alkenes via catalyst modulation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5739. [PMID: 38982050 PMCID: PMC11233607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling the ambident reactivity of thiocyanates in reaction manifolds has been a long-standing and formidable challenge. We report herein a photoredox strategy for installing thiocyanates and isothiocyanates in a controlled chemoselective fashion by manipulating the ambident-SCN through catalyst modulation. The methodology allows redox-, and pot-economical 'on-demand' direct access to both hydrothiophene and pyrrolidine heterocycles from the same feedstock alkenes and bifunctional thiocyanomalonates in a photocascade sequence. Its excellent chemoselectivity profile was further expanded to access Se- and N-heterocycles by harnessing selenonitriles. Redox capability of the catalysts, which dictates the substrates to participate in a single or cascade catalytic cycle, was proposed as the key to the present chemodivergency of this process. In addition, detailed mechanistic insights are provided by a conjugation of extensive control experiments and dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Injamam Ul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Apurba Samanta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Shyamal Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Soumyadeep Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India
| | - Rabindranath Lo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, Prague, 160 000, Czech Republic
| | - Soumitra Maity
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, JH, 826004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao Y, Li L, Zang J, Young DJ, Ren ZG, Li HY, Yu L, Bian GQ, Li HX. Modulating β-Keto-enamine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalytic Atom-Transfer Radical Addition Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400377. [PMID: 38403857 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The atom-transfer radical addition (ATRA) reaction simultaneously forges carbon-carbon and carbon-halogen bonds. However, frequently-used photosensitizers such as precious transition metal complexes, or organic dyes have limitations in terms of their potential toxicity and recyclability. Three β-ketoenamine-linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) from 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol and 1,4-phenylenediamines with variable transient photocurrent and photocatalytic activity have been prepared. A COF bearing electron-deficient Cl atoms displayed the highest photocatalytic activity toward the ATRA reaction of polyhalogenated alkanes to give halogenated olefins under visible light at room temperature. This heterogeneous photocatalyst exhibited good functional group tolerance and could be recycled without significant loss of activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiyuan Zang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - David J Young
- Glasgow College, UESTC, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Ren
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qing Bian
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xi Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rrapi M, Batsika CS, Nikitas NF, Tappin NDC, Triandafillidi I, Renaud P, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Synthesis of Lactones, Cyclopropanes and ATRA Products: Revealing the Role of Sodium Ascorbate. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400253. [PMID: 38324672 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Light-mediated processes have received significant attention, since they have re-surfaced unconventional reactivity platforms, complementary to conventional polar chemistry. γ-Lactones and cyclopropanes are prevalent moieties, found in numerous natural products and pharmaceuticals. Among various methods for their synthesis, light-mediated protocols are coming to the spotlight, although these are contingent upon the use of photoorgano- or metal-based catalysts. Herein, we introduce a novel photochemical activation of iodo-reagents via the use of cheap sodium ascorbate or ascorbic acid to enable their homolytic scission and addition onto double bonds. The developed protocol was applied successfully to the formal [3+2] cycloaddition for the synthesis of γ-lactones, traditional atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions and the one-pot two-step conversion of alkenes to cyclopropanes. In all cases, the desired products were obtained in good to high yields, while the reaction mechanism was thoroughly investigated. Depending on the nature of the iodo-reagent, a halogen or a hydrogen-bonded complex is formed, which initiates the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Rrapi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Charikleia S Batsika
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas D C Tappin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15771, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cuadros S, Paut J, Anselmi E, Dagousset G, Magnier E, Dell'Amico L. Light-Driven Synthesis and Functionalization of Bicycloalkanes, Cubanes and Related Bioisosteres. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317333. [PMID: 38179801 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Bicycloalkanes, cubanes and their structural analogues have emerged as bioisosteres of (hetero)arenes. To meet increasing demand, the chemical community has developed a plethora of novel synthetic methods. In this review, we assess the progress made in the field of light-driven construction and functionalization of such relevant molecules. We have focused on diverse structural targets, as well as on reaction processes giving access to: (i) [1.1.1]-bicyclopentanes (BCPs); (ii) [2.2.1]-bicyclohexanes (BCHs); (iii) [3.1.1]-bicycloheptanes (BCHeps); and (iv) cubanes; as well as other structurally related scaffolds. Finally, future perspectives dealing with the identification of novel reaction manifolds to access new functionalized bioisosteric units are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cuadros
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Julien Paut
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, University of Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Elsa Anselmi
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, University of Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Dagousset
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, University of Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, University of Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao H, Zong Y, Sun Y, An G, Wang J. An Organocatalytic System for Z-Alkene Synthesis via a Hydrogen-Bonding-Assisted Photoinduced Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex. Org Lett 2024; 26:1739-1744. [PMID: 38367258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
A general catalytic donor for the combination of a photoinduced electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex and energy transfer was developed. This mild and metal-free protocol allows facile access to various Z-alkenes. Mechanism studies revealed that the organophotocatalyst, 4-CzIPN, formed a distinct three-component EDA complex with redox-active esters and (C6H5O)2P(O)OH to trigger the photoredox catalysis. The E → Z isomerization was achieved via electron exchange energy transfer from 4-CzIPN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P. R.China
| | - Yingxiao Zong
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu 734000, P. R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P. R.China
| | - Guanghui An
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150080, P. R.China
| | - Junke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu 734000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gentile G, Bartolomei B, Dosso J, Demitri N, Filippini G, Prato M. Synthesis of a novel tetra-phenol π-extended phenazine and its application as an organo-photocatalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:602-605. [PMID: 38099872 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05176e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, the synthesis of a novel tetra-phenol π-extended dihydrophenazine is reported. The obtained derivative presents marked reducing properties in the excited state and was exploited as an organo-photocatalyst in dehalogenation and C-C bond formation reactions. These results underline the great potential of functionalized π-extended dihydrophenazines as organo-photocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Bartolomei
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Jacopo Dosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone, Trieste S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CENMAT, Centre of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matsuo K, Yamaguchi E, Itoh A. Halogen-Bonding-Promoted Photoinduced C-X Borylation of Aryl Halide Using Phenol Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6176-6181. [PMID: 37083371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the photoinduced C-X borylation reaction of aryl halides by forming a halogen-bonding (XB) complex using 2-naphthol as an XB acceptor. The method is chemoselective and broadly functional group tolerant and provides concise access to corresponding boronate esters. Mechanistic studies reveal that forming the XB complex between aryl halide and naphthol acts as an electron donor-acceptor complex to furnish aryl radicals through photoinduced electron transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Matsuo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceuticals Synthetic, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Eiji Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceuticals Synthetic, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akichika Itoh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceuticals Synthetic, Gifu Pharmaceutical University 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Corti V, Dosso J, Prato M, Filippini G. Photoinduced Cascade Reactions of 2-Allylphenol Derivatives toward the Production of 2,3-Dihydrobenzofurans. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6008-6016. [PMID: 37001017 PMCID: PMC10167682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
A light-driven protocol for the synthesis of 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans under mild conditions is reported. Specifically, the cascade process is initiated by the photochemical activity of allyl-functionalized phenolate anions, generated in situ upon deprotonation of the corresponding phenols. The reaction proceeds rapidly with reaction times as low as 35 min, delivering a wide range of densely functionalized products (20 examples, yields up to 69%). Mechanistic studies have also been performed providing convincing evidence for the photochemical formation of carbon-centered radical species. A cascade reaction pathway involving a tandem atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) and an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN) process is proposed to occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasco Corti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials (CENMAT), INSTM − UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Jacopo Dosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials (CENMAT), INSTM − UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials (CENMAT), INSTM − UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials (CENMAT), INSTM − UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bortolato T, Simionato G, Vayer M, Rosso C, Paoloni L, Benetti EM, Sartorel A, Lebœuf D, Dell’Amico L. The Rational Design of Reducing Organophotoredox Catalysts Unlocks Proton-Coupled Electron-Transfer and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1835-1846. [PMID: 36608266 PMCID: PMC9881005 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis has become a prominent tool in the arsenal of organic chemists to develop and (re)imagine transformations. However, only a handful of versatile organic photocatalysts (PCs) are available, hampering the discovery of new reactivities. Here, we report the design and complete physicochemical characterization of 9-aryl dihydroacridines (9ADA) and 12-aryl dihydrobenzoacridines (12ADBA) as strong reducing organic PCs. Punctual structural variations modulate their molecular orbital distributions and unlock locally or charge-transfer (CT) excited states. The PCs presenting a locally excited state showed better performances in photoredox defunctionalization processes (yields up to 92%), whereas the PCs featuring a CT excited state produced promising results in atom transfer radical polymerization under visible light (up to 1.21 Đ, and 98% I*). Unlike all the PC classes reported so far, 9ADA and 12ADBA feature a free NH group that enables a catalytic multisite proton-coupled electron transfer (MS-PCET) mechanism. This manifold allows the reduction of redox-inert substrates including aryl, alkyl halides, azides, phosphate and ammonium salts (Ered up to -2.83 vs SCE) under single-photon excitation. We anticipate that these new PCs will open new mechanistic manifolds in the field of photocatalysis by allowing access to previously inaccessible radical intermediates under one-photon excitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Bortolato
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianluca Simionato
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marie Vayer
- Institut
de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université
de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000Strasbourg, France
| | - Cristian Rosso
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Paoloni
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia G. Galilei, University
of Padova, Via Marzolo
8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - David Lebœuf
- Institut
de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires
(ISIS), CNRS UMR 7006, Université
de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000Strasbourg, France,E-mail:
| | - Luca Dell’Amico
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy,E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mamone M, Gentile G, Dosso J, Prato M, Filippini G. Direct C2-H alkylation of indoles driven by the photochemical activity of halogen-bonded complexes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:575-581. [PMID: 37153645 PMCID: PMC10155616 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A light-driven metal-free protocol for the synthesis of sulfone-containing indoles under mild conditions is reported. Specifically, the process is driven by the photochemical activity of halogen-bonded complexes formed upon complexation of a sacrificial donor, namely 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), with α-iodosulfones. The reaction provides a variety of densely functionalized products in good yields (up to 96% yield). Mechanistic investigations are reported. These studies provide convincing evidences for the photochemical formation of reactive open-shell species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mamone
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gentile
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Jacopo Dosso
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Centre for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Basque Fdn Sci, Ikerbasque, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Simić S, Jakštaitė M, Huck WTS, Winkler CK, Kroutil W. Strategies for Transferring Photobiocatalysis to Continuous Flow Exemplified by Photodecarboxylation of Fatty Acids. ACS Catal 2022; 12:14040-14049. [PMID: 36439034 PMCID: PMC9680640 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The challenges of light-dependent biocatalytic transformations of lipophilic substrates in aqueous media are manifold. For instance, photolability of the catalyst as well as insufficient light penetration into the reaction vessel may be further exacerbated by a heterogeneously dispersed substrate. Light penetration may be addressed by performing the reaction in continuous flow, which allows two modes of applying the catalyst: (i) heterogeneously, immobilized on a carrier, which requires light-permeable supports, or (ii) homogeneously, dissolved in the reaction mixture. Taking the light-dependent photodecarboxylation of palmitic acid catalyzed by fatty-acid photodecarboxylase from Chlorella variabilis (CvFAP) as a showcase, strategies for the transfer of a photoenzyme-catalyzed reaction into continuous flow were identified. A range of different supports were evaluated for the immobilization of CvFAP, whereby Eupergit C250 L was the carrier of choice. As the photostability of the catalyst was a limiting factor, a homogeneous system was preferred instead of employing the heterogenized enzyme. This implied that photolabile enzymes may preferably be applied in solution if repair mechanisms cannot be provided. Furthermore, when comparing different wavelengths and light intensities, extinction coefficients may be considered to ensure comparable absorption at each wavelength. Employing homogeneous conditions in the CvFAP-catalyzed photodecarboxylation of palmitic acid afforded a space-time yield unsurpassed by any reported batch process (5.7 g·L-1·h-1, 26.9 mmol·L-1·h-1) for this reaction, demonstrating the advantage of continuous flow in attaining higher productivity of photobiocatalytic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Simić
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Miglė Jakštaitė
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstraße 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field
of Excellence BioHealth—University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed
Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Da Lama A, Bartolomei B, Rosso C, Filippini G, Martínez MM, Sarandeses LA, Prato M. New Insights into the Exploitation of BODIPY Derivatives as Organic Photocatalysts. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Da Lama
- Universidade da Coruna Departamento de Química SPAIN
| | - Beatrice Bartolomei
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche ITALY
| | - Cristian Rosso
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche ITALY
| | - Giacomo Filippini
- University of Trieste: Universita degli Studi di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche ITALY
| | | | | | - Maurizio Prato
- Università di Trieste Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Piazzale Europa 1 34127 Trieste ITALY
| |
Collapse
|