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Bunschoten R, Peschke F, Taladriz-Sender A, Alexander E, Andrews MJ, Kennedy AR, Fazakerley NJ, Lloyd Jones GC, Watson AJB, Burley GA. Mechanistic Basis of the Cu(OAc) 2 Catalyzed Azide-Ynamine (3 + 2) Cycloaddition Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13558-13570. [PMID: 38712910 PMCID: PMC11099971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction is used as a ligation tool throughout chemical and biological sciences. Despite the pervasiveness of CuAAC, there is a need to develop more efficient methods to form 1,4-triazole ligated products with low loadings of Cu. In this paper, we disclose a mechanistic model for the ynamine-azide (3 + 2) cycloadditions catalyzed by copper(II) acetate. Using multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses, a dual catalytic cycle is identified. First, the formation of a diyne species via Glaser-Hay coupling of a terminal ynamine forms a Cu(I) species competent to catalyze an ynamine-azide (3 + 2) cycloaddition. Second, the benzimidazole unit of the ynamine structure has multiple roles: assisting C-H activation, Cu coordination, and the formation of a postreaction resting state Cu complex after completion of the (3 + 2) cycloaddition. Finally, reactivation of the Cu resting state complex is shown by the addition of isotopically labeled ynamine and azide substrates to form a labeled 1,4-triazole product. This work provides a mechanistic basis for the use of mixed valency binuclear catalytic Cu species in conjunction with Cu-coordinating alkynes to afford superior reactivity in CuAAC reactions. Additionally, these data show how the CuAAC reaction kinetics can be modulated by changes to the alkyne substrate, which then has a predictable effect on the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick
P. Bunschoten
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Frederik Peschke
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Andrea Taladriz-Sender
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Emma Alexander
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Andrews
- EaStCHEM,
Purdie Building, School of Chemistry, University
of St Andrews, North
Haugh, St Andrews, FifeKY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Neal J. Fazakerley
- GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Guy C. Lloyd Jones
- EaStCHEM.
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Allan J. B. Watson
- EaStCHEM,
Purdie Building, School of Chemistry, University
of St Andrews, North
Haugh, St Andrews, FifeKY16 9ST, U.K.
| | - Glenn A. Burley
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, Thomas
Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
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2
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Bagherzadeh N, Amiri M, Sardarian AR. Novel Cu(ii) acidic deep eutectic solvent as an efficient and green multifunctional catalytic solvent system in base-free conditions to synthesize 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. RSC Adv 2023; 13:36403-36415. [PMID: 38099257 PMCID: PMC10719904 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06570g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel green Cu(ii)-acidic deep eutectic solvent (Cu(ii)-ADES) bearing copper salt, choline chloride, and gallic acid ([ChCl]4[2GA-Cu(ii)]) was synthesized and thoroughly specified by physicochemical approaches such as FT-IR, EDX, XRD, Mapping, ICP, and UV-Vis analyses and physicochemical properties. After the detection of authentic data, the central composite design (CCD) was utilized to accomplish the pertaining tests and develop the optimum condition, and, in the following, [ChCl]4[2GA-Cu(ii)] was applied as a green multifunctional catalytic solvent system in reducing agent-free and base-free condition for the three-component click reaction from sodium azide, alkyl, allyl, ester, and benzyl halide, and terminal alkyne made from amines and caprolactam as a cyclic amide to furnish a successful new library of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles with a yield of up to 98%. The Cu(ii)-ADES is stable and can comfortably be recovered and reused without a considerable decline in its acting for seven cycles. This triazole synthesizing methodology is distinguished via its atom economy, operational facility, short reaction times, diverse substrate scope, and high performance for large-scale synthesis of the desired products including: -CN and -NO2 as efficient functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Bagherzadeh
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Shiraz University Shiraz Iran +98 7136460788 +98 7136137107
| | - Mohammad Amiri
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Shiraz University Shiraz Iran +98 7136460788 +98 7136137107
| | - Ali Reza Sardarian
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Shiraz University Shiraz Iran +98 7136460788 +98 7136137107
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3
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Campeau D, Pommainville A, Gorodnichy M, Gagosz F. Copper and Silver Catalysis in the (3 + 2) Cycloaddition of Neutral Three-Atom Components with Terminal Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19018-19029. [PMID: 37582344 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne coupling (CuAAC) to 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions was pivotal to their popularization in synthetic chemistry and to their application to multiple other domains of science. The reaction rate enhancement observed when coinage metal acetylide intermediates are involved in the cyclization process greatly expanded the structural and conditional range in which (3 + 2) cycloadditions may take place with terminal alkynes. Herein, we report that comparable rate enhancements, in nature and level, are induced by copper and silver catalysts in the intramolecular (3 + 2) cycloaddition of terminal alkynes with "neutral" three-atom components (TACs), specifically alkynyl sulfides. Through careful observations amidst reaction optimization, experimental, and DFT mechanistic studies, a pathway involving a proton-coupled cyclometallation key step is proposed. The sets of catalytic conditions that have been developed allow us to overcome several scope limitations previously presented by the thermally promoted (3 + 2) cycloaddition of "neutral" TACs, thus expanding their synthetic and applicative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Campeau
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Alice Pommainville
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Mila Gorodnichy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Fabien Gagosz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
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4
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Wei Q, Zhang Y, Lv C, Hu C, Su Z. Theoretical Study on Cooperation Catalysis of Chiral Guanidine/ Copper(I) in Asymmetric Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition/[2 + 2] Cascade Reaction. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37437267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations with BP86-D3(BJ) functionals were employed to reveal the mechanism and stereoselectivity of chiral guanidine/copper(I) salt-catalyzed stereoselective three-component reaction among N-sulfonyl azide, terminal alkyne, and isatin-imine for spiroazetidinimines that was first reported by Feng and Liu (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 16852-16856). For the noncatalytic cascade reaction, the denitrogenation to generate ketenimine species was the rate-determining step, with an activation barrier of 25.8-34.8 kcal mol-1. Chiral guanidine-amide promoted the deprotonation of phenylacetylene, generating guanidine-Cu(I) acetylide complexes as active species. In azide-alkyne cycloaddition, copper acetylene coordinated to the O atom of the amide moiety in guanidium, and TsN3 was activated by hydrogen bonding, affording the Cu(I)-ketenimine species with an energy barrier of 3.5∼9.4 kcal mol-1. The optically active spiroazetidinimine oxindole was constructed via a stepwise four-membered ring formation, followed by deprotonation of guanidium moieties for C-H bonding in a stereoselective way. The steric effect of the bulky CHPh2 group and chiral backbone in the guanidine, combined with the coordination between the Boc group in isatin-imine with a copper center, played important roles in controlling the stereoselectivity of the reaction. The major spiroazetidinimine oxindole product with an SS configuration was formed in a kinetically more favored way, which was consistent with the experimental observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Cidan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Changwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
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Mazumder K, Komber H, Bittrich E, Voit B, Banerjee S. Synthesis and characterization of poly(1,2,3‐triazole)s with inherent high sulfur content for optical applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kajari Mazumder
- Materials Science Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Dresden Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Dresden Germany
| | - Eva Bittrich
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Dresden Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V. Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Dresden Germany
- Chair Organic Chemistry of Polymers Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Susanta Banerjee
- Materials Science Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
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Badawi MAAH, Khairbek AA, Thomas R. Computational studies of the CuAAC reaction mechanism with diimine and phosphorus ligands for the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. NEW J CHEM 2023; 47:3683-3691. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj06173b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The Cu(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions with diimine and phosphorus ligands have been studied using DFT calculations in order to understand the effect of the nature of the ligands on the catalytic cycle for the formation of the 1,4-regioisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali A. Khairbek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Renjith Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, St Berchmans College (Autonomous), Mahatma Gandhi University, Changanassery, Kerala-686101, India
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Beutick SE, Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA. The 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition From Conception to Quantum Chemical Design. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200553. [PMID: 35822651 PMCID: PMC9539489 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (1,3‐DCA) reaction, conceptualized by Rolf Huisgen in 1960, has proven immensely useful in organic, material, and biological chemistry. The uncatalyzed, thermal transformation is generally sluggish and unselective, but the reactivity can be enhanced by means of metal catalysis or by the introduction of either predistortion or electronic tuning of the dipolarophile. These promoted reactions generally go with a much higher reactivity, selectivity, and yields, often at ambient temperatures. The rapid orthogonal reactivity and compatibility with aqueous and physiological conditions positions the 1,3‐DCA as an excellent bioorthogonal reaction. Quantum chemical calculations have been critical for providing an understanding of the physical factors that control the reactivity and selectivity of 1,3‐DCAs. In silico derived design principles have proven invaluable for the design of new dipolarophiles with tailored reactivity. This review discusses everything from the conception of the 1,3‐DCA all the way to the state‐of‐the‐art methods and models used for the quantum chemical design of novel (bioorthogonal) reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Beutick
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, theoretical chemistry, NETHERLANDS
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, theoretical chemistry, NETHERLANDS
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS
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