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Fortage J, Collomb MN, Costentin C. Turnover Number in Photoinduced Molecular Catalysis of Hydrogen Evolution: a Benchmarking for Catalysts? CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400205. [PMID: 38529822 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Development of devices for production of H2 using light and a sustainable source of electrons may require the design of molecular systems combining a molecular catalyst and a photosensitizer. Evaluation of the efficiency of hydrogen production is commonly performed in homogeneous solution with a sacrificial electron donor and the report of the maximal turnover number vs catalyst (T O N c a t lim ${TON_{cat}^{\lim } }$ ). This figure of merit is strongly dependent on deactivation pathways and does not by itself provide a benchmarking for catalysts. In particular, when the photosensitizer degradation is the primary source of limitation, a kinetic model, rationalizing literature data, shows that a decrease of the catalyst concentration leads to an increase ofT O N c a t lim ${TON_{cat}^{\lim } }$ . It indicates that exceptionally highT O N c a t lim ${TON_{cat}^{\lim } }$ obtained at very low catalyst concentration shall not be considered as an indication of an exceptional catalytic system. We advocate for a systematic kinetic analysis in order to get a quantitative measure of the competitive pathways leading toT O N c a t lim ${TON_{cat}^{\lim } }$ values and to provide keys for performance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Fortage
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Collomb
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Cyrille Costentin
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000, Grenoble, France
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Bagnall A, Eliasson N, Hansson S, Chavarot-Kerlidou M, Artero V, Tian H, Hammarström L. Ultrafast Electron Transfer from CuInS 2 Quantum Dots to a Molecular Catalyst for Hydrogen Production: Challenging Diffusion Limitations. ACS Catal 2024; 14:4186-4201. [PMID: 38510668 PMCID: PMC10949191 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c06216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Systems integrating quantum dots with molecular catalysts are attracting ever more attention, primarily owing to their tunability and notable photocatalytic activity in the context of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). CuInS2 (CIS) quantum dots (QDs) are effective photoreductants, having relatively high-energy conduction bands, but their electronic structure and defect states often lead to poor performance, prompting many researchers to employ them with a core-shell structure. Molecular cobalt HER catalysts, on the other hand, often suffer from poor stability. Here, we have combined CIS QDs, surface-passivated with l-cysteine and iodide from a water-based synthesis, with two tetraazamacrocyclic cobalt complexes to realize systems which demonstrate high turnover numbers for the HER (up to >8000 per catalyst), using ascorbate as the sacrificial electron donor at pH = 4.5. Photoluminescence intensity and lifetime quenching data indicated a large degree of binding of the catalysts to the QDs, even with only ca. 1 μM each of QDs and catalysts, linked to an entirely static quenching mechanism. The data was fitted with a Poissonian distribution of catalyst molecules over the QDs, from which the concentration of QDs could be evaluated. No important difference in either quenching or photocatalysis was observed between catalysts with and without the carboxylate as a potential anchoring group. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy confirmed ultrafast interfacial electron transfer from the QDs and the formation of the singly reduced catalyst (CoII state) for both complexes, with an average electron transfer rate constant of ≈ (10 ps)-1. These favorable results confirm that the core tetraazamacrocyclic cobalt complex is remarkably stable under photocatalytic conditions and that CIS QDs without inorganic shell structures for passivation can act as effective photosensitizers, while their smaller size makes them suitable for application in the sensitization of, inter alia, mesoporous electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
J. Bagnall
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie
des Métaux, 17
rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, Cedex, France
| | - Nora Eliasson
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofie Hansson
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Murielle Chavarot-Kerlidou
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie
des Métaux, 17
rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Artero
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie
des Métaux, 17
rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, Cedex, France
| | - Haining Tian
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department
of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Klingler S, Hlavatsch M, Bagemihl B, Mengele AK, Gaus AL, von Delius M, Rau S, Mizaikoff B. An Algebraic Blueprint for Predicting Turnover Numbers and Endpoints in Photocatalysis. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300767. [PMID: 38084394 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis is a contemporary research field given that the world's fossil energy resources including coal, mineral oil and natural gas are finite. The vast variety of photocatalytic systems demands for standardized protocols facilitating an objective comparison. While there are commonly accepted performance indicators such as the turnover number (TON) that are usually reported, to date there is no unified concept for the determination of TONs and the endpoint of the reaction during continuous measurements. Herein, we propose an algebraic approach using defined parameters and boundary conditions based on partial-least squares regression for generically calculating and predicting the turnover number and the endpoint of a photocatalytic experiment. Furthermore, the impact of the analysis period was evaluated with respect to the fidelity of the obtained TON, and the influence of the data point density along critical segments of the obtained fitting function is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Klingler
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Hlavatsch
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benedikt Bagemihl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna-Laurine Gaus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Sedanstraße 14, 89077, Ulm, Germany
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4
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Suremann NF, McCarthy BD, Gschwind W, Kumar A, Johnson BA, Hammarström L, Ott S. Molecular Catalysis of Energy Relevance in Metal-Organic Frameworks: From Higher Coordination Sphere to System Effects. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6545-6611. [PMID: 37184577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The modularity and synthetic flexibility of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have provoked analogies with enzymes, and even the term MOFzymes has been coined. In this review, we focus on molecular catalysis of energy relevance in MOFs, more specifically water oxidation, oxygen and carbon dioxide reduction, as well as hydrogen evolution in context of the MOF-enzyme analogy. Similar to enzymes, catalyst encapsulation in MOFs leads to structural stabilization under turnover conditions, while catalyst motifs that are synthetically out of reach in a homogeneous solution phase may be attainable as secondary building units in MOFs. Exploring the unique synthetic possibilities in MOFs, specific groups in the second and third coordination sphere around the catalytic active site have been incorporated to facilitate catalysis. A key difference between enzymes and MOFs is the fact that active site concentrations in the latter are often considerably higher, leading to charge and mass transport limitations in MOFs that are more severe than those in enzymes. High catalyst concentrations also put a limit on the distance between catalysts, and thus the available space for higher coordination sphere engineering. As transport is important for MOF-borne catalysis, a system perspective is chosen to highlight concepts that address the issue. A detailed section on transport and light-driven reactivity sets the stage for a concise review of the currently available literature on utilizing principles from Nature and system design for the preparation of catalytic MOF-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F Suremann
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian D McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wanja Gschwind
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol Kumar
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Technical University Munich (TUM), Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Uferstraße 53, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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Camara F, Gavaggio T, Dautreppe B, Chauvin J, Pécaut J, Aldakov D, Collomb MN, Fortage J. Electrochemical Properties of a Rhodium(III) Mono-Terpyridyl Complex and Use as a Catalyst for Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution in Water. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196614. [PMID: 36235152 PMCID: PMC9571878 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular hydrogen (H2) is considered one of the most promising fuels to decarbonize the industrial and transportation sectors, and its photocatalytic production from molecular catalysts is a research field that is still abounding. The search for new molecular catalysts for H2 production with simple and easily synthesized ligands is still ongoing, and the terpyridine ligand with its particular electronic and coordination properties, is a good candidate to design new catalysts meeting these requirements. Herein, we have isolated the new mono-terpyridyl rhodium complex, [RhIII(tpy)(CH3CN)Cl2](CF3SO3) (Rh-tpy), and shown that it can act as a catalyst for the light-induced proton reduction into H2 in water in the presence of the [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 (Ru) photosensitizer and ascorbate as sacrificial electron donor. Under photocatalytic conditions, in acetate buffer at pH 4.5 with 0.1 M of ascorbate and 530 μM of Ru, the Rh-tpy catalyst produces H2 with turnover number versus catalyst (TONCat*) of 300 at a Rh concentration of 10 μM, and up to 1000 at a concentration of 1 μM. The photocatalytic performance of Ru/Rh-tpy/HA-/H2A has been also compared with that obtained with the bis-dimethyl-bipyridyl complex [RhIII(dmbpy)2Cl2]+ (Rh2) as a catalyst in the same experimental conditions. The investigation of the electrochemical properties of Rh-tpy in DMF solvent reveals that the two-electrons reduced state of the complex, the square-planar [RhI(tpy)Cl] (RhI-tpy), is quantitatively electrogenerated by bulk electrolysis. This complex is stable for hours under an inert atmosphere owing to the π-acceptor property of the terpyridine ligand that stabilizes the low oxidation states of the rhodium, making this catalyst less prone to degrade during photocatalysis. The π-acceptor property of terpyridine also confers to the Rh-tpy catalyst a moderately negative reduction potential (Epc(RhIII/RhI) = -0.83 V vs. SCE in DMF), making possible its reduction by the reduced state of Ru, [RuII(bpy)(bpy•-)]+ (Ru-) (E1/2(RuII/Ru-) = -1.50 V vs. SCE) generated by a reductive quenching of the Ru excited state (*Ru) by ascorbate during photocatalysis. A Stern-Volmer plot and transient absorption spectroscopy confirmed that the first step of the photocatalytic process is the reductive quenching of *Ru by ascorbate. The resulting reduced Ru species (Ru-) were then able to activate the RhIII-tpy H2-evolving catalyst by reduction generating RhI-tpy, which can react with a proton on a sub-nanosecond time scale to form a RhIII(H)-tpy hydride, the key intermediate for H2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakourou Camara
- DCM, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- SyMMES, IRIG, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Gavaggio
- DCM, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jérôme Chauvin
- DCM, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques Pécaut
- SyMMES, IRIG, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dmitry Aldakov
- SyMMES, IRIG, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Collomb
- DCM, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Correspondence: (M.-N.C.); (J.F.)
| | - Jérôme Fortage
- DCM, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Correspondence: (M.-N.C.); (J.F.)
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