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Sun C, Zhu S, Qu J, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Tu X, Cai W, Yu Z, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zheng H. Efficient photocatalytic nitrogen fixation via oxygen vacancies in Zr-MOFs at ambient conditions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 669:75-82. [PMID: 38705114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation is seen to be a potential technology for nitrogen reduction due to its eco-friendliness, low energy consumption, and environmental protection. In this study, photocatalysts with abundant oxygen vacancies (Zr-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (Zr-NDC) and Zr-phthalic acid (Zr-BDC)) were designed using 1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid (H2NDC) and 1,4-phthalic acid (H2BDC) as ligands. Since the structure of H2NDC includes one extra benzene ring than H2BDC, the charge density differential of the organic ligand is probably altered. The hypothesis is proved by density function theory (DFT) calculation. The abundant oxygen vacancies of the catalyst offer numerous active sites for nitrogen fixation. Concurrently, the process of ligand-metal charge transfer facilitates photo-electron transfer, creating an active center for nitrogen reduction. Additionally, the functionalization of ligand amplifies another pathway for charge transfer, broadening the light absorption range of Metal-organic framework (MOF) and increasing its capacity for nitrogen reduction. In contrast to H2BDC, the benzene ring added in H2NDC structure acts as an electron energy storage tank with a stronger electron density difference favorable for photogenerated electron-hole separation resulting in higher photocatalytic activity in Zr-NDC. The experimental results show that the nitrogen fixation efficiency of Zr-NDC is 163.7 µmol g-1h-1, which is significantly better than that of Zr-BDC (29.3 µmol g-1h-1). This work utilizes cost-effective and non-toxic ingredients to design highly efficient photocatalysts, thereby significantly contributing to the practical implementation of green chemistry principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Sun
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Shouxin Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Jingyi Qu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Zhexiao Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Yutong Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Xuewei Tu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Wenya Cai
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Zhiqin Yu
- Hangzhou Synbest Biotech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Yibin Liu
- Hangzhou Synbest Biotech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Hangzhou Synbest Biotech Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 311121, PR China.
| | - Hui Zheng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China.
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Li HY, Kong XJ, Han SD, Pang J, He T, Wang GM, Bu XH. Metalation of metal-organic frameworks: fundamentals and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5626-5676. [PMID: 38655667 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00873h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Metalation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been developed as a prominent strategy for materials functionalization for pore chemistry modulation and property optimization. By introducing exotic metal ions/complexes/nanoparticles onto/into the parent framework, many metallized MOFs have exhibited significantly improved performance in a wide range of applications. In this review, we focus on the research progress in the metalation of metal-organic frameworks during the last five years, spanning the design principles, synthetic strategies, and potential applications. Based on the crystal engineering principles, a minor change in the MOF composition through metalation would lead to leveraged variation of properties. This review starts from the general strategies established for the incorporation of metal species within MOFs, followed by the design principles to graft the desired functionality while maintaining the porosity of frameworks. Facile metalation has contributed a great number of bespoke materials with excellent performance, and we summarize their applications in gas adsorption and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, detection and sensing, and energy storage and conversion. The underlying mechanisms are also investigated by state-of-the-art techniques and analyzed for gaining insight into the structure-property relationships, which would in turn facilitate the further development of design principles. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities in MOF metalation have been discussed, and the promising future directions for customizing the next-generation advanced materials have been outlined as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Centre, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xiang-Jing Kong
- Department of Chemical Science, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Song-De Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, China.
| | - Jiandong Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Centre, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Tao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, China.
- Department of Chemical Science, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Guo-Ming Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Shandong 266071, China.
| | - Xian-He Bu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Centre, TKL of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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He K, Huang Z, Chen C, Qiu C, Zhong YL, Zhang Q. Exploring the Roles of Single Atom in Hydrogen Peroxide Photosynthesis. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:23. [PMID: 37985523 PMCID: PMC10661544 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
This comprehensive review provides a deep exploration of the unique roles of single atom catalysts (SACs) in photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. SACs offer multiple benefits over traditional catalysts such as improved efficiency, selectivity, and flexibility due to their distinct electronic structure and unique properties. The review discusses the critical elements in the design of SACs, including the choice of metal atom, host material, and coordination environment, and how these elements impact the catalytic activity. The role of single atoms in photocatalytic H2O2 production is also analysed, focusing on enhancing light absorption and charge generation, improving the migration and separation of charge carriers, and lowering the energy barrier of adsorption and activation of reactants. Despite these advantages, several challenges, including H2O2 decomposition, stability of SACs, unclear mechanism, and low selectivity, need to be overcome. Looking towards the future, the review suggests promising research directions such as direct utilization of H2O2, high-throughput synthesis and screening, the creation of dual active sites, and employing density functional theory for investigating the mechanisms of SACs in H2O2 photosynthesis. This review provides valuable insights into the potential of single atom catalysts for advancing the field of photocatalytic H2O2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin He
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Zimo Huang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4222, Australia
- Institute for Sustainable Transformation, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 51006, China
| | - Chao Chen
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Chuntian Qiu
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, China.
| | - Yu Lin Zhong
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Qitao Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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Yang Y, Liu L, Chen S, Yan W, Zhou H, Zhang XM, Fan X. Tuning Binding Strength of Multiple Intermediates towards Efficient pH-universal Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution by Mo 8 O 26 -NbN x O y Heterocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306896. [PMID: 37747767 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient and robust hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts for scalable and sustainable hydrogen production through electrochemical water splitting is strategic and challenging. Herein, heterogeneous Mo8 O26 -NbNx Oy supported on N-doped graphene (defined as Mo8 O26 -NbNx Oy /NG) is synthesized by controllable hydrothermal reaction and nitridation process. The O-exposed Mo8 O26 clusters covalently confined on NbNx Oy nanodomains provide a distinctive interface configuration and appropriate electronic structure, where fully exposed multiple active sites give excellent HER performance beyond commercial Pt/C catalyst in pH-universal electrolytes. Theoretical studies reveal that the Mo8 O26 -NbNx Oy interface with electronic reconstruction affords near-optimal hydrogen adsorption energy and enhanced initial H2 O adsorption. Furthermore, the terminal O atoms in Mo8 O26 clusters cooperate with Nb atoms to promote the initial H2 O adsorption, and subsequently reduce the H2 O dissociation energy, accelerating the entire HER kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Key Laboratary of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, China
- Institute of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Lijia Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6 A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Haiqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Xian-Ming Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Key Laboratary of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, China
- Institute of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Xiujun Fan
- Institute of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
- Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi An Shi, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Li CF, Pan WG, Zhang ZR, Wu T, Guo RT. Recent Progress of Single-Atom Photocatalysts Applied in Energy Conversion and Environmental Protection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300460. [PMID: 36855324 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalysis driven by solar energy is a feasible strategy to alleviate energy crises and environmental problems. In recent years, significant progress has been made in developing advanced photocatalysts for efficient solar-to-chemical energy conversion. Single-atom catalysts have the advantages of highly dispersed active sites, maximum atomic utilization, unique coordination environment, and electronic structure, which have become a research hotspot in heterogeneous photocatalysis. This paper introduces the potential supports, preparation, and characterization methods of single-atom photocatalysts in detail. Subsequently, the fascinating effects of single-atom photocatalysts on three critical steps of photocatalysis (the absorption of incident light to produce electron-hole pairs, carrier separation and migration, and interface reactions) are analyzed. At the same time, the applications of single-atom photocatalysts in energy conversion and environmental protection (CO2 reduction, water splitting, N2 fixation, organic macromolecule reforming, air pollutant removal, and water pollutant degradation) are systematically summarized. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of single-atom catalysts in heterogeneous photocatalysis are discussed. It is hoped that this work can provide insights into the design, synthesis, and application of single-atom photocatalysts and promote the development of high-performance photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Fan Li
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Guo Pan
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China
- Shanghai Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection Technology for Clean Power Generation in Machinery Industry, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Rui Zhang
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China
| | - Tong Wu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Tang Guo
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China
- Shanghai Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection Technology for Clean Power Generation in Machinery Industry, Shanghai, 200090, P. R. China
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Feng D, Wang P, Qin R, Shi W, Gong L, Zhu J, Ma Q, Chen L, Yu J, Liu S, Mu S. Flower-Like Amorphous MoO 3- x Stabilized Ru Single Atoms for Efficient Overall Water/Seawater Splitting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2300342. [PMID: 37092569 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Benefitting from the maximum atom utilization efficiency, special size quantum effects and tailored active sites, single-atom catalysts (SACs) have been promising candidates for bifunctional catalysts toward water splitting. Besides, due to the unique structure and properties, some amorphous materials have been found to possess better performance than their crystalline counterparts in electrocatalytic water splitting. Herein, by combining the advantages of ruthenium (Ru) single atoms and amorphous substrates, amorphous molybdenum-based oxide stabilized single-atomic-site Ru (Ru SAs-MoO3- x /NF) catalysts are conceived as a self-supported electrode. By virtue of the large surface area, enhanced intrinsic activity and fast reaction kinetics, the as-prepared Ru SAs-MoO3- x /NF electrode effectively drives both oxygen evolution reaction (209 mV @ 10 mA cm-2 ) and hydrogen evolution reaction (36 mV @ 10 mA cm-2 ) in alkaline media. Impressively, the assembled electrolyzer merely requires an ultralow cell voltage of 1.487 V to deliver the current density of 10 mA cm-2 . Furthermore, such an electrode also exhibits a great application potential in alkaline seawater electrolysis, achieving a current density of 100 mA cm-2 at a low cell voltage of 1.759 V. In addition, Ru SAs-MoO3- x /NF only has very small current density decay in the long-term constant current water splitting test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Pengyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenjie Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Suli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Nanjing, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, China
| | - Shichun Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan, 528200, China
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Xiao JD, Li R, Jiang HL. Metal-Organic Framework-Based Photocatalysis for Solar Fuel Production. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201258. [PMID: 36456462 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a novel class of crystalline inorganic-organic hybrid materials with tunable semiconducting behavior. MOFs have potential for application in photocatalysis to produce sustainable solar fuels, owing to their unique structural advantages (such as clarity and modifiability) that can facilitate a deeper understanding of the structure-activity relationship in photocatalysis. This review takes the photocatalytic active sites as a particular perspective, summarizing the progress of MOF-based photocatalysis for solar fuel production; mainly including three categories of solar-chemical conversions, photocatalytic water splitting to hydrogen fuel, photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction to hydrocarbon fuels, and photocatalytic nitrogen fixation to high-energy fuel carriers such as ammonia. This review focuses on the types of active sites in MOF-based photocatalysts and discusses their enhanced activity based on the well-defined structure of MOFs, offering deep insights into MOF-based photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Ding Xiao
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui Graphene Materials Research Center, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Long Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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The Advanced Synthesis of MOFs-Based Materials in Photocatalytic HER in Recent Three Years. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), researchers have paid extensive attention to MOFs due to their determined structural composition, controllable pore size, and diverse physical and chemical properties. Photocatalysis, as a significant application of MOFs catalysts, has developed rapidly in recent years and become a research hotspot continuously. Various methods and approaches to construct and modify MOFs and their derivatives can not only affect the structure and morphology, but also largely determine their properties. Herein, we summarize the advanced synthesis of MOFs-based materials in the field of the photocatalytic decomposition of water to produce hydrogen in the recent three years. The main contents include the overview of the novel synthesis strategies in four aspects: internal modification and structure optimization of MOFs materials, MOFs/semiconductor composites, MOFs/COFs-based hybrids, and MOFs-derived materials. In addition, the problems and challenges faced in this direction and the future development goals were also discussed. We hope this review will help deepen the reader’s understanding and promote continued high-quality development in this field.
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Shi J, Yang L, Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhu W, Wang Y, Zou Z. Dual MOF‐Derived MoS
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/CdS Photocatalysts with Rich Sulfur Vacancies for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202019. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC) National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology Nanjing University 22 Hankou Road, Gulou District Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC) National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology Nanjing University 22 Hankou Road, Gulou District Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC) National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology Nanjing University 22 Hankou Road, Gulou District Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zejin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC) National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology Nanjing University 22 Hankou Road, Gulou District Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC) National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology Nanjing University 22 Hankou Road, Gulou District Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
- Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC) National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology Nanjing University 22 Hankou Road, Gulou District Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- Eco-materials and Renewable Energy Research Center (ERERC) National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures Kunshan Innovation Institute of Nanjing University Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology Nanjing University 22 Hankou Road, Gulou District Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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