1
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Cheng-Tan MDL, Nguyen AN, Gordon CT, Wood ZA, Manjarrez Y, Fieser ME. Choline Halide-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as Biocompatible Catalysts for the Alternating Copolymerization of Epoxides and Cyclic Anhydrides. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:7246-7255. [PMID: 38757124 PMCID: PMC11094800 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Aliphatic polyesters have received considerable attention in recent years due to their biodegradability and biocompatible, mechanical, and thermal properties that can make them a suitable alternative to today's commercialized polymers. The ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of epoxides and cyclic anhydrides is a route to synthesize a diverse array of polyesters that could be useful in many applications. However, the catalysts used rarely consider biocompatible catalysts in the case that any are left in the polymer. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first example of using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as biocompatible catalysts for this target ROCOP with polymerization activity for at least six diverse monomer pairs. Choline halide salts are active for this polymerization, with dried salts showing polymerization slower than that of those conducted in air. Hydrogen bonding with water is hypothesized to enhance the rate-determining step of epoxide ring opening. While the presence of water improves the rate of polymerization, it also acts as a chain transfer agent, leading to smaller molar mass polymers than intended. Combining the choline halide salts with urea or ethylene glycol hydrogen bond donors in air led to DES catalysts that reacted similarly to the salts exposed to air. However, when generating these DESs in air-free conditions, they showed similar rates of polymerization without a drop in polymer molar mass. The hydrogen bonding provided by urea and ethylene glycol seems to promote the rate increase without serving as a chain transfer agent. Results reported herein display the promising potential of biocompatible catalyst systems for this ROCOP process as well as introducing the use of hydrogen bonding to enhance polymerization rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelyn N. Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Collette T. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Zachary A. Wood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yvonne Manjarrez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Megan E. Fieser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Wrigley
Institute for Environment and Sustainability, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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2
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Teng YQ, Ren BH, Liu Y, Gao J, Ren WM, Lu XB. Innovative Approach to Chiral Polyurethanes: Asymmetric Copolymerization with Isocyanates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202404186. [PMID: 38691059 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of nitrogen-containing functional groups to chiral polymer backbones enables the tailoring of physical properties and offers opportunities for further post-polymerization modification. However, the substrate scope of such polymers is extremely limited because monomers having nitrogen-containing groups can change coordination state with respect to the metal centers, thus decreasing the activity and enantioselectivity and even poisoning the catalyst completely. In this paper, we report our attempts to carry out the asymmetric copolymerization of meso-epoxide with highly reactive isocyanates. In particular, we found that biphenol-linked bimetallic Co(III) complexes with multiple chiral centers are very efficient in catalyzing this asymmetric copolymerization reaction, affording optically active polyurethanes with a completely alternating nature and a high enantioselectivity of up to 94 % ee. Crucially, we identified that the steric hindrance at the phenolate ortho position of the ligand strongly influences the catalytic activity and product enantioselectivity. In addition, density functional theory calculations revealed that the highly sterically bulky substituents change the mechanism from bimetallic to monometallic, and result in the unexpected inversion of the chiral induction direction. Moreover, the high stereoregularity of the produced polyurethanes enhances their thermal stability, and they can be selectively decomposed into oxazolidinones. This study offers a versatile methodology for the synthesis of chiral polymers containing nitrogen functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bai-Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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3
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Xie R, Wang Y, Li S, Li B, Xu J, Liu J, He Y, Yang GW, Wu GP. Insights into the Distinct Behaviors between Bifunctional and Binary Organoborane Catalysts through Terpolymerization of Epoxide, CO 2, and Anhydride. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202404207. [PMID: 38647637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Alkyl borane compounds-mediated polymerizations have expanded to Lewis pair polymerization, free radical polymerization, ionic ring-opening polymerization, and polyhomologation. The bifunctional organoborane catalysts that contain the Lewis acid and ammonium or phosphonium salt in one molecule have demonstrated superior catalytic performance for ring-opening polymerization of epoxides and ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides and CO2 than their two-component analogues, i.e., the blend of organoborane and ammonium or phosphonium salt. To explore the origin of the differences of the one-component and two-component organoborane catalysts, here we conducted a systematic investigation on the catalytic performances of these two kinds of organoborane catalysts via terpolymerization of epoxide, carbon dioxide and anhydride. The resultant terpolymers produced independently by bifunctional and binary organoborane catalyst exhibited distinct microstructures, where a series of gradient polyester-polycarbonate terpolymers with varying polyester content were afforded using the bifunctional catalyst, while tapering diblock terpolymers were obtained using the binary system. The bifunctional catalyst enhances the competitiveness of CO2 insertion than anhydride, which leads to the premature incorporation of CO2 into the polymer chains and ultimately results in the formation of gradient terpolymers. DFT calculations revealed the role of electrostatic interaction and charge distribution caused by intramolecular synergistic effect for bifunctional organoborane catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- Shaanxi Coal Chemical Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jinqian Liu
- Shaanxi Coal Chemical Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen He
- Shaanxi Coal Chemical Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Wen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Peng Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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4
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Eisenhardt KS, Fiorentini F, Lindeboom W, Williams CK. Quantifying CO 2 Insertion Equilibria for Low-Pressure Propene Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Ring Opening Copolymerization Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10451-10464. [PMID: 38589774 PMCID: PMC11027146 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
While outstanding catalysts are known for the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of CO2 and propene oxide (PO), few are reported at low CO2 pressure. Here, a new series of Co(III)M(I) heterodinuclear catalysts are compared. The Co(III)K(I) complex shows the best activity (TOF = 1728 h-1) and selectivity (>90% polymer, >99% CO2) and is highly effective at low pressures (<10 bar). CO2 insertion is a prerate determining chemical equilibrium step. At low pressures, the concentration of the active catalyst depends on CO2 pressure; above 12 bar, its concentration is saturated, and rates are independent of pressure, allowing the equilibrium constant to be quantified for the first time (Keq = 1.27 M-1). A unified rate law, applicable under all operating conditions, is presented. As proof of potential, published data for leading literature catalysts are reinterpreted and the CO2 equilibrium constants estimated, showing that this unified rate law applies to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina
H. S. Eisenhardt
- Department Chemistry, University
of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Francesca Fiorentini
- Department Chemistry, University
of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Wouter Lindeboom
- Department Chemistry, University
of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department Chemistry, University
of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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5
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Shi C, Quinn EC, Diment WT, Chen EYX. Recyclable and (Bio)degradable Polyesters in a Circular Plastics Economy. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4393-4478. [PMID: 38518259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters carrying polar main-chain ester linkages exhibit distinct material properties for diverse applications and thus play an important role in today's plastics economy. It is anticipated that they will play an even greater role in tomorrow's circular plastics economy that focuses on sustainability, thanks to the abundant availability of their biosourced building blocks and the presence of the main-chain ester bonds that can be chemically or biologically cleaved on demand by multiple methods and thus bring about more desired end-of-life plastic waste management options. Because of this potential and promise, there have been intense research activities directed at addressing recycling, upcycling or biodegradation of existing legacy polyesters, designing their biorenewable alternatives, and redesigning future polyesters with intrinsic chemical recyclability and tailored performance that can rival today's commodity plastics that are either petroleum based and/or hard to recycle. This review captures these exciting recent developments and outlines future challenges and opportunities. Case studies on the legacy polyesters, poly(lactic acid), poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s, poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(butylene-adipate terephthalate), are presented, and emerging chemically recyclable polyesters are comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Ethan C Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Wilfred T Diment
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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6
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Zhang YY, Yang GW, Lu C, Zhu XF, Wang Y, Wu GP. Organoboron-mediated polymerizations. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3384-3456. [PMID: 38411207 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00115f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The scientific community has witnessed extensive developments and applications of organoboron compounds as synthetic elements and metal-free catalysts for the construction of small molecules, macromolecules, and functional materials over the last two decades. This review highlights the achievements of organoboron-mediated polymerizations in the past several decades alongside the mechanisms underlying these transformations from the standpoint of the polymerization mode. Emphasis is placed on free radical polymerization, Lewis pair polymerization, ionic (cationic and anionic) polymerization, and polyhomologation. Herein, alkylborane/O2 initiating systems mediate the radical polymerization under ambient conditions in a controlled/living manner by careful optimization of the alkylborane structure or additives; when combined with Lewis bases, the selected organoboron compounds can mediate the Lewis pair polymerization of polar monomers; the bicomponent organoboron-based Lewis pairs and bifunctional organoboron-onium catalysts catalyze ring opening (co)polymerization of cyclic monomers (with heteroallenes, such as epoxides, CO2, CO, COS, CS2, episulfides, anhydrides, and isocyanates) with well-defined structures and high reactivities; and organoboranes initiate the polyhomologation of sulfur ylides and arsonium ylides providing functional polyethylene with different topologies. The topological structures of the produced polymers via these organoboron-mediated polymerizations are also presented in this review mainly including linear polymers, block copolymers, cyclic polymers, and graft polymers. We hope the summary and understanding of how organoboron compounds mediate polymerizations can inspire chemists to apply these principles in the design of more advanced organoboron compounds, which may be beneficial for the polymer chemistry community and organometallics/organocatalysis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guan-Wen Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chenjie Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuhui Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guang-Peng Wu
- MOE Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Clark R, Shaver MP. Depolymerization within a Circular Plastics System. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2617-2650. [PMID: 38386877 PMCID: PMC10941197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The societal importance of plastics contrasts with the carelessness with which they are disposed. Their superlative properties lead to economic and environmental efficiency, but the linearity of plastics puts the climate, human health, and global ecosystems at risk. Recycling is fundamental to transitioning this linear model into a more sustainable, circular economy. Among recycling technologies, chemical depolymerization offers a route to virgin quality recycled plastics, especially when valorizing complex waste streams poorly served by mechanical methods. However, chemical depolymerization exists in a complex and interlinked system of end-of-life fates, with the complementarity of each approach key to environmental, economic, and societal sustainability. This review explores the recent progress made into the depolymerization of five commercial polymers: poly(ethylene terephthalate), polycarbonates, polyamides, aliphatic polyesters, and polyurethanes. Attention is paid not only to the catalytic technologies used to enhance depolymerization efficiencies but also to the interrelationship with other recycling technologies and to the systemic constraints imposed by a global economy. Novel polymers, designed for chemical depolymerization, are also concisely reviewed in terms of their underlying chemistry and potential for integration with current plastic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie
A. Clark
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- Department
of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
- Sustainable
Materials Innovation Hub, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
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8
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Gu Y, Kou X, Wang X, Li Z. Creating Remarkably Moisture- and Air-Stable Macromolecular Lewis Acid by Integrating Borane within the Polymer Chain: A Highly Active Catalyst for Homo(co)polymerization of Epoxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318645. [PMID: 38155561 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Borane-based Lewis acids (LA) play an indispensable role in the Lewis pair (LP) mediated polymerization. However, most borane-based LPs are moisture- and air-sensitive. Therefore, development of moisture and air-stable borane-based LP is highly desirable. To achieve this goal, the concept of "aggregation induced enlargement effects" by chemically linking multiple borane within a nanoscopic confinement was conceived to create macromolecular LA. Accordingly, an extremely moisture and air stable macromolecular borane, namely, PVP-1B featuring poly(4-vinylphenol) backbone, was constructed. The concentration of borane active site is greatly higher than average concentration due to local confinement. Therefore, an enhanced activity was observed. Moreover, the local LA aggregation effects allow its tolerance to air and large amount of chain transfer agent. Consequently, PVP-1B showed remarkable efficiency for propylene oxide (PO) polymerization at 25 °C (TOF=27900 h-1 ). Furthermore, it enables generation of well-defined telechelic poly (CHO-alt-CO2 ) diol (0.6-15.3 kg/mol) with narrow Đs via copolymerizing cyclohexene oxide and CO2 at 80 °C. This work indicates unifying multiple borane within a polymer in a macromolecular level shows superior catalytic performance than constructing binary, bi(multi)functional systems in a molecular level. This paves a new way to make functional polyethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Gu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinhui Kou
- Analyses and Testing Center, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042, Qingdao, China
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042, Qingdao, China
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9
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Shellard EK, Diment WT, Resendiz-Lara DA, Fiorentini F, Gregory GL, Williams CK. Al(III)/K(I) Heterodinuclear Polymerization Catalysts Showing Fast Rates and High Selectivity for Polyester Polyols. ACS Catal 2024; 14:1363-1374. [PMID: 38327648 PMCID: PMC10845108 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Low molar mass, hydroxyl end-capped polymers, often termed "polyols," are widely used to make polyurethanes, resins, and coatings and as surfactants in liquid formulations. Epoxide/anhydride ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) is a controlled polymerization route to make them, and its viability depends upon catalyst selection. In the catalysis, the polyester polyol molar masses and end-groups are controlled by adding specific but excess quantities of diols (vs catalyst), known as the chain transfer agent (CTA), to the polymerizations, but many of the best current catalysts are inhibited or even deactivated by alcohols. Herein, a series of air-stable Al(III)/K(I) heterodinuclear polymerization catalysts show rates and selectivity at the upper end of the field. They also show remarkable increases in activity, with good selectivity and control, as quantities of diol are increased from 10-400 equiv. The reactions are accelerated by alcohols, and simultaneously, their use allows for the production of hydroxy telechelic poly/oligoesters (400 < Mn (g mol-1) < 20,400, Đ < 1.19). For example, cyclohexene oxide (CHO)/phthalic anhydride (PA) ROCOP, using the best Al(III)/K(I) catalyst with 200 equiv of diol, shows a turnover frequency (TOF) of 1890 h-1, which is 4.4× higher than equivalent reactions without any diol (Catalyst/Diol/PA/CHO = 1:10-400:400:2000, 100 °C). In all cases, the catalysis is well controlled and highly ester linkage selective (ester linkages >99%) and operates effectively using bicyclic and/or biobased anhydrides with bicyclic or flexible alkylene epoxides. These catalysts are recommended for future production and application development using polyester polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward
J. K. Shellard
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Wilfred T. Diment
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Diego A. Resendiz-Lara
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Francesca Fiorentini
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Georgina L. Gregory
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Chemistry Research Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
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10
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Seo HJ, Seo YH, Park SU, Lee HJ, Lee MR, Park JH, Cho WY, Lee PC, Lee BY. Glycerol-derived organic carbonates: environmentally friendly plasticizers for PLA. RSC Adv 2024; 14:4702-4716. [PMID: 38318613 PMCID: PMC10840682 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08922c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) stands as a promising material, sourced from renewables and exhibiting biodegradability-albeit under stringent industrial composting settings. A primary challenge impeding PLA's broad applications is its inherent brittleness, as it fractures with minimal elongation despite its commendable tensile strength. A well-established remedy involves blending PLA with plasticizers. In this study, a range of organic carbonates-namely, 4-ethoxycarbonyloximethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-2-one (1), 4-methoxycarbonyloximethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-2-one (2), glycerol carbonate (3), and glycerol 1-acetate 2,3-carbonate (4)-were synthesized on a preparative scale (∼100 g), using renewable glycerol and CO2-derived diethyl carbonate (DEC) or dimethyl carbonate (DMC). Significantly, 1-4 exhibited biodegradability under ambient conditions within a week, ascertained through soil exposure at 25 °C-outpacing the degradation of comparative cellulose. Further investigations revealed 1's efficacy as a PLA plasticizer. Compatibility with PLA, up to 30 phr (parts per hundred resin), was verified using an array of techniques, including DSC, DMA, SEM, and rotational rheometry. The resulting blends showcased enhanced ductility, evident from tensile property measurements. Notably, the novel plasticizer 1 displayed an advantage over conventional acetyltributylcitrate (ATBC) in terms of morphological stability. Slow crystallization, observed in PLA/ATBC blends over time at room temperature, was absent in PLA/1 blends, preserving amorphous domain dimensions and mitigating plasticizer migration-confirmed through DMA assessments of aged and unaged specimens. Nevertheless, biodegradation assessments of the blends revealed that the biodegradable organic carbonate plasticizers did not augment PLA's biodegradation. The PLA in the blends remained mostly unchanged under ambient soil conditions of 25 °C over a 6 month period. This work underscores the potential of organic carbonates as both eco-friendly plasticizers for PLA and as biodegradable compounds, contributing to the development of environmentally conscious polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jeong Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University Suwon 16499 South Korea +82-31-219-2394 +82-31-219-1844
| | - Yeong Hyun Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University Suwon 16499 South Korea +82-31-219-2394 +82-31-219-1844
| | - Sang Uk Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University Suwon 16499 South Korea +82-31-219-2394 +82-31-219-1844
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University Suwon 16499 South Korea +82-31-219-2394 +82-31-219-1844
| | - Mi Ryu Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University Suwon 16499 South Korea +82-31-219-2394 +82-31-219-1844
| | - Jun Hyeong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University Suwon 16499 South Korea +82-31-219-2394 +82-31-219-1844
| | - Woo Yeon Cho
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University Suwon 16499 South Korea +82-31-219-2394 +82-31-219-1844
| | - Pyung Cheon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University Suwon 16499 South Korea +82-31-219-2394 +82-31-219-1844
| | - Bun Yeoul Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University Suwon 16499 South Korea +82-31-219-2394 +82-31-219-1844
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11
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Seo YH, Lee MR, Lee DY, Park JH, Seo HJ, Park SU, Kim H, Kim SJ, Lee BY. Preparation of Well-Defined Double-Metal Cyanide Catalysts for Propylene Oxide Polymerization and CO 2 Copolymerization. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1414-1426. [PMID: 38166391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Reevaluating the composition of the double metal cyanide catalyst (DMC) as a salt of (NC)6Co3- anions with 1:1 Zn2+/(X)Zn+ cations (X = Cl, RO, AcO), we prepared a series of well-defined DMCs, [ClZn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-][ROH], [(RO)Zn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], [(AcO)Zn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], [(RO)Zn+]p[ClZn+](1-p)[Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], [(AcO)Zn+]p[(tBuO)Zn+]q[Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-], and [(AcO)Zn+]p[(tBuO)Zn+]q[ClZn+]r[Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-]. The structure of [(MeOC3H6O)Zn+][Zn2+][(NC)6Co3-] was precisely determined at the atomic level through Rietveld refinement of the synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data. By evaluating the catalyst's performance in both propylene oxide (PO) polymerization and PO/CO2 copolymerization, a correlation between structure and performance was established on various aspects including activity, dispersity, unsaturation level, and carbonate fraction in the resulting polyols. Ultimately, our study identified highly efficient catalysts that outperformed the state-of-the-art benchmark DMC not only in PO polymerization [DMC-(OAc/OtBu/Cl)(0.59/0.38/0.15)] but also in PO/CO2 copolymerization [DMC-(OAc/OtBu)(0.95/0.08)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Hyun Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ryu Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Young Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyeong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Uk Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Joo Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Bun Yeoul Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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12
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Yue TJ, Ren WM, Lu XB. Copolymerization Involving Sulfur-Containing Monomers. Chem Rev 2023; 123:14038-14083. [PMID: 37917384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating sulfur (S) atoms into polymer main chains endows these materials with many attractive features, including a high refractive index, mechanical properties, electrochemical properties, and adhesive ability to heavy metal ions. The copolymerization involving S-containing monomers constitutes a facile method for effectively constructing S-containing polymers with diverse structures, readily tunable sequences, and topological structures. In this review, we describe the recent advances in the synthesis of S-containing polymers via copolymerization or multicomponent polymerization techniques concerning a variety of S-containing monomers, such as dithiols, carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide, cyclic thioanhydrides, episulfides and elemental sulfur (S8). Particularly, significant focus is paid to precise control of the main-chain sequence, stereochemistry, and topological structure for achieving high-value applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
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13
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Xu CK, Yang GW, Lu C, Wu GP. A Binary Silicon-Centered Organoboron Catalyst with Superior Performance to That of Its Bifunctional Analogue. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312376. [PMID: 37847123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
This work reported that a silicon-centered alkyl borane/ammonium salt binary (two-component) catalyst exhibits much higher activity than its bifunctional analogue (one-component) for the ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide, showing 7.3 times the activity of its bifunctional analogue at a low catalyst loading of 0.01 mol %, and even 15.3 times the activity at an extremely low loading of 0.002 mol %. By using 19 F NMR spectroscopy, control experiments, and theoretical calculation we discovered that the central silicon atom displays appropriate electron density and a larger intramolecular cavity, which is useful to co-activate the monomer and to deliver propagating chains, thus leading to a better intramolecular synergic effect than its bifunctional analogue. A unique two-pathway initiation mode was proposed to explain the unusual high activity of the binary catalytic system. This study breaks the traditional impression of the binary Lewis acid/nucleophilic catalyst with poor activity because of the increase in entropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kai Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guan-Wen Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chenjie Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Guang-Peng Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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14
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Sengoden M, Bhat GA, Rutledge RJ, Rashid S, Dar AA, Darensbourg DJ. Micellar catalysis: Polymer bound palladium catalyst for carbon-carbon coupling reactions in water. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2312907120. [PMID: 37922331 PMCID: PMC10655565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312907120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallosurfactants, defined here as hydrophobic metal-containing groups embedded in hydrophilic units when dispersed in water, emanate in the formation of metallomicelles. This approach continues to attract great interest for its ability to serve as micellar catalysts for various metal-mediated chemical transformations in water. Indeed, relevant to green chemistry, micellar catalysis plays a preeminent function as a replacement for organic solvents in a variety of chemical reactions. There are several methods for the interaction of metal complexes (catalysts or catalyst precursors) and surfactants for producing micellar aggregates. A very effective manner for achieving this involves the direct bonding of the metal center to the amphiphilic polymeric materials. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a metallosurfactant containing a palladium complex covalently incorporated into a CO2-based triblock polycarbonate derived using a dicarboxylic acid chain-transfer agent. This amphiphilic polycarbonate was shown to self-assemble in water to provide uniform and spherical micelles, where the catalytic metal center is located in the hydrophobic portion of the micelle. The resulting metallosurfactant was demonstrated to effectively catalyze carbon-carbon coupling reactions at very low catalyst loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Sengoden
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Gulzar A. Bhat
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovations, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir190006, India
| | - Ryan J. Rutledge
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX77843
| | - Showkat Rashid
- Soft Matter Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir190006, India
| | - Aijaz A. Dar
- Soft Matter Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir190006, India
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15
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Gelman-Tropp S, Kirillov E, Hey-Hawkins E, Gelman D. Hydrogenation of CO 2 by a Bifunctional PC(sp 3 )P Iridium(III) Pincer Complex Equipped with Tertiary Amine as a Functional Group. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301915. [PMID: 37602815 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Reversible hydrogen storage in the form of stable and mostly harmless chemical substances such as formic acid (FA) is a cornerstone of a fossil fuels-free economy. In the past, we have reported a primary amine-functionalized bifunctional iridium(III)-PC(sp3 )P pincer complex as a mild and chemoselective catalyst for the additive-free decomposition of neat formic acid. In this manuscript, we report on the successful application of a redesigned complex bearing tertiary amine functionality as a catalyst for mild hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid. The catalyst demonstrates TON up to 6×104 and TOF up to 1.7×104 h-1 . In addition to the practical value of the catalyst, experimental and computational mechanistic studies provide the rationale for the design of improved next-generation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Gelman-Tropp
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Evgueni Kirillov
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR 6226, 35042, Rennes, France
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dmitri Gelman
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Edmond Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Xie X, Huo Z, Jang E, Tong R. Recent advances in enantioselective ring-opening polymerization and copolymerization. Commun Chem 2023; 6:202. [PMID: 37775528 PMCID: PMC10541874 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01007-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Precisely controlling macromolecular stereochemistry and sequences is a powerful strategy for manipulating polymer properties. Controlled synthetic routes to prepare degradable polyester, polycarbonate, and polyether are of recent interest due to the need for sustainable materials as alternatives to petrochemical-based polyolefins. Enantioselective ring-opening polymerization and ring-opening copolymerization of racemic monomers offer access to stereoregular polymers, specifically enantiopure polymers that form stereocomplexes with improved physicochemical and mechanical properties. Here, we highlight the state-of-the-art of this polymerization chemistry that can produce microstructure-defined polymers. In particular, the structures and performances of various homogeneous enantioselective catalysts are presented. Trends and future challenges of such chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Ziyu Huo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Eungyo Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Rong Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA.
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17
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Fornacon-Wood C, Stühler MR, Gallizioli C, Manjunatha BR, Wachtendorf V, Schartel B, Plajer AJ. Precise construction of weather-sensitive poly(ester- alt-thioesters) from phthalic thioanhydride and oxetane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11353-11356. [PMID: 37655470 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03315e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the selective ring opening copolymerisation (ROCOP) of oxetane and phthalic thioanhydride by a heterobimetallic Cr(III)K catalyst precisely yielding semi-crystalline alternating poly(ester-alt-thioesters) which show improved degradability due to the thioester links in the polymer backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fornacon-Wood
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Merlin R Stühler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Cesare Gallizioli
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Bhargav R Manjunatha
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Volker Wachtendorf
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
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18
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Lindeboom W, Deacy AC, Phanopoulos A, Buchard A, Williams CK. Correlating Metal Redox Potentials to Co(III)K(I) Catalyst Performances in Carbon Dioxide and Propene Oxide Ring Opening Copolymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308378. [PMID: 37409487 PMCID: PMC10952574 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide copolymerization is a front-runner CO2 utilization strategy but its viability depends on improving the catalysis. So far, catalyst structure-performance correlations have not been straightforward, limiting the ability to predict how to improve both catalytic activity and selectivity. Here, a simple measure of a catalyst ground-state parameter, metal reduction potential, directly correlates with both polymerization activity and selectivity. It is applied to compare performances of 6 new heterodinuclear Co(III)K(I) catalysts for propene oxide (PO)/CO2 ring opening copolymerization (ROCOP) producing poly(propene carbonate) (PPC). The best catalyst shows an excellent turnover frequency of 389 h-1 and high PPC selectivity of >99 % (50 °C, 20 bar, 0.025 mol% catalyst). As demonstration of its utility, neither DFT calculations nor ligand Hammett parameter analyses are viable predictors. It is proposed that the cobalt redox potential informs upon the active site electron density with a more electron rich cobalt centre showing better performances. The method may be widely applicable and is recommended to guide future catalyst discovery for other (co)polymerizations and carbon dioxide utilizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Lindeboom
- Department ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Arron C. Deacy
- Department ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research HubLondonW12 OBZUK
| | - Antoine Buchard
- Department of ChemistryInstitute for SustainabilityUniversity of BathBathBA2 7AYUK
| | - Charlotte K. Williams
- Department ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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19
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Maeda C, Cho T, Kumemoto R, Ema T. Cu-catalyzed carboxylation of organoboronic acid pinacol esters with CO 2. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:6565-6571. [PMID: 37526922 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00938f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Chemical fixation of CO2 has received much attention. In particular, catalytic C-C bond formation with CO2 giving carboxylic acids is of great significance. Among the CO2 fixation methods, multiple carboxylation is one of the challenging subjects. Here we investigated the Cu-catalyzed carboxylation of a variety of boronic acid pinacol esters (C(sp2)-, C(sp3)-, and C(sp)-B compounds) with CO2, which efficiently provided the corresponding products, including aryl, alkenyl, alkyl, and alkynyl carboxylic acids. This carboxylation was also applicable to multiple CO2 fixation giving di- and tri-carboxylic acids under robust reaction conditions (totally 29 examples).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Maeda
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Takumi Cho
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Ren Kumemoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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20
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Nagae H, Matsushiro S, Okuda J, Mashima K. Cationic tetranuclear macrocyclic CaCo 3 complexes as highly active catalysts for alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8262-8268. [PMID: 37564411 PMCID: PMC10411860 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00974b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We found that a cationic hetero tetranuclear complex including a calcium and three cobalts exhibited high catalytic activity toward alternating copolymerization of propylene oxide (PO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The tertiary anilinium salt [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] was the best additive to generate the cationic species while maintaining polymer selectivity and carbonate linkage, even under 1.0 MPa CO2. Density functional theory calculations clarified that the reaction pathway mediated by the cationic complex is more favorable than that mediated by the neutral complex by 1.0 kcal mol-1. We further found that the flexible ligand exchange between Ca and Co ions is important for the alternating copolymerization to proceed smoothly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Nagae
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Saki Matsushiro
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 D-52062 Aachen Germany
| | - Kazushi Mashima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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21
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Liu L, Qin R, Fan X, Wang K, Wang X, Wang H, Chen Y, Wang J, Wang Y. Electrospinning Preparation, Structure, and Properties of Fe 3O 4/Tb(acac) 3phen/Polystyrene Bifunctional Microfibers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4409. [PMID: 37374592 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Compared to single functional materials, multifunctional materials with magnetism and luminescence are more attractive and promising; Thus, it has become an important subject. In our work, bifunctional Fe3O4/Tb(acac)3phen/polystyrene) microfibers with magnetic and luminescent properties (acac: acetylacetone, phen: 1,10-phenanthroline) were synthesized by simple electrospinning process. The doping of Fe3O4 and Tb(acac)3phen made the fiber diameter larger. The surface of pure polystyrene microfibers and microfibers doped only with Fe3O4 nanoparticles were chapped similar to bark, whereas the surface of the microfibers was smoother after doping with Tb(acac)3phen complexes. The luminescent properties of the composite microfibers were systematically studied in contrast to pure Tb(acac)3phen complexes, including excitation and emission spectra, fluorescence dynamics, and the temperature dependence of intensity. Compared with the pure complexes, the thermal activation energy and thermal stability of composite microfiber was significantly improved, and the luminescence of the unit mass of Tb(acac)3phen complexes in composite microfibers was stronger than that in pure Tb(acac)3phen complexes. The magnetic properties of the composite microfibers were also investigated using hysteresis loops, and an interesting experimental phenomenon was found that the saturation magnetization of the composite microfibers gradually increased with the increase in the doping proportion of terbium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Ruifei Qin
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xiaofeng Fan
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xiujie Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
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22
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Vidal F, Smith S, Williams CK. Ring Opening Copolymerization of Boron-Containing Anhydride with Epoxides as a Controlled Platform to Functional Polyesters. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37311063 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Boron-functionalized polymers are used in opto-electronics, biology, and medicine. Methods to produce boron-functionalized and degradable polyesters remain exceedingly rare but relevant where (bio)dissipation is required, for example, in self-assembled nanostructures, dynamic polymer networks, and bio-imaging. Here, a boronic ester-phthalic anhydride and various epoxides (cyclohexene oxide, vinyl-cyclohexene oxide, propene oxide, allyl glycidyl ether) undergo controlled ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP), catalyzed by organometallic complexes [Zn(II)Mg(II) or Al(III)K(I)] or a phosphazene organobase. The polymerizations are well controlled allowing for the modulation of the polyester structures (e.g., by epoxide selection, AB, or ABA blocks), molar masses (9.4 < Mn < 40 kg/mol), and uptake of boron functionalities (esters, acids, "ates", boroxines, and fluorescent groups) in the polymer. The boronic ester-functionalized polymers are amorphous, with high glass transition temperatures (81 < Tg < 224 °C) and good thermal stability (285 < Td < 322 °C). The boronic ester-polyesters are deprotected to yield boronic acid- and borate-polyesters; the ionic polymers are water soluble and degradable under alkaline conditions. Using a hydrophilic macro-initiator in alternating epoxide/anhydride ROCOP, and lactone ring opening polymerization, produces amphiphilic AB and ABC copolyesters. Alternatively, the boron-functionalities are subjected to Pd(II)-catalyzed cross-couplings to install fluorescent groups (BODIPY). The utility of this new monomer as a platform to construct specialized polyesters materials is exemplified here in the synthesis of fluorescent spherical nanoparticles that self-assemble in water (Dh = 40 nm). The selective copolymerization, variable structural composition, and adjustable boron loading represent a versatile technology for future explorations of degradable, well-defined, and functional polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Sevven Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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23
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Grimaldi I, Santulli F, Lamberti M, Mazzeo M. Chromium Complexes Supported by Salen-Type Ligands for the Synthesis of Polyesters, Polycarbonates, and Their Copolymers through Chemoselective Catalysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087642. [PMID: 37108806 PMCID: PMC10144741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salen, Salan, and Salalen chromium (III) chloride complexes have been investigated as catalysts for the ring-opening copolymerization reactions of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) with CO2 and of phthalic anhydride (PA) with limonene oxide (LO) or cyclohexene oxide (CHO). In the production of polycarbonates, the more flexible skeleton of salalen and salan ancillary ligands favors high activity. Differently, in the copolymerization of phthalic anhydride with the epoxides, the salen complex showed the best performance. Diblock polycarbonate-polyester copolymers were selectively obtained by one-pot procedures from mixtures of CO2, cyclohexene oxide, and phthalic anhydride with all complexes. In addition, all chromium complexes were revealed to be very active in the chemical depolymerization of polycyclohexene carbonate producing cyclohexene oxide with high selectivity, thus offering the opportunity to close the loop on the life of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Grimaldi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Federica Santulli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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24
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Jeong SY, Kim J, Lee E, Son KS. Ring-Opening Copolymerization Using a Chromium Complex with a Readily Available Aminotriphenolate Ligand. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaelim Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-sun Son
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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25
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Wang X, Huo Z, Xie X, Shanaiah N, Tong R. Recent Advances in Sequence-Controlled Ring-Opening Copolymerizations of Monomer Mixtures. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201147. [PMID: 36571563 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transforming renewable resources into functional and degradable polymers is driven by the ever-increasing demand to replace unsustainable polyolefins. However, the utility of many degradable homopolymers remains limited due to their inferior properties compared to commodity polyolefins. Therefore, the synthesis of sequence-defined copolymers from one-pot monomer mixtures is not only conceptually appealing in chemistry, but also economically attractive by maximizing materials usage and improving polymers' performances. Among many polymerization strategies, ring-opening (co)polymerization of cyclic monomers enables efficient access to degradable polymers with high control on molecular weights and molecular weight distributions. Herein, we highlight recent advances in achieving one-pot, sequence-controlled polymerizations of cyclic monomer mixtures using a single catalytic system that combines multiple catalytic cycles. The scopes of cyclic monomers, catalysts, and polymerization mechanisms are presented for this type of sequence-controlled ring-opening copolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ziyu Huo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Narasimhamurthy Shanaiah
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1040 Drillfield Drive, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rong Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 635 Prices Fork Road, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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26
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Maeda C, Inoue H, Ichiki A, Okihara T, Ema T. Synthesis of Trimethylene Carbonates and Polycarbonates from Oxetanes and CO 2 Using Bifunctional Aluminum Porphyrin Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Maeda
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hina Inoue
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ayano Ichiki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takumi Okihara
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tadashi Ema
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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27
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Schaefer J, Zhou H, Lee E, Lambic NS, Culcu G, Holtcamp MW, Rix FC, Lin TP. Tertiary and Quaternary Phosphonium Borane Bifunctional Catalysts for CO 2/Epoxide Copolymerization: A Mechanistic Investigation Using In Situ Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Schaefer
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Baytown, Texas77520, United States
| | - Hua Zhou
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Baytown, Texas77520, United States
| | - Eryn Lee
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Baytown, Texas77520, United States
| | - Nikola S. Lambic
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Baytown, Texas77520, United States
| | - Gursu Culcu
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Baytown, Texas77520, United States
| | - Matthew W. Holtcamp
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Baytown, Texas77520, United States
| | - Francis C. Rix
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Baytown, Texas77520, United States
| | - Tzu-Pin Lin
- ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Baytown, Texas77520, United States
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