1
|
Miller C, Neidhart A, Hess K, Ali AMS, Benavidez A, Spilde M, Peterson E, Brearley A, Wang X, Dhanapala BD, Cerrato JM, Gonzalez-Estrella J, El Hayek E. Uranium accumulation in environmentally relevant microplastics and agricultural soil at acidic and circumneutral pH. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171834. [PMID: 38521258 PMCID: PMC11141427 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of microplastics (MPs) with potentially toxic metals in the environment stresses the need to address their physicochemical interactions and the potential ecological and human health implications. Here, we investigated the reaction of aqueous U with agricultural soil and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) through the integration of batch experiments, microscopy, and spectroscopy. The aqueous initial concentration of U (100 μM) decreased between 98.6 and 99.2 % at pH 5 and between 86.2 and 98.9 % at pH 7.5 following the first half hour of reaction with 10 g of soil. In similar experimental conditions but with added HDPE, aqueous U decreased between 98.6 and 99.7 % at pH 5 and between 76.1 and 95.2 % at pH 7.5, suggesting that HDPE modified the accumulation of U in soil as a function of pH. Uranium-bearing precipitates on the cracked surface of HDPE were identified by SEM/EDS after two weeks of agitation in water at both pH 5 and 7.5. Accumulation of U on the near-surface region of reacted HDPE was confirmed by XPS. Our findings suggest that the precipitation of U was facilitated by the weathering of the surface of HDPE. These results provide insights about surface-mediated reactions of aqueous metals with MPs, contributing relevant information about the mobility of metals and MPs at co-contaminated agricultural sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casey Miller
- Gerald May Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, MSC01 1070, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MSC09 5360, University of New Mexico, College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Andrew Neidhart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MSC09 5360, University of New Mexico, College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, MSC03 2060, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kendra Hess
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, EN0059, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 740784, USA
| | - Abdul-Mehdi S Ali
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Angelica Benavidez
- Center for Micro-Engineered Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michael Spilde
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Eric Peterson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Adrian Brearley
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, MSC03 2040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Xuewen Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, EN0059, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 740784, USA
| | - B Dulani Dhanapala
- College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 740784, USA
| | - José M Cerrato
- Gerald May Department of Civil, Construction & Environmental Engineering, MSC01 1070, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jorge Gonzalez-Estrella
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, EN0059, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 740784, USA
| | - Eliane El Hayek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MSC09 5360, University of New Mexico, College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liao YK, Lagostina V, Salvadori E, Hartmann M, Poeppl A, Chiesa M. Short-Range Electronic Interactions between Vanadium and Molybdenum in Bimetallic SAPO-5 Catalysts Revealed by Hyperfine Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:11103-11110. [PMID: 37342203 PMCID: PMC10278125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Engineering two cooperative sites into a catalyst implies the onset of synergistic effects related to the existence of short-range electronic interactions between two metal components. However, these interactions and the relative structure-property correlations are often difficult to obtain. Here we show that hyperfine spectroscopy has the potential to reveal the presence of V4+-O-Mo6+ linkages assessing the degree of spin density transfer from paramagnetic V4+ species to proximal oxo-bridged Mo6+ metal ions. The dimer species were prepared by adsorption of Mo(CO)6 in the pores of SAPO-5, followed by thermal decomposition and oxidation and subsequent grafting of anhydrous VCl4(g) followed by hydrolysis and dehydration. The metal species react with SAPO protons during the exchange process and generate new Lewis acid sites, which act as redox centers. X- and Q-band EPR and HYSCORE experiments have been employed to monitor the local environment of V4+ species obtaining direct evidence for spin delocalization over 27Al, 31P, 95Mo, and 97Mo nuclei, demonstrating the presence of bimetallic V-O-Mo well-defined structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Liao
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Felix
Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Valeria Lagostina
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Enrico Salvadori
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Martin Hartmann
- Erlangen
Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Poeppl
- Felix
Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Chiesa
- Department
of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Influence of the synthetic procedure on the properties of three Ziegler-Natta catalysts with the same 1,3-diether internal donor. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.114077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
|
4
|
A Ziegler-type spherical cap model reveals early stage ethylene polymerization growth versus catalyst fragmentation relationships. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4954. [PMID: 36002458 PMCID: PMC9402950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyolefin catalysts are characterized by their hierarchically complex nature, which complicates studies on the interplay between the catalyst and formed polymer phases. Here, the missing link in the morphology gap between planar model systems and industrially relevant spherical catalyst particles is introduced through the use of a spherical cap Ziegler-type catalyst model system for the polymerization of ethylene. More specifically, a moisture-stable LaOCl framework with enhanced imaging contrast has been designed to support the TiCl4 pre-active site, which could mimic the behaviour of the highly hygroscopic and industrially used MgCl2 framework. As a function of polymerization time, the fragmentation behaviour of the LaOCl framework changed from a mixture of the shrinking core (i.e., peeling off small polyethylene fragments at the surface) and continuous bisection (i.e., internal cleavage of the framework) into dominantly a continuous bisection model, which is linked to the evolution of the estimated polyethylene volume and the fraction of crystalline polyethylene formed. The combination of the spherical cap model system and the used advanced micro-spectroscopy toolbox, opens the route for high-throughput screening of catalyst functions with industrially relevant morphologies on the nano-scale. Ziegler-type polyolefin catalysts have proven to be hard to characterize. Here the authors present a model system consisting of patterned LaOCl spherical caps, simulating bulk particles while facilitating the use of micro(-spectro)scopic characterization techniques specifically aimed at surfaces.
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodriguez-Olguin MA, Cruz-Herbert RN, Atia H, Bosco M, Fornero EL, Eckelt R, De Haro Del Río DA, Aguirre A, Gardeniers JGE, Susarrey-Arce A. Tuning the catalytic acidity in Al 2O 3 nanofibers with mordenite nanocrystals for dehydration reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2022; 12:4243-4254. [PMID: 35873718 PMCID: PMC9252259 DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00143h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical and structural properties of Al2O3 are tuned for dehydration reactions. The synergy between the structured Al2O3 shaped as nanofiber and the acid site nature of the zeolite mordenite in the nanofiber improves the dehydration reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Rodriguez-Olguin
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, PO. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - R. N. Cruz-Herbert
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de Alba S/N, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 64455, Mexico
| | - H. Atia
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - M. Bosco
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Güemes 3450, S3000GLN, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santiago del Estero 2829, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - E. L. Fornero
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Güemes 3450, S3000GLN, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería en Ciencias Hídricas, UNL, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional N° 168 – Km 472,4, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - R. Eckelt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - D. A. De Haro Del Río
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Pedro de Alba S/N, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 64455, Mexico
| | - A. Aguirre
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, Güemes 3450, S3000GLN, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - J. G. E. Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, PO. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A. Susarrey-Arce
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, PO. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Piovano A, Wada T, Amodio A, Takasao G, Ikeda T, Zhu D, Terano M, Chammingkwan P, Groppo E, Taniike T. Formation of Highly Active Ziegler–Natta Catalysts Clarified by a Multifaceted Characterization Approach. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Toru Wada
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Alessia Amodio
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Gentoku Takasao
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ikeda
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Dongzhi Zhu
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Minoru Terano
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Patchanee Chammingkwan
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Toshiaki Taniike
- Dutch Polymer Institute, P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wei J, Yao R, Han Y, Ge Q, Sun J. Towards the development of the emerging process of CO 2 heterogenous hydrogenation into high-value unsaturated heavy hydrocarbons. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10764-10805. [PMID: 34605829 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emerging process of CO2 hydrogenation through heterogenous catalysis into important bulk chemicals provides an alternative strategy for sustainable and low-cost production of valuable chemicals, and brings an important chance for mitigating CO2 emissions. Direct synthesis of the family of unsaturated heavy hydrocarbons such as α-olefins and aromatics via CO2 hydrogenation is more attractive and challenging than the production of short-chain products to modern society, suffering from the difficult control between C-O activation and C-C coupling towards long-chain hydrocarbons. In the past several years, rapid progress has been achieved in the development of efficient catalysts for the process and understanding of their catalytic mechanisms. In this review, we provide a comprehensive, authoritative and critical overview of the substantial progress in the synthesis of α-olefins and aromatics from CO2 hydrogenation via direct and indirect routes. The rational fabrication and design of catalysts, proximity effects of multi-active sites, stability and deactivation of catalysts, reaction mechanisms and reactor design are systematically discussed. Finally, current challenges and potential applications in the development of advanced catalysts, as well as opportunities of next-generation CO2 hydrogenation techniques for carbon neutrality in future are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wei
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Ruwei Yao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Han
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingjie Ge
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Piovano A, Signorile M, Braglia L, Torelli P, Martini A, Wada T, Takasao G, Taniike T, Groppo E. Electronic Properties of Ti Sites in Ziegler–Natta Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- DPI, P.O.
Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Signorile
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Martini
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Sladkova 178/24, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Toru Wada
- DPI, P.O.
Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Gentoku Takasao
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Taniike
- DPI, P.O.
Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- DPI, P.O.
Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cr[CH(SiMe3)2]3/SiO2 catalysts for ethene polymerization: The correlation at a molecular level between the chromium loading and the microstructure of the produced polymer. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Recent progress in preparation of branched polyethylene with nickel, titanium, vanadium and chromium catalytic systems and EPR study of related catalytic systems. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
11
|
Mino L, Signorile M, Crocellà V, Lamberti C. Ti-Based Catalysts and Photocatalysts: Characterization and Modeling. CHEM REC 2018; 19:1319-1336. [PMID: 30570210 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This perspective article aims to underline how cutting-edge synchrotron radiation spectroscopies such as extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), high resolution fluorescence detected (HRFD) XANES, X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) have played a key role in the structural and electronic characterization of Ti-based catalysts and photocatalysts, representing an important additional value to the outcomes of conventional laboratory spectroscopies (UV-Vis, IR, Raman, EPR, NMR etc.). Selected examples are taken from the authors research activity in the last two decades, covering both band-gap and shape engineered TiO2 materials and microporous titanosilicates (ETS-10, TS-1 and Ti-AlPO-5). The relevance of the state of the art simulation techniques as a support for experiments interpretation is underlined for all the reported examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mino
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Reference Center and NIS Interdepartmental Center, University of Turin, via Giuria 7, I-10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Signorile
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Reference Center and NIS Interdepartmental Center, University of Turin, via Giuria 7, I-10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Crocellà
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Reference Center and NIS Interdepartmental Center, University of Turin, via Giuria 7, I-10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- Department of Physics, INSTM Reference Center and CrisDi Interdepartmental Center for crystallography, University of Turin, via Giuria 1, I-10135, Turin, Italy.,The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Sladkova Street 174/28, 344090, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Piovano A, Pletcher P, Velthoen MEZ, Zanoni S, Chung SH, Bossers K, Jongkind MK, Fiore G, Groppo E, Weckhuysen BM. Genesis of MgCl2
-based Ziegler-Natta Catalysts as Probed with Operando Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2662-2671. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piovano
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; Via Quarello 15A 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Paul Pletcher
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein E. Z. Velthoen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Zanoni
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sang-Ho Chung
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS); University of Amsterdam; PO Box 94157 1090 GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Koen Bossers
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten K. Jongkind
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Fiore
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; Via Quarello 15A 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM and NIS Centre; University of Torino; Via Quarello 15A 10135 Torino Italy
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group; Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|