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Squaramide-Tethered Sulfonamides and Coumarins: Synthesis, Inhibition of Tumor-Associated CAs IX and XII and Docking Simulations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147685. [PMID: 35887037 PMCID: PMC9318203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are attractive targets for the development of new anticancer therapies; in particular, CAs IX and XII isoforms are overexpressed in numerous tumors. (2) Methods: following the tail approach, we have appended a hydrophobic aromatic tail to a pharmacophore responsible for the CA inhibition (aryl sulfonamide, coumarin). As a linker, we have used squaramides, featured with strong hydrogen bond acceptor and donor capacities. (3) Results: Starting from easily accessible dimethyl squarate, the title compounds were successfully obtained as crystalline solids, avoiding the use of chromatographic purifications. Interesting and valuable SARs could be obtained upon modification of the length of the hydrocarbon chain, position of the sulfonamido moiety, distance of the aryl sulfonamide scaffold to the squaramide, stereoelectronic effects on the aromatic ring, as well as the number and type of substituents on C-3 and C-4 positions of the coumarin. (4) Conclusions: For sulfonamides, the best profile was achieved for the m-substituted derivative 11 (Ki = 29.4, 9.15 nM, CA IX and XII, respectively), with improved selectivity compared to acetazolamide, a standard drug. Coumarin derivatives afforded an outstanding selectivity (Ki > 10,000 nM for CA I, II); the lead compound (16c) was a strong CA IX and XII inhibitor (Ki = 19.2, 7.23 nM, respectively). Docking simulations revealed the key ligand-enzyme interactions.
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2
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Horizons in Asymmetric Organocatalysis: En Route to the Sustainability and New Applications. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the development of new enantioselective processes is highly relevant in chemistry due to the relevance of chiral compounds in biomedicine (mainly drugs) and in other fields, such as agrochemistry, animal feed, and flavorings. Among them, organocatalytic methods have become an efficient and sustainable alternative since List and MacMillan pioneering contributions were published in 2000. These works established the term asymmetric organocatalysis to label this area of research, which has grown exponentially over the last two decades. Since then, the scientific community has attended to the discovery of a plethora of organic reactions and transformations carried out with excellent results in terms of both reactivity and enantioselectivity. Looking back to earlier times, we can find in the literature a few examples where small organic molecules and some natural products could act as effective catalysts. However, with the birth of this type of catalysis, new chemical architectures based on amines, thioureas, squaramides, cinchona alkaloids, quaternary ammonium salts, carbenes, guanidines and phosphoric acids, among many others, have been developed. These organocatalysts have provided a broad range of activation modes that allow privileged interactions between catalysts and substrates for the preparation of compounds with high added value in an enantioselective way. Here, we briefly cover the history of this chemistry, from our point of view, including our beginnings, how the field has evolved during these years of research, and the road ahead.
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3
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Sonsona IG, Vicenzi A, Guidotti M, Bisag GD, Fochi M, Herrera RP, Bernardi L. Investigation of Squaramide Catalysts in the Aldol Reaction En Route to Funapide. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G. Sonsona
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Andrea Vicenzi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Marco Guidotti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Giorgiana Denisa Bisag
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Fochi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Luca Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” & INSTM RU Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna V. Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
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4
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Molecular Tailoring Approach for the Estimation of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond Energy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102928. [PMID: 34069140 PMCID: PMC8155843 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen bonds (HBs) play a crucial role in many physicochemical and biological processes. Theoretical methods can reliably estimate the intermolecular HB energies. However, the methods for the quantification of intramolecular HB (IHB) energy available in the literature are mostly empirical or indirect and limited only to evaluating the energy of a single HB. During the past decade, the authors have developed a direct procedure for the IHB energy estimation based on the molecular tailoring approach (MTA), a fragmentation method. This MTA-based method can yield a reliable estimate of individual IHB energy in a system containing multiple H-bonds. After explaining and illustrating the methodology of MTA, we present its use for the IHB energy estimation in molecules and clusters. We also discuss the use of this method by other researchers as a standard, state-of-the-art method for estimating IHB energy as well as those of other noncovalent interactions.
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5
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Auria‐Luna F, Mohammadi S, Divar M, Gimeno MC, Herrera RP. Asymmetric Fluorination Reactions promoted by Chiral Hydrogen Bonding‐based Organocatalysts. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Auria‐Luna
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica. Departamento de Química Orgánica. Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC- Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain)
| | - Somayeh Mohammadi
- Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 7134853734 Shiraz (Iran)
| | - Masoumeh Divar
- Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. 7134853734 Shiraz (Iran)
| | - M. Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica. Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC- Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain)
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica. Departamento de Química Orgánica. Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC- Universidad de Zaragoza. C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain)
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6
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Zhang J, Qi L, Li S, Xiang S, Tan B. Direct Construction of
NOBINs
via
Domino Arylation and Sigmatropic Rearrangement Reactions. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji‐Wei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang 150001 China
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Liang‐Wen Qi
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Shaoyu Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Shao‐Hua Xiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Bin Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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7
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Paraja M, Hao X, Matile S. Polyether Natural Product Inspired Cascade Cyclizations: Autocatalysis on π-Acidic Aromatic Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15093-15097. [PMID: 32181559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Anion-π catalysis functions by stabilizing anionic transition states on aromatic π surfaces, thus providing a new approach to molecular transformation. The delocalized nature of anion-π interactions suggests that they serve best in stabilizing long-distance charge displacements. Aiming therefore for an anionic cascade reaction that is as charismatic as the steroid cyclization is for conventional cation-π biocatalysis, reported here is the anion-π-catalyzed epoxide-opening ether cyclizations of oligomers. Only on π-acidic aromatic surfaces having a positive quadrupole moment, such as hexafluorobenzene to naphthalenediimides, do these polyether cascade cyclizations proceed with exceptionally high autocatalysis (rate enhancements kauto /kcat >104 m-1 ). This distinctive characteristic adds complexity to reaction mechanisms (Goldilocks-type substrate concentration dependence, entropy-centered substrate destabilization) and opens intriguing perspectives for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Paraja
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoyu Hao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Paraja M, Hao X, Matile S. Polyether Natural Product Inspired Cascade Cyclizations: Autocatalysis on π‐Acidic Aromatic Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Paraja
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Xiaoyu Hao
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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9
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Axelsson A, Hammarvid E, Rahm M, Sundén H. DBU‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening and Retro‐Claisen Fragmentation of Dihydropyranones. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Axelsson
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Emmelie Hammarvid
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Martin Rahm
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundén
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 10 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
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10
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Eliseenko SS, Bhadbhade M, Liu F. Multifunctional chiral aminophosphines for enantiodivergent catalysis in a palladium-catalyzed allylic alkylation reaction. Chirality 2020; 32:1311-1323. [PMID: 32757326 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trifunctional MAP-based chiral phosphines were tested as new ligands in a Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation, demonstrating fast and enantiodivergent catalysis. The palladium complexes of representative ligands by X-ray analysis revealed a novel mode of P,N-coordination of the ligand to the palladium center, which may contribute to switching the sense of the asymmetric induction via combined steric and tunable H-bonding interactions between the metal complex and the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sviatoslav S Eliseenko
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohan Bhadbhade
- Solid State & Elemental Analysis Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, Division of Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Pham AT, Matile S. Peptide Stapling with Anion-π Catalysts. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1562-1566. [PMID: 32311232 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of naphthalenediimides (NDIs) that are bridged with short peptides. Reminiscent of peptide stapling technologies, the macrocycles are conveniently accessible by a chromogenic nucleophilic aromatic substitution of two bromides in the NDI core with two thiols from cysteine sidechains. The dimension of core-bridged NDIs matches that of one turn of an α helix. NDI-stapled peptides exist as two, often separable atropisomers. Introduction of tertiary amine bases in amino-acid sidechains above the π-acidic NDI surface affords operational anion-π catalysts. According to an enolate chemistry benchmark reaction, anion-π catalysis next to peptides occurs with record chemoselectivity but weak enantioselectivity. Catalytic activity drops with increasing distance of the amine base to the NDI surface, looser homocysteine bridges, mismatched, shortened and elongated α-helix turns, and acyclic peptide controls. Elongation of isolated turns into short α helices significantly increases activity. This increase is consistent with remote control of anion-π catalysis from the α-helix macrodipole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh-Tuan Pham
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Sonsona IG, Alegre-Requena JV, Marqués-López E, Gimeno MC, Herrera RP. Asymmetric Organocatalyzed Aza-Henry Reaction of Hydrazones: Experimental and Computational Studies. Chemistry 2020; 26:5469-5478. [PMID: 32012361 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first asymmetric catalyzed aza-Henry reaction of hydrazones is presented. In this process, quinine was used as the catalyst to synthesize different alkyl substituted β-nitrohydrazides with ee up to 77 %. This ee was improved up to 94 % by a further recrystallization and the opposite enantiomer can be obtained by using quinidine as the catalyst, opening exciting possibilities in fields in which the control of chirality is vital, such as the pharmaceutical industry. Additionally, experimental and ab initio studies were performed to understand the reaction mechanism. The experimental results revealed an unexpected secondary kinetic isotope effect (KIE) that is explained by the calculated reaction pathway, which shows that the protonation of the initial hydrazone and the C-C bond forming reaction occur during a concerted process. This concerted mechanism makes the catalysis conceptually different to traditional base-promoted Henry and aza-Henry reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G Sonsona
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica, Departamento de, Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y, Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna, No. 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan V Alegre-Requena
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica, Departamento de, Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y, Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna, No. 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eugenia Marqués-López
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica, Departamento de, Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y, Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna, No. 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de, Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de, Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna, No. 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel P Herrera
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica, Departamento de, Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y, Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna, No. 12., 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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13
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Paraja M, Matile S. Primary Anion–π Catalysis of Epoxide‐Opening Ether Cyclization into Rings of Different Sizes: Access to New Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6273-6277. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Paraja
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
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14
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Primary Anion–π Catalysis of Epoxide‐Opening Ether Cyclization into Rings of Different Sizes: Access to New Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Gimeno MC, Herrera RP. Hydrogen Bonding and Internal or External Lewis or Brønsted Acid Assisted (Thio)urea Catalysts. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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16
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Rufino VC, Pliego JR. Is the iminium ion mechanism viable in the piperidine-catalyzed 1,4-conjugate addition reaction of nitroalkanes to α,β-unsaturated ketones? COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.112541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Sonsona IG, Marqués-López E, Gimeno MC, Herrera RP. First aromatic amine organocatalysed activation of α,β-unsaturated ketones. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj02392e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a chiral aromatic amine used to activate α,β-unsaturated ketones in aminocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G. Sonsona
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)
- (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza)
- E-50009 Zaragoza
| | - Eugenia Marqués-López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)
- (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza)
- E-50009 Zaragoza
| | - M. Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza)
- E-50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)
- (CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza)
- E-50009 Zaragoza
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18
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Bootsma AN, Wheeler SE. Tuning Stacking Interactions between Asp-Arg Salt Bridges and Heterocyclic Drug Fragments. J Chem Inf Model 2018; 59:149-158. [PMID: 30507185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Stacking interactions can play an integral role in the strength and selectivity of protein-drug binding and are of particular interest given the ubiquity and variety of heterocyclic fragments in drugs. In addition to traditional stacking interactions between aromatic rings, stacking interactions involving heterocyclic drug fragments and protein salt bridges have also been observed. These "salt-bridge stacking interactions" can be quite strong but are not well understood. We studied stacked dimers of the acetate···guanidinium ion pair with a diverse set of 63 heterocycles using robust ab initio methods. The computed interaction energies span more than 10 kcal mol-1, indicating the sensitivity of these salt-bridge stacking interactions to heterocycle features. Trends in both the strength and preferred geometry of these interactions can be understood through analyses of the electrostatic potentials and electric fields above the heterocycles. We have developed new heterocycle descriptors that quantify these effects and used them to create robust predictors of the strength of salt-bridge stacking interactions both in the gas phase and a protein-like dielectric environment. These predictive tools, combined with a set of qualitative guidelines, should facilitate the choice of heterocycles that maximize salt-bridge stacking interactions in drug binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea N Bootsma
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77842 , United States.,Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Steven E Wheeler
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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19
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Zhao Y, Cotelle Y, Liu L, López-Andarias J, Bornhof AB, Akamatsu M, Sakai N, Matile S. The Emergence of Anion-π Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2255-2263. [PMID: 30188692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this Account is to summarize the first five years of anion-π catalysis. The general idea of anion-π catalysis is to stabilize anionic transition states on aromatic surfaces. This is complementary to the stabilization of cationic transition states on aromatic surfaces, a mode of action that occurs in nature and is increasingly used in chemistry. Anion-π catalysis, however, rarely occurs in nature and has been unexplored in chemistry. Probably because the attraction of anions to π surfaces as such is counterintuitive, anion-π interactions in general are much younger than cation-π interactions and remain under-recognized until today. Anion-π catalysis has emerged from early findings that anion-π interactions can mediate the transport of anions across lipid bilayer membranes. With this evidence for stabilization in the ground state secured, there was no reason to believe that anion-π interactions could not also stabilize anionic transition states. As an attractive reaction to develop anion-π catalysis, the addition of malonic acid half thioesters to enolate acceptors was selected. This choice was also made because without enzymes decarboxylation is preferred and anion-π interactions promised to catalyze selectively the disfavored but relevant enolate addition. Concerning anion-π catalysts, we started with naphthalene diimides (NDIs) because their intrinsic quadrupole moment is highly positive. The NDI scaffold was used to address questions such as the positioning of substrates on the catalytic π surface or the dependence of activity on the π acidity of this π surface. With the basics in place, the next milestone was the creation of anion-π enzymes, that is, enzymes that operate with an interaction rarely used in biology, at least on intrinsically π-acidic or highly polarizable aromatic amino-acid side chains. Electric-field-assisted anion-π catalysis addresses topics such as heterogeneous catalysis on electrodes and remote control of activity by voltage. On π-stacked foldamers, anion-(π) n-π catalysis was discovered. Fullerenes emerged as the scaffold of choice to explore contributions from polarizability. On fullerenes, anionic transition states are stabilized by large macrodipoles that appear only in response to their presence. With this growing collection of anion-π catalysts, several reactions beyond enolate addition have been explored so far. Initial efforts focused on asymmetric anion-π catalysis. Increasing enantioselectivity with increasing π acidity of the active π surface has been exemplified for enamine and iminium chemistry and for anion-π transaminase mimics. However, the delocalized nature of anion-π interactions calls for the stabilization of charge displacements over longer distances. The first step in this direction was the formation of cyclohexane rings with five stereogenic centers from achiral acyclic substrates on π-acidic surfaces. Moreover, the intrinsically disfavored exo transition state of anionic Diels-Alder reactions is stabilized selectively on π-acidic surfaces; endo products and otherwise preferred Michael addition products are completely suppressed. Taken together, we hope that these results on catalyst design and reaction scope will establish anion-π catalysis as a general principle in catalysis in the broadest sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yoann Cotelle
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna-Bea Bornhof
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Masaaki Akamatsu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Sakai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Matile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Alegre-Requena JV, Marqués-López E, Herrera RP. Organocatalyzed Enantioselective Aldol and Henry Reactions Starting from Benzylic Alcohols. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan V. Alegre-Requena
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica. Departamento de Química Orgánica.; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza. C/; Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Eugenia Marqués-López
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica. Departamento de Química Orgánica.; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza. C/; Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica. Departamento de Química Orgánica.; Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH) CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza. C/; Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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21
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Alegre-Requena JV, Marqués-López E, Herrera RP. Optimizing the Accuracy and Computational Cost in Theoretical Squaramide Catalysis: The Henry Reaction. Chemistry 2017; 23:15336-15347. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan V. Alegre-Requena
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Eugenia Marqués-López
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Raquel P. Herrera
- Laboratorio de Organocatálisis Asimétrica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-; Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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