Heteroaggregation and Selective Deposition for the Fine Design of Nanoarchitectured Bifunctional Catalysts: Application to Hydroisomerization

Spatial segregation of catalytic sites within Pd doped H-ZSM-5 for fatty acid hydrodeoxygenation to alkanes

Spatial control over features within multifunctional catalysts can unlock efficient one-pot cascade reactions, which are themselves a pathway to aviation biofuels via hydrodeoxygenation. A synthesis strategy that encompasses spatial orthogonality, i.e., one in which different catalytic species are deposited exclusively within discrete locations of a support architecture, is one solution that permits control over potential interactions between different sites and the cascade process. Here, we report a Pd doped hierarchical zeolite, in which Pd nanoparticles are selectively deposited within the mesopores, while acidity is retained solely within the micropores of ZSM-5. This spatial segregation facilitates hydrodeoxygenation while suppressing undesirable decarboxylation and decarbonation, yielding significant enhancements in activity (30.6 vs 3.6 moldodecane molPd-1 h-1) and selectivity (C12:C11 5.2 vs 1.9) relative to a conventionally prepared counterpart (via wet impregnation). Herein, multifunctional material design can realise efficient fatty acid hydrodeoxygenation, thus advancing the field and inspiring future developments in rationalised catalyst design.

Confining redox-active metal sites in acidic porous scaffolds for the catalytic transformation of lignin-derived phenols to naphthenes

The hydrodeoxygenation transformation of lignin-derived phenols provides an attractive pathway for the production of renewable biofuels; however, harsh process conditions strongly hinder its practical application. Herein, we report a porous metal silicate (PMS) material, PMS-36, which consists of metallic nickel and Lewis acid AlIII sites inside the pores, demonstrating high efficiency in catalyzing the hydrodeoxygenation transformation of guaiacol under mild conditions. PMS-36 also exhibits robust stability, which can be attributed to the strong interaction and charge transfer between metallic Ni and AlIII Lewis acid sites inside the confined pores. This study shows the importance of synergistic and confinement effects in developing high-performance and stable heterogeneous catalysts for the chemical transformation of biomass and its derivatives.

Boosting propane dehydroaromatization by confining PtZn alloy nanoparticles within H-ZSM-5 crystals

A Pt–Zn@H-ZSM-5 catalyst with Pt–Zn alloy nanoparticles confined in H-ZSM-5 crystals exhibits a significantly improved performance in the propane dehydroaromatization reaction.

Activation and conversion of alkanes in the confined space of zeolite-type materials

Microporous zeolite-type materials, with crystalline porous structures formed by well-defined channels and cages of molecular dimensions, have been widely employed as heterogeneous catalysts since the early 1960s, due to their wide variety of framework topologies, compositional flexibility and hydrothermal stability. The possible selection of the microporous structure and of the elements located in framework and extraframework positions enables the design of highly selective catalysts with well-defined active sites of acidic, basic or redox character, opening the path to their application in a wide range of catalytic processes. This versatility and high catalytic efficiency is the key factor enabling their use in the activation and conversion of different alkanes, ranging from methane to long chain n-paraffins. Alkanes are highly stable molecules, but their abundance and low cost have been two main driving forces for the development of processes directed to their upgrading over the last 50 years. However, the availability of advanced characterization tools combined with molecular modelling has enabled a more fundamental approach to the activation and conversion of alkanes, with most of the recent research being focused on the functionalization of methane and light alkanes, where their selective transformation at reasonable conversions remains, even nowadays, an important challenge. In this review, we will cover the use of microporous zeolite-type materials as components of mono- and bifunctional catalysts in the catalytic activation and conversion of C₁⁺ alkanes under non-oxidative or oxidative conditions. In each case, the alkane activation will be approached from a fundamental perspective, with the aim of understanding, at the molecular level, the role of the active sites involved in the activation and transformation of the different molecules and the contribution of shape-selective or confinement effects imposed by the microporous structure.

Composite materials based on heteroaggregated particles: Fundamentals and applications

Homoaggregation of dispersed particles, i.e., aggregation of particles of the same shape, charge, size, and composition, is a well-studied field and various theoretical and experimental approaches exist to understand the major phenomena involved in such processes. Besides, heteroaggregation of particles, i.e., aggregation of particles of different shape, charge, size, or composition, has attracted widespread interest due to its relevance in various biomedical, industrial, and environmental systems. For instance, heteroaggregation of plastic contaminant particles with naturally occurring solid materials in waters (e.g., clays, silica and organic polymers) plays an important role in the decontamination technologies. Moreover, nanofabrication processes involving heteroaggregation of particles to prepare novel composite materials are widely implemented in fundamental science and in more applied disciplines. In such procedures, stable particle dispersions are mixed and the desired structure forms owing to the presence of interparticle forces of various origins, which can be tuned by performing appropriate surface functionalization as well as altering the experimental conditions. These composites are widely used in different fields from sensing through catalysis to biomedical delivery. The present review summarizes the recent progresses in the field including new findings regarding the basic principles in particle heteroaggregation, preparation strategies of heteroaggregated structures of different morphology, and the application of the obtained hybrid composites. Such information will be very helpful to those involved in the design of novel composites consisting of different nano or colloidal particles.

Design of hybrid biocatalysts by controlled heteroaggregation of manganese oxide and sulfate latex particles to combat reactive oxygen species

The preparation of an antioxidant hybrid material by controlled heteroaggregation of manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) and sulfate-functionalized polystyrene latex (SL) beads was accomplished. Negatively charged MnO2 NPs were prepared by precipitation and initially functionalized with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) polyelectrolyte to induce charge reversal allowing decoration of oppositely charged SL surfaces via simple mixing. The PDADMAC-functionalized MnO2 NPs (PMn) aggregated with the SL particles leading to the formation of negatively charged, neutral and positively charged (SPMn) composites. The charge neutralization resulted in rapidly aggregating dispersions, while stable samples were observed once the composites possessed sufficiently high negative and positive charge, below and above the charge neutralization point, respectively. The antioxidant assays revealed that SL served as a suitable substrate and that the PDADMAC functionalization and immobilization of MnO2 NPs did not compromise their catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities, which were also maintained within a wide temperature range. The obtained SPMn composite is expected to be an excellent candidate as an antioxidant material for the efficient scavenging of reactive oxygen species at both laboratory and larger scales, even under harsh conditions, where natural antioxidants do not function.

Control and Impact of Metal Loading Heterogeneities at the Nanoscale on the Performance of Pt/Zeolite Y Catalysts for Alkane Hydroconversion

The preparation of zeolite-based bifunctional catalysts with low noble metal loadings while maintaining optimal performance has been studied. We have deposited 0.03 to 1.0 wt % Pt on zeolite H-USY (Si/Al ∼ 30 at./at.) using either platinum(II) tetraammine nitrate (PTA, Pt(NH₃)₄(NO₃)₂) or hexachloroplatinic(IV) acid (CPA, H₂PtCl₆·6H₂O) and studied the nanoscale Pt loading heterogeneities and global hydroconversion performance of the resulting Pt/Y catalysts. Pt/Y samples prepared with PTA and a global Pt loading as low as 0.3 wt % Pt (n_Pt/n_A = 0.08 mol/mol, where n_Pt is the number of Pt surface sites and n_A is the number of acid sites) maintained catalytic performance during n-heptane (T = 210–350 °C, P = 10 bar) as well as n-hexadecane (T = 170–280 °C, P = 5 bar) hydroisomerization similar to a 1.0 wt % Pt sample. For Pt/Y catalysts prepared with CPA, a loading of 0.3 wt % Pt (n_Pt/n_A = 0.08 mol/mol) sufficed for n-heptane hydroisomerization, whereas a detrimental effect on n-hexadecane hydroisomerization was observed, in particular undesired secondary cracking occurred to a significant extent. The differences between PTA and CPA are explained by differences in Pt loading per zeolite Y crystal (size ∼ 500 nm), shown from extensive transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy experiments, whereby crystal-based n_Pt/n_A ratios could be determined. From earlier studies, it is known that the Al content per crystal of USY varied tremendously and that PTA preferentially is deposited on crystals with higher Al content due to ion-exchange with zeolite protons. Here, we show that this preferential deposition of PTA on Al-rich crystals led to a more constant value of n_Pt/n_A ratio from one zeolite crystal to another, which was beneficial for catalytic performance. Use of CPA led to a large variation of Pt loading independent of Al content, giving rise to larger variations of n_Pt/n_A ratio from crystal to crystal that negatively affected the catalytic performance. This study thus shows the impact of local metal loading variations at the zeolite crystal scale (nanoscale) caused by different interactions of metal precursors with the zeolite, which are essential to design and synthesize optimal catalysts, in particular at low noble metal loadings.

Promotional Effect of Pd Addition on the Catalytic Activity of Composite Pt-Pd/AlSBA-15–β Catalyst for Enhanced n-Heptane Hydroisomerization

Hierarchical AlSBA-15–zeolite materials were utilized as a supports for preparing hydroisomerization catalysts. Detailed consideration was given to: (i) the effect of the zeolite type introduced into AlSBA-15–zeolite composites (where zeolite is β, mordenite or ZSM-5) as well as (ii) the promotion effect of Pd addition. The composites showed higher activity in isomerization as compared to Pt/AlSBA-15. The enhanced isomerization efficiency were explained by the appropriate metallic and acidic function as well as suitable transport properties. The modification of the hydrogenating function by Pd incorporation increases the hydroisomerization efficiency of Pt-Pd/AlSBA-15–β catalyst. Over bimetallic Pt-Pd/AlSBA-15–β, the high yields of isomers (68 wt%) with respect to 50 wt% for a control catalyst. The most promising Pt-Pd/AlSBA-15–β catalyst allows to improve research octane number from 0 to the 74 value.

Influence of Nanoscale Intimacy and Zeolite Micropore Size on the Performance of Bifunctional Catalysts for n-Heptane Hydroisomerization

In this study, Pt nanoparticles on zeolite/γ-Al₂O₃ composites (50/50 wt) were located either in the zeolite or on the γ-Al₂O₃ binder, hereby varying the average distance (intimacy) between zeolite acid sites and metal sites from “closest” to “nanoscale”. The catalytic performance of these catalysts was compared to physical mixtures of zeolite and Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ powders, which provide a “microscale” distance between sites. Several beneficial effects on catalytic activity and selectivity for n-heptane hydroisomerization were observed when Pt nanoparticles are located on the γ-Al₂O₃ binder in nanoscale proximity with zeolite acid sites, as opposed to Pt nanoparticles located inside zeolite crystals. On ZSM-5-based catalysts, mostly monobranched isomers were produced, and the isomer selectivity of these catalysts was almost unaffected with an intimacy ranging from closest to microscale, which can be attributed to the high diffusional barriers of branched isomers within ZSM-5 micropores. For composite catalysts based on large-pore zeolites (zeolite Beta and zeolite Y), the activity and selectivity benefitted from the nanoscale intimacy with Pt, compared to both the closest and microscale intimacies. Intracrystalline gradients of heptenes as reaction intermediates are likely contributors to differences in activity and selectivity. This paper aims to provide insights into the influence of the metal–acid intimacy in bifunctional catalysts based on zeolites with different framework topologies.

Assessment of the Location of Pt Nanoparticles in Pt/zeolite Y/γ-Al2O3 Composite Catalysts

The location of Pt nanoparticles was studied in Pt/zeolite Y/γ-Al2O3 composite catalysts prepared by H2PtCl6 ⋅ 6H2O (CPA) or Pt(NH3)4(NO3)2 (PTA) as Pt precursors. The aim of this study is to validate findings from Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) by using characterization techniques that sample larger amounts of catalyst per measurement. Quantitative X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the catalyst prepared with CPA led to a significantly higher Pt/Al atomic ratio than the catalyst prepared with PTA confirming that the 1-2 nm sized Pt nanoparticles in the former catalyst were located on the open and mesoporous γ-Al2O3 component, whereas they were located in the micropores of zeolite Y in the latter. By using infrared spectroscopy, a shift in the absorption band maximum of CO chemisorbed on Pt nanoparticles was observed, which can be attributed to a difference in electronic properties depending on the support of the Pt nanoparticles. Finally, model hydrogenation experiments were performed using β-phenylcinnamaldehyde, a reactant molecule with low diffusivity in zeolite Y micropores, resulting in a 5 times higher activity for the catalyst prepared by CPA compared to PTA. The combined use of these characterization techniques allow us to draw more robust conclusions on the ability to control the location of Pt nanoparticles by using either CPA or PTA as precursors in zeolite/γ-Al2O3 composite catalyst materials.

Influence of intimacy for metal-mesoporous solid acids catalysts for n-alkanes hydro-conversion

Pt on both ordered mesoporous Al-SBA-15 and commercial amorphous mesoporous silica–alumina bi-functional catalysts were prepared and studied for n-heptane hydro-isomerization and n-hexadecane hydro-cracking.

Interplay of the adsorption of light and heavy paraffins in hydroisomerization over H-beta zeolite

Hydroisomerization: controlling selectivity by tuning the Pt/zeolite properties.

Bifunctional catalysts for the hydroisomerization of n-alkanes: the effects of metal–acid balance and textural structure

The summary of recent advances reveals excellent potentials for the preparation of novel bifunctional catalysts with excellent catalytic performances for n-alkane hydroisomerization.

New trends in tailoring active sites in zeolite-based catalysts

This review discusses approaches for tailoring active sites in extra-large pore, nanocrystalline, and hierarchical zeolites and their performance in emerging catalytic applications.