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Chen Y, Li B, Wang Y, Zhu X, Yuan D, Yao Y. Synthesis of Mono- and Dinuclear Aluminum Complexes Bearing Aromatic Amino-Phenolato Ligands: A Comparative Study in the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:21247-21256. [PMID: 38053396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Dinuclear aluminum methyl complexes bearing aromatic diamine-bridged tetra(phenolato) ligands and the mononuclear aluminum methyl complex with the phenylamine-bridged bis(phenolato) ligand have been synthesized and characterized. Structure determination revealed that the Al-Al distances in these dinuclear aluminum complexes are tunable by the choice of the suitable aromatic backbone of the diamine-bridged tetra(phenolato) ligands. The catalytic behaviors of these mono- and dinuclear aluminum complexes for cyclohexene oxide (CHO) polymerization were investigated. The activities of these dinuclear Al complexes were observed to increase with the decrease of Al-Al distances, and the dinuclear Al complexes appeared to have better catalytic activity than the mononuclear Al complex, even if the Al-Al distance is as long as 9.401 Å. Dinuclear aluminum complex 2, with the shortest Al-Al distance (7.236 Å), showed the highest activity toward CHO polymerization with TOFs up to 6460 h-1 in neat CHO at 30 °C. Furthermore, comparative kinetic studies revealed that the polymerization is first-order for CHO concentration, and the reaction orders for initiator concentration are different for the mono- and dinuclear Al complexes. The polymerization mechanism study revealed that both the methyl and phenolate groups were involved in the initiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaorong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingming Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Ferrier RC, Kumbhar G, Crum-Dacon S, Lynd NA. A guide to modern methods for poly(thio)ether synthesis using Earth-abundant metals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12390-12410. [PMID: 37753731 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyethers and polythioethers have a long and storied history dating back to the start of polymer science as a distinct field. As such, these materials have been utilized in a wide range of commercial applications and fundamental studies. The breadth of their material properties and the contexts in which they are applied is ultimately owed to their diverse monomer pre-cursors, epoxides and thiiranes, respectively. The facile polymerization of these monomers, both historically and contemporaneously, across academia and industry, has occurred through the use of Earth-abundant metals as catalysts and/or initiators. Despite this, polymerization methods for these monomers are underutilized compared to other monomer classes like cyclic olefins, vinyls, and (meth)acrylates. We feel a focused review that clearly outlines the benefits and shortcomings of extant synthetic methods for poly(thio)ethers along with their proposed mechanisms and quirks will help facilitate the utilization of these methods and by extension the unique polymer materials they create. Therefore, this Feature Article briefly describes the applications of poly(thio)ethers before discussing the feature-set of each poly(thio)ether synthetic method and qualitatively scoring them on relevant metrics (e.g., ease-of-use, molecular weight control, etc.) to help would-be poly(thio)ether-makers find an appropriate synthetic approach. The article is concluded with a look ahead at the future of poly(thio)ether synthesis with Earth-abundant metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Ferrier
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Gouree Kumbhar
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Shaylynn Crum-Dacon
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Nathaniel A Lynd
- University of Texas-Austin, McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Austin, TX, USA
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Wang X, Hui J, Shi M, Kou X, Li X, Zhong R, Li Z. Exploration of the Synergistic Effect in a One-Component Lewis Pair System: Serving as a Dual Initiator and Catalyst in the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Epoxides. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jiwen Hui
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Minmin Shi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xinhui Kou
- Analyses and Testing Center, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ronglin Zhong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, China
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Mu D, Feng C, Li W, Yuan D, Yao Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Al (III)‐Zn (II) Heterometallic Complex and the Application in Ring‐opening Polymerization of Cyclohexene Oxide. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debao Mu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Chunping Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Wenyi Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Hengyang Normal University Hengyang P. R. China
| | - Dan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Yingming Yao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University Suzhou P. R. China
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Dookhith AZ, Lynd NA, Creton C, Sanoja GE. Controlling Architecture and Mechanical Properties of Polyether Networks with Organoaluminum Catalysts. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaliyah Z. Dookhith
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, CNRS UMR 7615, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gabriel E. Sanoja
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Safaie N, Smak J, DeJonge D, Cheng S, Zuo X, Ohno K, Ferrier, Jr. RC. Facile Synthesis of Epoxide-co-Propylene Sulphide Polymers with Compositional and Architectural Control. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a facile method to produce propylene sulphide (PS) homopolymers up to 100 kg/mol and PS – epoxide statistical, block, and ABA copolymers using inexpensive and versatile thio-aluminium (SAl)...
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Shukla G, Ferrier RC. The versatile, functional polyether, polyepichlorohydrin: History, synthesis, and applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Shukla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Robert C. Ferrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
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8
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Safaie N, Rawal B, Ohno K, Ferrier RC. Aluminum-Based Initiators from Thiols for Epoxide Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Safaie
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Bandana Rawal
- East Lansing High School, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Kohji Ohno
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gakasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Robert C. Ferrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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9
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Burkey AA, Hillsley A, Harris DT, Baltzegar JR, Zhang DY, Sprague WW, Rosales AM, Lynd NA. Mechanism of Polymer-Mediated Cryopreservation Using Poly(methyl glycidyl sulfoxide). Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3047-3055. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Burkey
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Alexander Hillsley
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Dale T. Harris
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Jacob R. Baltzegar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Diana Y. Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - William W. Sprague
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Adrianne M. Rosales
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States
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10
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Rodriguez CG, Chwatko M, Park J, Bentley CL, Freeman BD, Lynd NA. Compositionally Controlled Polyether Membranes via Mono(μ-alkoxo)bis(alkylaluminum)-Initiated Chain-Growth Network Epoxide Polymerization: Synthesis and Transport Properties. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina G. Rodriguez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Malgorzata Chwatko
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jaesung Park
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Caitlin L. Bentley
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Lynd
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Walsh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michael G. Hyatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Susannah A. Miller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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12
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Mears KL, Bloor LG, Pugh D, Aliev AE, Knapp CE, Carmalt CJ. Structural and Dynamic Properties of Gallium Alkoxides. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10346-10356. [PMID: 31334640 PMCID: PMC7007204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of chlorido-gallium functionalized alkoxides as precursors for aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) was carried out. Variable-temperature (VT)-NMR studies were used to probe the fluxional behavior of these alkoxides in solution, and hence their utility as precursors. The synthesis involved the initial isolation of the dimer [GaCl(NMe2)2]2 via a salt metathesis route from GaCl3 and 2 equiv of LiNMe2. This dimer was then reacted with 4 equiv of HOCH2CH2CH2NEt2, resulting in the formation of Ga[μ-(OCH2CH2CH2NEt2)2GaCl2]3 (1). Mass spectrometry and VT-NMR confirmed the oligomeric structure of 1. Tuning of the ligand properties, namely, the chain length and substituents on N, resulted in formation of the monomers [GaCl(OR)2] (R = CH2CH2NEt2, (2); CH2CH2CH2NMe2, (3)). VT-NMR studies, supported by density functional theory calculations, confirmed that the ligands in both 2 and 3 possess a hemilabile coordination to the gallium center, owing to either a shorter carbon backbone (2) or less steric hindrance (3). Both 2 and 3 were selected for use as precursors for AACVD: deposition at 450 °C gave thin films of amorphous Ga2O3, which were subsequently annealed at 1000 °C to afford crystalline Ga2O3 material. The films were fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian L Mears
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Leanne G Bloor
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - David Pugh
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub , Imperial College London , 80 Wood Lane , London , W12 0BZ , United Kingdom
| | - Abil E Aliev
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Caroline E Knapp
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
| | - Claire J Carmalt
- Materials Chemistry Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , United Kingdom
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