1
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Aliyah K, Appel C, Lazaridis T, Prehal C, Ammann M, Xu L, Guizar-Sicairos M, Gubler L, Büchi FN, Eller J. Operando Scanning Small-/Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells: Investigation of Catalyst Layer Saturation and Membrane Hydration- Capabilities and Challenges. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:25938-25952. [PMID: 38740377 PMCID: PMC11129111 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte fuel cells are an essential technology for future local emission-free mobility. One of the critical challenges for thriving commercialization is water management in the cells. We propose small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering as a suitable diagnostic tool to quantify the liquid saturation in the catalyst layer and determine the hydration of the ion-conducting membrane in real operating conditions. The challenges that may occur in operando data collection are described in detail─separation of the anode and cathode, cell alignment to the beam, X-ray radiation damage, and the possibility of membrane swelling. A synergistic development of experimental setup, data acquisition, and data interpretation circumvents the major challenges and leads to practical and reliable insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinanti Aliyah
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christian Appel
- Photon
Science Division, Swiss Light Source, Paul
Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Timon Lazaridis
- Chair
of Technical Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis
Research Center, Technical University of
Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Christian Prehal
- Department
of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ammann
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Linfeng Xu
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Guizar-Sicairos
- Photon
Science Division, Swiss Light Source, Paul
Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute
of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gubler
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Felix N. Büchi
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jens Eller
- Electrochemistry
Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
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2
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Janssen M, Drnec J, Martens I, Quinson J, Pittkowski R, Park D, Weber P, Arenz M, Oezaslan M. Monitoring the Morphological Changes of Skeleton-PtCo Electrocatalyst during PEMFC Start-Up/Shut-Downprobed by in situ WAXS and SAXS. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400303. [PMID: 38507245 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Advanced in situ analyses are indispensable for comprehending the catalyst aging mechanisms of Pt-based PEM fuel cell cathode materials, particularly during accelerated stress tests (ASTs). In this study, a combination of in situ small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS & WAXS) techniques were employed to establish correlations between structural parameters (crystal phase, quantity, and size) of a highly active skeleton-PtCo (sk-PtCo) catalyst and their degradation cycles within the potential range of the start-up/shut-down (SUSD) conditions. Despite the complex case of the sk-PtCo catalyst comprising two distinct fcc alloy phases, our complementary techniques enabled in situ monitoring of structural changes in each crystal phase in detail. Remarkably, the in situ WAXS measurements uncover two primary catalyst aging processes, namely the cobalt depletion (regime I) followed by the crystallite growth via Ostwald ripening and/or particle coalescence (regime II). Additionally, in situ SAXS data reveal a continuous size growth over the AST. The Pt-enriched shell thickening based on the Co depletion within the first 100 SUSD cycles and particle growth induced by additional potential cycles were also collaborated by ex situ STEM-EELS. Overall, our work shows a comprehensive aging model for the sk-PtCo catalyst probed by complementary in situ WAXS and SAXS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Janssen
- Technical Electrocatalysis Laboratory, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jakub Drnec
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Isaac Martens
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jonathan Quinson
- Biological and Chemical Engineering Department, Aarhus University, 40 Åbogade, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Pittkowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daesung Park
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
- Laboratory of Emerging Nanometrology (LENA), Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philipp Weber
- Technical Electrocatalysis Laboratory, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mehtap Oezaslan
- Technical Electrocatalysis Laboratory, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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3
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Magnussen OM, Drnec J, Qiu C, Martens I, Huang JJ, Chattot R, Singer A. In Situ and Operando X-ray Scattering Methods in Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:629-721. [PMID: 38253355 PMCID: PMC10870989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical and electrocatalytic processes are of key importance for the transition to a sustainable energy supply as well as for a wide variety of other technologically relevant fields. Further development of these processes requires in-depth understanding of the atomic, nano, and micro scale structure of the materials and interfaces in electrochemical devices under reaction conditions. We here provide a comprehensive review of in situ and operando studies by X-ray scattering methods, which are powerful and highly versatile tools to provide such understanding. We discuss the application of X-ray scattering to a wide variety of electrochemical systems, ranging from metal and oxide single crystals to nanoparticles and even full devices. We show how structural data on bulk phases, electrode-electrolyte interfaces, and nanoscale morphology can be obtained and describe recent developments that provide highly local information and insight into the composition and electronic structure. These X-ray scattering studies yield insights into the structure in the double layer potential range as well as into the structural evolution during electrocatalytic processes and phase formation reactions, such as nucleation and growth during electrodeposition and dissolution, the formation of passive films, corrosion processes, and the electrochemical intercalation into battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf M. Magnussen
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht-Haensel
Laboratory, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakub Drnec
- ESRF,
Experiments Division, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Canrong Qiu
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jason J. Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Raphaël Chattot
- ICGM,
Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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4
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Gao Y, Thakur N, Uchiyama T, Cao W, Yamamoto K, Watanabe T, Kumar M, Sato R, Teranishi T, Imai H, Sakurai Y, Uchimoto Y. Investigating Degradation Mechanisms in PtCo Alloy Catalysts: The Role of Co Content and a Pt-Rich Shell Using Operando High-Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detection X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37908070 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Low Pt-based alloy catalysts are regarded as an efficient strategy in achieving high activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the desired durability for the low Pt-based catalysts, such as the Pt1Co3 catalyst, has still been considered a great challenge for PEMFCs. In this study, we investigate sub-2.5 nm PtxCoy alloy catalysts with varying Co content and Pt1Co3@Pt core-shell (CS) nanostructure catalysts obtained through a simple displacement reaction. The Pt1Co3@Pt_H catalysts showed a high mass activity (MA) of 1.46 A/mgPt at 0.9 V and 14% MA loss after 10k accelerated degradation test (ADT) cycles, which suggested the improved stability compared with Pt1Co3 catalysts (52% MA loss). To clarify the degradation mechanism, operando high-energy resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was applied in addition to conventional advanced measurement techniques, including operando conventional XAS, to analyze the electronic state and structure changes during operation potentials. We found that introducing Co improves the catalysts' activity mainly from the strain effect, but an excessive amount of Co leads to increased Pt-oxidation, which accelerates the degradation of the catalysts. The Pt1Co3@Pt_H catalyst shows high tolerance to Pt-oxidation, benefiting both the stability and activity. Our findings demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the degradation mechanism and the importance of designing PtCo CS nanostructures with optimal Co content for enhanced performance in PEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Gao
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Neha Thakur
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoki Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Weijie Cao
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Teranishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hideto Imai
- Fuel Cell Cutting-Edge Research Center Technology Research Association, Aomi, Koto, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakurai
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Koto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Uchimoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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5
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Sun X, Yan Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Dou X, Zhang D, Lu L, Guo G, Wang X. Sensitive electrochemical measurement of nitric oxide released from living cells based on dealloyed PtBi alloy nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:277. [PMID: 37380931 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), as a vital signaling molecule related to different physiological and pathological processes in living systems, is closely associated with cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, the detection of NO in real-time remains a difficulty. Here, PtBi alloy nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized, dealloyed, and then fabricated to NP-based electrodes for the electrochemical detection of NO. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and nitrogen physical adsorption/desorption show that dealloyed PtBi alloy nanoparticles (dPtBi NPs) have a porous nanostructure. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry results exhibit that the dPtBi NP electrode possesses unique electrocatalytic features such as low charge transfer resistance and large electrochemically active surface area, which lead to its excellent NO electrochemical sensing performance. Owing to the higher density of catalytical active sites formed PtBi bimetallic interface, the dPtBi NP electrode displays superior electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of NO with a peak potential at 0.74 V vs. SCE. The dPtBi NP electrode shows a wide dynamic range (0.09-31.5 μM) and a low detection limit of 1 nM (3σ/k) as well as high sensitivity (130 and 36.5 μA μM-1 cm-2). Moreover, the developed dPtBi NP-based electrochemical sensor also exhibited good reproducibility (RSD 5.7%) and repeatability (RSD 3.4%). The electrochemical sensor was successfully used for the sensitive detection of NO produced by live cells. This study indicates a highly effective approach for regulating the composition and nanostructures of metal alloy nanomaterials, which might provide new technical insights for developing high-performance NO-sensitive systems, and have important implications in enabling real-time detection of NO produced by live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiucheng Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effect, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yan
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effect, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Yacheng Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effect, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effect, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangnan Dou
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effect, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongtang Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effect, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liping Lu
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effect, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangsheng Guo
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effect, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
- Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effect, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
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6
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Zhao W, Xu G, Dong W, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Qiu L, Dong J. Progress and Perspective for In Situ Studies of Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300550. [PMID: 37097627 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of the most promising energy conversion devices with high efficiency and zero emission. However, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode is still the dominant limiting factor for the practical development of PEMFC due to its sluggish kinetics and the vulnerability of ORR catalysts under harsh operating conditions. Thus, the development of high-performance ORR catalysts is essential and requires a better understanding of the underlying ORR mechanism and the failure mechanisms of ORR catalysts with in situ characterization techniques. This review starts with the introduction of in situ techniques that have been used in the research of the ORR processes, including the principle of the techniques, the design of the in situ cells, and the application of the techniques. Then the in situ studies of the ORR mechanism as well as the failure mechanisms of ORR catalysts in terms of Pt nanoparticle degradation, Pt oxidation, and poisoning by air contaminants are elaborated. Furthermore, the development of high-performance ORR catalysts with high activity, anti-oxidation ability, and toxic-resistance guided by the aforementioned mechanisms and other in situ studies are outlined. Finally, the prospects and challenges for in situ studies of ORR in the future are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhao
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. , Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Guangtong Xu
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. , Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Dong
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. , Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. , Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zipeng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. , Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Juncai Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Aliyah K, Prehal C, Diercks JS, Diklić N, Xu L, Ünsal S, Appel C, Pauw BR, Smales GJ, Guizar-Sicairos M, Herranz J, Gubler L, Büchi FN, Eller J. Quantification of PEFC Catalyst Layer Saturation via In Silico, Ex Situ, and In Situ Small-Angle X-ray Scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37229747 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The complex nature of liquid water saturation of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) catalyst layers (CLs) greatly affects the device performance. To investigate this problem, we present a method to quantify the presence of liquid water in a PEFC CL using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). This method leverages the differences in electron densities between the solid catalyst matrix and the liquid water filled pores of the CL under both dry and wet conditions. This approach is validated using ex situ wetting experiments, which aid the study of the transient saturation of a CL in a flow cell configuration in situ. The azimuthally integrated scattering data are fitted using 3D morphology models of the CL under dry conditions. Different wetting scenarios are realized in silico, and the corresponding SAXS data are numerically simulated by a direct 3D Fourier transformation. The simulated SAXS profiles of the different wetting scenarios are used to interpret the measured SAXS data which allows the derivation of the most probable wetting mechanism within a flow cell electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinanti Aliyah
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Christian Prehal
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Justus S Diercks
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Nataša Diklić
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Linfeng Xu
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Seçil Ünsal
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Christian Appel
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Brian R Pauw
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Glen J Smales
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin 12205, Germany
| | | | - Juan Herranz
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Gubler
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Felix N Büchi
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jens Eller
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
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8
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Zhang X, Truong-Phuoc L, Asset T, Pronkin S, Pham-Huu C. Are Fe–N–C Electrocatalysts an Alternative to Pt-Based Electrocatalysts for the Next Generation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells? ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex
02, France
| | - Lai Truong-Phuoc
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex
02, France
| | - Tristan Asset
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex
02, France
| | - Sergey Pronkin
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex
02, France
| | - Cuong Pham-Huu
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex
02, France
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9
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Ahn CY, Park JE, Kim S, Kim OH, Hwang W, Her M, Kang SY, Park S, Kwon OJ, Park HS, Cho YH, Sung YE. Differences in the Electrochemical Performance of Pt-Based Catalysts Used for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells in Liquid Half- and Full-Cells. Chem Rev 2021; 121:15075-15140. [PMID: 34677946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A substantial amount of research effort has been directed toward the development of Pt-based catalysts with higher performance and durability than conventional polycrystalline Pt nanoparticles to achieve high-power and innovative energy conversion systems. Currently, attention has been paid toward expanding the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of catalysts and increase their intrinsic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, despite innumerable efforts having been carried out to explore this possibility, most of these achievements have focused on the rotating disk electrode (RDE) in half-cells, and relatively few results have been adaptable to membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) in full-cells, which is the actual operating condition of fuel cells. Thus, it is uncertain whether these advanced catalysts can be used as a substitute in practical fuel cell applications, and an improvement in the catalytic performance in real-life fuel cells is still necessary. Therefore, from a more practical and industrial point of view, the goal of this review is to compare the ORR catalyst performance and durability in half- and full-cells, providing a differentiated approach to the durability concerns in half- and full-cells, and share new perspectives for strategic designs used to induce additional performance in full-cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yeong Ahn
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sungjun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Ok-Hee Kim
- Department of Science, Republic of Korea Naval Academy, Jinhae-gu, Changwon 51704, South Korea
| | - Wonchan Hwang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Min Her
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sun Young Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - SungBin Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Oh Joong Kwon
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Hyun S Park
- Center for Hydrogen-Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Yong-Hun Cho
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, South Korea
| | - Yung-Eun Sung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, South Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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10
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Piccolo L. Restructuring effects of the chemical environment in metal nanocatalysis and single-atom catalysis. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Khalakhan I, Bogar M, Vorokhta M, Kúš P, Yakovlev Y, Dopita M, Sandbeck DJS, Cherevko S, Matolínová I, Amenitsch H. Evolution of the PtNi Bimetallic Alloy Fuel Cell Catalyst under Simulated Operational Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:17602-17610. [PMID: 32191029 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive understanding of the catalyst corrosion dynamics is a prerequisite for the development of an efficient cathode catalyst in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. To reach this aim, the behavior of fuel cell catalysts must be investigated directly under reaction conditions. Herein, we applied a strategic combination of in situ/online techniques: in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy, in situ grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering, and electrochemical scanning flow cell with online detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. This combination of techniques allows in-depth investigation of the potential-dependent surface restructuring of a PtNi model thin film catalyst during potentiodynamic cycling in an aqueous acidic electrolyte. The study reveals a clear correlation between the upper potential limit and structural behavior of the PtNi catalyst, namely, its dealloying and coarsening. The results show that at 0.6 and 1.0 VRHE upper potentials, the PtNi catalyst essentially preserves its structure during the entire cycling procedure. The crucial changes in the morphology of PtNi layers are found to occur at 1.3 and 1.5 VRHE cycling potentials. Strong dealloying at the early stage of cycling is substituted with strong coarsening of catalyst particles at the later stage. The coarsening at the later stage of cycling is assigned to the electrochemical Ostwald ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Khalakhan
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Marco Bogar
- Graz University of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- CERIC-ERIC c/o Elettra Synchrotron, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mykhailo Vorokhta
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kúš
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Yurii Yakovlev
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dopita
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel John Seale Sandbeck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH. Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH. Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iva Matolínová
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Graz University of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Gommes CJ, Asset T, Drnec J. Small-angle scattering by supported nanoparticles: exact results and useful approximations. J Appl Crystallogr 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719003935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In functional materials, nanoparticles are often dispersed in a porous support for the purpose of stabilizing them. This makes their characterization by small-angle scattering challenging because the signal comprises contributions from the nanoparticles of interest, from the inert support and from their cross-correlation. Exact analytical expressions for all three contributions are derived in the case of a Gaussian-field model of the porous support, with nanoparticles randomly distributed over the surface. For low nanoparticle loading, the expressions simplify to the addition of properly scaled support and particle scattering. For higher loadings, however, the cross-correlation cannot be ignored. Two approximations are introduced, which capture correlation effects in cases where the pores of the support are much larger or only slightly larger than the nanoparticles. The methods of the paper are illustrated with the small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of hollow metallic nanoparticles supported on porous carbon.
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