1
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Zhao H. Recent advances in enzymatic carbon-carbon bond formation. RSC Adv 2024; 14:25932-25974. [PMID: 39161440 PMCID: PMC11331486 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic carbon-carbon (C-C) bond formation reactions have become an effective and invaluable tool for designing new biological and medicinal molecules, often with asymmetric features. This review provides a systematic overview of key C-C bond formation reactions and enzymes, with the focus of reaction mechanisms and recent advances. These reactions include the aldol reaction, Henry reaction, Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, Mannich reaction, Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction, Diels-Alder reaction, acyloin condensations via Thiamine Diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes, oxidative and reductive C-C bond formation, C-C bond formation through C1 resource utilization, radical enzymes for C-C bond formation, and other C-C bond formation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 USA
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2
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Gui X, Li F, Cui X, Wu R, Liu D, Ma C, Ma L, Jiang H, You C, Zhu Z. A Light-Driven In Vitro Enzymatic Biosystem for the Synthesis of α-Farnesene from Methanol. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2024; 6:0039. [PMID: 39081856 PMCID: PMC11286291 DOI: 10.34133/bdr.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids of substantial industrial interest are mainly obtained through direct extraction from plant sources. Recently, microbial cell factories or in vitro enzymatic biosystems have emerged as promising alternatives for terpenoid production. Here, we report a route for the synthesis of α-farnesene based on an in vitro enzyme cascade reaction using methanol as an inexpensive and renewable C1 substrate. Thirteen biocatalytic reactions divided into 2 modules were optimized and coupled to achieve methanol-to-α-farnesene conversion via integration with natural thylakoid membranes as a green energy engine. This in vitro enzymatic biosystem driven by light enabled the production of 1.43 and 2.40 mg liter-1 α-farnesene using methanol and the intermediate glycolaldehyde as substrates, respectively. This work could provide a promising strategy for developing light-powered in vitro biosynthetic platforms to produce more natural compounds synthesized from C1 substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Gui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology,
Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, TianjinInstitute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, TianjinInstitute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xinyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, TianjinInstitute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ranran Wu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, TianjinInstitute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Dingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, TianjinInstitute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, TianjinInstitute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Lijuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, The College of Biotechnology,
Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huifeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, TianjinInstitute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun You
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, TianjinInstitute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Qin Y, Li Q, Fan L, Ning X, Wei X, You C. Biomanufacturing by In Vitro Biotransformation (ivBT) Using Purified Cascade Multi-enzymes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 186:1-27. [PMID: 37455283 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In vitro biotransformation (ivBT) refers to the use of an artificial biological reaction system that employs purified enzymes for the one-pot conversion of low-cost materials into biocommodities such as ethanol, organic acids, and amino acids. Unshackled from cell growth and metabolism, ivBT exhibits distinct advantages compared with metabolic engineering, including but not limited to high engineering flexibility, ease of operation, fast reaction rate, high product yields, and good scalability. These characteristics position ivBT as a promising next-generation biomanufacturing platform. Nevertheless, challenges persist in the enhancement of bulk enzyme preparation methods, the acquisition of enzymes with superior catalytic properties, and the development of sophisticated approaches for pathway design and system optimization. In alignment with the workflow of ivBT development, this chapter presents a systematic introduction to pathway design, enzyme mining and engineering, system construction, and system optimization. The chapter also proffers perspectives on ivBT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Qin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiangzi Li
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Fan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Sino-Danish College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ning
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinlei Wei
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Chun You
- In Vitro Synthetic Biology Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China.
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4
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Li G, Wei X, Wu R, Zhou W, Li Y, Zhu Z, You C. Stoichiometric Conversion of Maltose for Biomanufacturing by In Vitro Synthetic Enzymatic Biosystems. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2022; 2022:9806749. [PMID: 37850132 PMCID: PMC10521662 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9806749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Maltose is a natural α-(1,4)-linked disaccharide with wide applications in food industries and microbial fermentation. However, maltose has scarcely been used for in vitro biosynthesis, possibly because its phosphorylation by maltose phosphorylase (MP) yields β-glucose 1-phosphate (β-G1P) that cannot be utilized by α-phosphoglucomutase (α-PGM) commonly found in in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems previously constructed by our group. Herein, we designed an in vitro synthetic enzymatic reaction module comprised of MP, β-phosphoglucomutase (β-PGM), and polyphosphate glucokinase (PPGK) for the stoichiometric conversion of each maltose molecule to two glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) molecules. Based on this synthetic module, we further constructed two in vitro synthetic biosystems to produce bioelectricity and fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP), respectively. The 14-enzyme biobattery achieved a Faraday efficiency of 96.4% and a maximal power density of 0.6 mW/cm2, whereas the 5-enzyme in vitro FDP-producing biosystem yielded 187.0 mM FDP from 50 g/L (139 mM) maltose by adopting a fed-batch substrate feeding strategy. Our study not only suggests new application scenarios for maltose but also provides novel strategies for the high-efficient production of bioelectricity and value-added biochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 1038 Dagu Nanlu, Hexi District, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinlei Wei
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Ranran Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yunjie Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308China
| | - Chun You
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308China
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5
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Wang J, Qu G, Xie L, Gao C, Jiang Y, Zhang YHPJ, Sun Z, You C. Engineering of a thermophilic dihydroxy-acid dehydratase toward glycerate dehydration for in vitro biosystems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3625-3637. [PMID: 35546366 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD) plays an important role in the utilization of glycerol or glucose for the production of value-added chemicals in the in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystem. The low activity of DHAD in the dehydration of glycerate to pyruvate hampers its applications in biosystems. Protein engineering of a thermophilic DHAD from Sulfolobus solfataricus (SsDHAD) was performed to increase its dehydration activity. A triple mutant (I161M/Y145S/G205K) with a 10-fold higher activity on glycerate dehydration was obtained after three rounds of iterative saturation mutagenesis (ISM) based on computational analysis. The shrunken substrate-binding pocket and newly formed hydrogen bonds were the reason for the activity improvement of the mutant. For the in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems of converting glucose or glycerol to L-lactate, the biosystems with the mutant SsDHAD showed 3.32- and 2.34-fold higher reaction rates than the wild type, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential of protein engineering to improve the efficiency of in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems by enhancing the enzyme activity of rate-limited enzymes. KEY POINTS: • A screening method was established for the protein engineering of SsDHAD. • A R3 mutant of SsDHAD with 10-fold higher activity was obtained. • The R3 mutant exhibits higher productivity in the in vitro biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Leipeng Xie
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 27 Shandanan Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Yi-Heng P Job Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China.,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Chun You
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China. .,National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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6
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Hélaine V, Gastaldi C, Lemaire M, Clapés P, Guérard-Hélaine C. Recent Advances in the Substrate Selectivity of Aldolases. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Hélaine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cédric Gastaldi
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marielle Lemaire
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pere Clapés
- Biological Chemistry Department, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, IQAC−CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christine Guérard-Hélaine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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7
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Dai Y, Zhang J, Jiang B, Zhang T, Chen J. New strategy for rare sugars biosynthesis: Aldol reactions using dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)-dependent aldolases. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Zhou Y, Wu S, Bornscheuer UT. Recent advances in (chemo)enzymatic cascades for upgrading bio-based resources. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10661-10674. [PMID: 34585190 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04243b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing (chemo)enzymatic cascades is very attractive for green synthesis, because they streamline multistep synthetic processes. In this Feature Article, we have summarized the recent advances in in vitro or whole-cell cascade reactions with a focus on the use of renewable bio-based resources as starting materials. This includes the synthesis of rare sugars (such as ketoses, L-ribulose, D-tagatose, myo-inositol or aminosugars) from readily available carbohydrate sources (cellulose, hemi-cellulose, starch), in vitro enzyme pathways to convert glucose to various biochemicals, cascades to convert 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural obtained from lignin or xylose into novel precursors for polymer synthesis, the syntheses of phenolic compounds, cascade syntheses of aliphatic and highly reduced chemicals from plant oils and fatty acids, upgrading of glycerol or ethanol as well as cascades to transform natural L-amino acids into high-value (chiral) compounds. In several examples these processes have demonstrated their efficiency with respect to high space-time yields and low E-factors enabling mature green chemistry processes. Also, the strengths and limitations are discussed and an outlook is provided for improving the existing and developing new cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
| | - Shuke Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China. .,Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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9
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Xia Y, Cheng Q, Mu W, Hu X, Sun Z, Qiu Y, Liu X, Wang Z. Research Advances of d-allulose: An Overview of Physiological Functions, Enzymatic Biotransformation Technologies, and Production Processes. Foods 2021; 10:2186. [PMID: 34574296 PMCID: PMC8467252 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
d-allulose has a significant application value as a sugar substitute, not only as a food ingredient and dietary supplement, but also with various physiological functions, such as improving insulin resistance, anti-obesity, and regulating glucolipid metabolism. Over the decades, the physiological functions of d-allulose and the corresponding mechanisms have been studied deeply, and this product has been applied to various foods to enhance food quality and prolong shelf life. In recent years, biotransformation technologies for the production of d-allulose using enzymatic approaches have gained more attention. However, there are few comprehensive reviews on this topic. This review focuses on the recent research advances of d-allulose, including (1) the physiological functions of d-allulose; (2) the major enzyme families used for the biotransformation of d-allulose and their microbial origins; (3) phylogenetic and structural characterization of d-allulose 3-epimerases, and the directed evolution methods for the enzymes; (4) heterologous expression of d-allulose ketose 3-epimerases and biotransformation techniques for d-allulose; and (5) production processes for biotransformation of d-allulose based on the characterized enzymes. Furthermore, the future trends on biosynthesis and applications of d-allulose in food and health industries are discussed and evaluated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.M.); (Z.W.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qianqian Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.M.); (Z.W.)
| | - Xiuyu Hu
- China Biotech Fermentation Industry Association, Beijing 100833, China;
| | - Zhen Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Yangyu Qiu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Ximing Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.M.); (Z.W.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.C.); (Z.S.); (Y.Q.); (X.L.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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10
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Ren C, Yang J, Zeng Y, Zhang T, Tian C, Men Y, Sun Y. Novel catalytic property of fructose-6-phosphate aldolase in directly conversion of two 1-hydroxyalkanones to diketones. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 147:109784. [PMID: 33992412 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric CC bond formation catalyzed by aldolases requires the supplementation of nucleophiles and receptors in the reaction medium. However, aldol condensation using a single ketone as substrate has never been reported yet. In this work, we discovered that d-fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) could convert two 1-hydroxyalkanones, such as hydroxyacetone (HA) and 1-hydroxy-2-butanone, into two type of diketones. The initial product synthesis rate increased 3-fold and the yield reached to 56 %, when pure oxygen was directly inputted into the reaction medium. The results confirmed that oxygen participated in this reaction and hydrogen peroxide was generated. Metal ions Co2+ and Cu2+ remarkably increased the conversion yield compared with the control. For this reaction mechanism, we conjectured that HA may be oxidized to methylglyoxal by enzyme FSA in the presence of oxygen in the medium, and then FSA catalyzes the aldol addition between HA and its oxidative product MG to form diketone products. The obtained diketones could serve as important precursors for preparing furans and pyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Ren
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jiangang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.
| | - Yan Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Chaoyu Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yan Men
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China; National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China.
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11
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An ATP-free in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystem facilitating one-pot stoichiometric conversion of starch to mannitol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1913-1924. [PMID: 33544214 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
D-Mannitol (hereinafter as mannitol) is a six-carbon sugar alcohol with diverse applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. To overcome the drawbacks of the chemical hydrogenation method commonly used for mannitol production at present, there is a need to search for novel prospective mannitol production strategies that are of high yield and low cost. In this study, we present a novel approach for the stoichiometric synthesis of mannitol via an in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystem using the low-cost starch as substrate. By dividing the overall reaction pathway into three modules which could be executed sequentially in one pot, our design aimed at the stoichiometric conversion of starch-based materials into mannitol in an ATP-independent and cofactor-balanced manner. At optimized conditions, high product yields of around 95-98% were achieved using both 10 g/L and 50 g/L maltodextrin as substrate, indicating the potential of our designed system for industrial applications. This study not only provides a high-efficient strategy for the synthesis of mannitol but also expands the product scope of sugar alcohols by the in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystems using low-cost starch-based materials as the input. KEY POINTS : • We described a design-build-test-learn pipeline to construct in vitro biosystems. • The designed system comprised six key enzymes and another three enzymes. • The system converted maltodextrin stoichiometrically to mannitol in one pot.
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12
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Nazor J, Liu J, Huisman G. Enzyme evolution for industrial biocatalytic cascades. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:182-190. [PMID: 33517157 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multi-step, biocatalytic cascades are poised to lead to further adoption of enzymes by the chemical industry. Over the past twenty years, the promise of in vitro enzyme evolution for the sustainable biocatalytic synthesis of complex chemicals at large scale has materialized. Recently, the field of biocatalysis is seeing further expansion, with biocatalytic processes becoming more complex and involving multiple consecutive enzymatic conversions. These biocatalytic cascades are assembled in single reaction vessels to accomplish difficult chemistry under mild reaction conditions, with minimal waste generation and attractive economics. Advances in enzyme engineering have enabled the increasingly efficient optimization of enzymes in the context of such cascades, where each enzyme operates in the presence of others, under continuously changing conditions as substrate, reaction intermediates, and product concentrations fluctuate over the course of the reaction. Enzyme evolution has provided biocatalysts with greatly improved traits, including activity, selectivity, and stability. This review focuses on recently developed, industrially relevant enzyme cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Nazor
- Codexis Inc, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
| | - Joyce Liu
- Codexis Inc, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, United States
| | - Gjalt Huisman
- Codexis Inc, 200 Penobscot Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, United States.
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13
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Chen H, Zhang YHPJ. Enzymatic regeneration and conservation of ATP: challenges and opportunities. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 41:16-33. [PMID: 33012193 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1826403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the universal energy currency of life, has a central role in numerous biochemical reactions with potential for the synthesis of numerous high-value products. ATP can be regenerated by three types of mechanisms: substrate level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation. Current ATP regeneration methods are mainly based on substrate level phosphorylation catalyzed by one enzyme, several cascade enzymes, or in vitro synthetic enzymatic pathways. Among them, polyphosphate kinases and acetate kinase, along with their respective phosphate donors, are the most popular approaches for in vitro ATP regeneration. For in vitro artificial pathways, either ATP-free or ATP-balancing strategies can be implemented via smart pathway design by choosing ATP-independent enzymes. Also, we discuss some remaining challenges and suggest perspectives, especially for industrial biomanufacturing. Development of ATP regeneration systems featuring low cost, high volumetric productivity, long lifetime, flexible compatibility, and great robustness could be one of the bottom-up strategies for cascade biocatalysis and in vitro synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongge Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi-Heng P Job Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, China
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