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Wang J, Feng A, Liu C, Zhang D. Mechanistic Insights from Density Functional Theory into Rh/Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,2-Dihydroquinolines via Skeleton-Reorganizing Coupling of Cycloheptatriene and Amines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12514-12523. [PMID: 39243123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Density functional theory calculations were conducted to refine our understanding at the molecular level of the synthesis of fused 1,2-dihydroquinolines through Rh- and acid-catalyzed skeleton-reorganizing coupling reactions of cycloheptatriene with amines. The results reveal that the reaction progresses via cascade catalysis, consisting of consecutive steps of Rh-catalyzed intermolecular coupling involving two RhIII-RhI-RhIII transformations with a maximum energy barrier of 27.1 kcal/mol, followed by acid-catalyzed intramolecular skeleton reorganization with a peak energy barrier of 23.3 kcal/mol. The most significant finding of this work is the identification of a new oxidation-reduction mode of the Rh center. This mode is achieved via migration of a proton from the ammonium ion to the metal center and nucleophilic attack-induced intermolecular reductive coupling, distinguishing it from the conventional oxidative addition-reductive elimination process. The acid-catalyzed intramolecular skeleton reorganization necessitates the assistance of a second HOTs molecule, along with its conjugate base, which sequentially facilitates retro-Mannich-type C-C cleavage and the isomerization of the terminal imine to enamine via acid-base catalysis. Our calculations also explain why the azabicyclic tropene byproduct does not compete with the formation of the fused 1,2-dihydroquinoline product. These theoretical insights are expected to provide valuable guidance for further improvements in the efficiency of skeleton-reorganizing coupling reactions between cycloheptatriene and amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhao Wang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Aili Feng
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chengbu Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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Jia F, Zhang B. Computational Mechanism Investigation of C=C Bond Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Rhodium Hydride. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200562. [PMID: 36148802 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogenation of unsaturated carbons is a commonly used synthetic tool in pharmaceutical and industrial production. Recently, the Norton group realized highly selective hydrogenation of C=C bonds catalyzed by a rhodium hydride. Despite the great efforts made by experimentalists, details regarding the mechanism remained unclear. In this work, detailed DFT calculations were carried out to elucidate the principal features of this transformation. For enones we find that two possible competing mechanisms proposed by the experimental groups are computationally excluded, our proposed alternative mechanism with a total barrier of 20.0 kcal mol-1 is theoretically feasible, solvent methanol to also plays a crucial role in assisting β-hydrogenation in addition to being the hydrogen source for α-hydrogenation, and the cross-polarization of the substrate enone-conjugated system to result in an enhanced charge density of the α-carbon, which favors being hydrogenated first. For isolated alkenes, neither of the two possible competing mechanisms can be excluded computationally and which carbon atom is first hydrogenated depends on the electronic properties of the substrate itself. The combination of rhodium and C=C bonds changes the electronic properties of H on the rhodium hydride and enhances its hydrogenation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyun Jia
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, 55 Dongshun Road, 637100, Nanchong, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, 55 Dongshun Road, 637100, Nanchong, Sichuan, P. R. China
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Advances in Catalytic C–F Bond Activation and Transformation of Aromatic Fluorides. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation and transformation of C–F bonds in fluoro-aromatics is a highly desirable process in organic chemistry. It provides synthetic methods/protocols for the generation of organic compounds possessing single or multiple C–F bonds, and effective catalytic systems for further study of the activation mode of inert chemical bonds. Due to the high polarity of the C–F bond and it having the highest bond energy in organics, C–F activation often faces considerable academic challenges. In this mini-review, the important research achievements in the activation and transformation of aromatic C–F bond, catalyzed by transition metal and metal-free systems, are presented.
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Ren Q, Zhang D, Zhou G. DFT studies on the mechanisms of nickel-catalyzed reductive-coupling cyanation of aryl bromide. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lv K, Bao X. Mechanistic insights into nickel- and gold-catalyzed diastereoselective [4 + 2 + 1] cycloadditions between dienynes and diazo compounds: a DFT study. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01468d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to gain an in-depth mechanistic understanding of Ni(0)- and Au(i)-catalyzed diastereoselective [4 + 2 + 1] cycloadditions between dienynes and diazo compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Lv
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- School of Engineering, Jining University, Qufu, Shandong 273155, China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Kirinde Arachchige PT, Handunneththige S, Talipov MR, Kalutharage N, Yi CS. Scope and Mechanism of the Redox-Active 1,2-Benzoquinone Enabled Ruthenium-Catalyzed Deaminative α-Alkylation of Ketones with Amines. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhashini Handunneththige
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Marat R. Talipov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Nishantha Kalutharage
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Chae S. Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
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Lu Q, Gu J, Liu F, Li C. Computational Study on Mechanisms and Origins of Selectivities in Rh(I)-Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of 1,6-Allenynes with Tethered Unsaturated Carbon–Carbon Bonds. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Lu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jun Gu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Chunsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Zhao X, Xu J, Liu C, Zhang D. DFT study of Ni/NHC-catalyzed C–H alkylation of fluoroarenes with alkenes to synthesize fluorotetralins: mechanism, chemoselectivity of C–H vs. C–F bond activation, and regio- and enantioselectivities of C–H bond activation. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01594f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
DFT calculations clarified the mechanism of Ni/NHC-catalyzed C–H alkylation of alkene tethered fluoroarene and rationalized enantio-, regio- and chemoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
| | - Jihong Xu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
| | - Chengbu Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
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Theoretical study of rhodium(III)-catalyzed synthesis of benzoxepine and coumarin. J Mol Model 2020; 26:143. [PMID: 32417972 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the rhodium-catalyzed cycloaddition of 2-vinylphenol with diphenylacetylene and carbon monoxide have been studied using density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) (Lanl2dz for Rh) level of theory. The SMD solvation model was used in MeCN solvents at M06-2X/6-311 ++ G (d, p) (Lanl2dz (f) for Rh) levels using a single-point calculation to consider the solvent effect. The calculation results show that there are two competitive reaction pathways for the cycloaddition reaction of rhodium-catalyzed synthesis of benzohexine and coumarin. Starting from the precursor reaction complex, the reaction channel is more favorable for the carbon atoms of diphenylacetylene and carbon monoxide to attack the Rh-C bond (the barriers of 9.88 and 10.01 kcal/mol) rather than attack the Rh-O bond (the barriers of 15.37 and 30.17 kcal/mol), and carbon monoxide in two different reaction channels has a greater energy difference than diphenylacetylene. The results show that the computational study of the rhodium-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction has a high catalytic activity consistent with the high yield of the experiment of Gulías et al.
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Liang Y, Sun G, Su Z, Guan W. A theoretical mechanistic study of IrIII/CuI-metallaphotoredox catalyzed asymmetric radical decarboxylative cyanation. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:15276-15286. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02630a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The radical mechanism and origin of the high enantioselectivity of the photoredox-mediated IrIII/CuI dual-catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative cyanation have been theoretically disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liang
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Yanbian University
- Yanji
- P. R. China
| | - Guangyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Yanbian University
- Yanji
- P. R. China
| | - Zhongmin Su
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Yanbian University
- Yanji
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Guan
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- P. R. China
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