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Zhang Z, Liu C, Lu Y, Zhao W, Zhu Q, He H, Chen Z, Wu W. In vivo fluorescence imaging of nanocarriers in near-infrared window II based on aggregation-caused quenching. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:488. [PMID: 39143492 PMCID: PMC11323397 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Accurate fluorescence imaging of nanocarriers in vivo remains a challenge owing to interference derived mainly from biological tissues and free probes. To address both issues, the current study explored fluorophores in the near-infrared (NIR)-II window with aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) properties to improve imaging accuracy. Candidate fluorophores with NIR-II emission, ACQ984 (λem = 984 nm) and IR-1060 (λem = 1060 nm), from the aza-BODIPY and cyanine families, respectively, were compared with the commercial fluorophore ICG with NIR-II tail emission and the NIR-I fluorophore P2 from the aza-BODIPY family. ACQ984 demonstrates high water sensitivity with complete fluorescence quenching at a water fraction greater than 50%. Physically embedding the fluorophores illuminates various nanocarriers, while free fluorophores cause negligible interference owing to the ACQ effect. Imaging based on ACQ984 revealed fine structures in the vascular system at high resolution. Moreover, good in vivo and ex vivo correlations in the monitoring of blood nanocarriers can be established, enabling real-time noninvasive in situ investigation of blood pharmacokinetics and dynamic distribution in various tissues. IR-1060 also has a good ACQ effect, but the lack of sufficient photostability and steady post-labeling fluorescence undermines its potential for nanocarrier bioimaging. P2 has an excellent ACQ effect, but its NIR-I emission only provides nondiscriminative ambiguous images. The failure of the non-ACQ probe ICG to display the biodistribution details serves as counterevidence for the improved imaging accuracy by NIR-II ACQ probes. Taken together, it is concluded that fluorescence imaging of nanocarriers based on NIR-II ACQ probes enables accurate in vivo bioimaging and real-time in situ pharmacokinetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
- Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Weili Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Haisheng He
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China.
- Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Zhou H, Guo Y, Fu T, Peng Y, Chen Z, Cui Y, Guo M, Zhang K, Chen C, Wang Y. Three-Dimensional Label-Free Observing of the Self-Assembled Nanoparticles inside a Single Cell at Nanoscale Resolution. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39001860 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the intracellular behavior of nanoparticles (NPs) plays a key role in optimizing the self-assembly performance of nanomedicine. However, conducting the 3D, label-free, quantitative observation of self-assembled NPs within intact single cells remains a substantial challenge in complicated intracellular environments. Here, we propose a deep learning combined synchrotron radiation hard X-ray nanotomography approach to visualize the self-assembled ultrasmall iron oxide (USIO) NPs in a single cell. The method allows us to explore comprehensive information on NPs, such as their distribution, morphology, location, and interaction with cell organelles, and provides quantitative analysis of the heterogeneous size and morphologies of USIO NPs under diverse conditions. This label-free, in situ method provides a tool for precise characterization of intracellular self-assembled NPs to improve the evaluation and design of a bioresponsive nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Zhou
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuecong Guo
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianyu Fu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yufeng Peng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengyu Guo
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Xu S, Tao XY, Dang Z, Wang Y, Guan Y, Wu Z, Liu G, Tian Y, Tian LJ. Near-Native Imaging of Label-Free Silver Nanoparticles-Triggered 3D Subcellular Ultrastructural Reorganization in Microalgae. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2030-2046. [PMID: 38198284 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the spatial orientation of nanoparticles and the corresponding subcellular architecture events favors uncovering fundamental toxic mechanisms and predicting response pathways of organisms toward environmental stressors. Herein, we map the spatial location of label-free citrate-coated Ag nanoparticles (Cit-AgNPs) and the corresponding subcellular reorganization in microalgae by a noninvasive 3D imaging approach, cryo-soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT). Cryo-SXT near-natively displays the 3D maps of Cit-AgNPs presenting in rarely identified sites, namely, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and the cytoplasm. By comparative 3D morphological assay, we observe that Cit-AgNPs disrupt the cellular ultrastructural homeostasis, triggering a severe malformation of cytoplasmic organelles with energy-producing and stress-regulating functions. AgNPs exposure causes evident disruption of the chloroplast membrane, significant attenuation of the pyrenoid matrix and starch sheath, extreme swelling of starch granules and lipid droplets, and shrinkage of the nucleolus. In accompaniment, the number and volume occupancy of starch granules are significantly increased. Meanwhile, the spatial topology of starch granules extends from the chloroplast to the cytoplasm with a dispersed distribution. Linking the dynamics of the internal structure and the alteration of physiological properties, we derive a comprehensive cytotoxic and response pathway of microalgae exposed to AgNPs. This work provides a perspective for assessing the toxicity at subcellular scales to achieve label-free nanoparticle-caused ultrastructure remodeling of phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xia-Yu Tao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zheng Dang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - YuTing Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230036, China
- Intelligent Pathology Institute, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yong Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Gang Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - YangChao Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Li-Jiao Tian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Cao M, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhang K, Guan Y, Guo Y, Chen C. In situ label-free X-ray imaging for visualizing the localization of nanomedicines and subcellular architecture in intact single cells. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:30-59. [PMID: 37957402 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the intracellular behaviors of nanomedicines and morphology variation of subcellular architecture impacted by nanomaterial-biology (nano-bio) interactions could help guide the safe-by-design, manufacturing and evaluation of nanomedicines for clinical translation. The in situ and label-free analysis of nano-bio interactions in intact single cells at nanoscale remains challenging. We developed an approach based on X-ray microscopy to directly visualize the 2D or 3D intracellular distribution without labeling at nanometer resolution and analyze the chemical transformation of nanomedicines in situ. Here, we describe an optimized workflow for cell sample preparation, beamline selection, data acquisition and analysis. With several model bionanomaterials as examples, we analyze the localization of nanomedicines in various primary blood cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes and cancer cells, as well as the morphology of some organelles with soft and hard X-rays. Our protocol has been successfully implemented at three beamline facilities: 4W1A of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BL08U1A of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility and BL07W of the National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. This protocol can be completed in ~2-5 d, depending on the cell types, their incubation times with nanomaterials and the selected X-ray beamline. The protocol enables the in situ analysis of the varieties of metal-containing nanomaterials, visualization of intracellular endocytosis, distribution and excretion and corresponding subcellular morphological variation influenced by nanomedicines in cell lines or primary cells by using this universal and robust platform. The results facilitate the understanding of the true principle and mechanism underlying the nano-bio interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Guan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuecong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhang C, Zhang K, Cui Y, Guo Y, Wang C, Xu C, Yao Q, Zhao Y, Chen C, Wang Y. Multifunctional Nanoprobe for 3D Nanoresolution Imaging of Intact Cell HER2 Protein with Hard X-ray Tomography. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2129-2133. [PMID: 36576397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional nondestructive, nanoresolution, and in situ visualization of protein spatial localization in a large, thick single cell remains challenging. In this study, we designed a multifunctional iron oxide (Fe@BFK) nanoprobe that possesses fluorescence and hard X-ray imaging signals. This probe can specifically target the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein and help optimize the label condition and selection of suitable samples for X-ray imaging. Combining 30 nm resolution synchrotron radiation hard X-ray nanocomputed tomography and the X-ray-sensitive Fe@BFK nanoprobe, a 3D localization of HER2 on SK-BR-3 cells was obtained for the first time. HER2 was mainly localized and cluster-distributed on the cell membrane with a heterogeneous pattern. This study provides a novel method for the in situ and nondestructive synchrotron radiation imaging of the desired protein localization in large, thick cells and evaluation of the true cellular distribution of a nanoprobe with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Cui
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optoelectronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuecong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100090, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Drugs (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Key Lab Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Jinan 250117, Shandong China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100090, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100090, China.,The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100090, China.,The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou 510700, China
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6
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Liu Q, Zhao Y, Zhou H, Chen C. Ferroptosis: challenges and opportunities for nanomaterials in cancer therapy. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad004. [PMID: 36817975 PMCID: PMC9926950 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a completely new form of regulated cell death, is mainly caused by an imbalance between oxidative damage and reductive protection and has shown great anti-cancer potential. However, existing small-molecule ferroptosis inducers have various limitations, such as poor water solubility, drug resistance and low targeting ability, hindering their clinical applications. Nanotechnology provides new opportunities for ferroptosis-driven tumor therapy. Especially, stimuli-responsive nanomaterials stand out among others and have been widely researched because of their unique spatiotemporal control advantages. Therefore, it's necessary to summarize the application of those stimuli-responsive nanomaterials in ferroptosis. Here, we describe the physiological feature of ferroptosis and illustrate the current challenges to induce ferroptosis for cancer therapy. Then, nanomaterials that induce ferroptosis are classified and elaborated according to the external and internal stimuli. Finally, the future perspectives in the field are proposed. We hope this review facilitates paving the way for the design of intelligent nano-ferroptosis inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolin Liu
- Henan Institutes of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou 510700, Guangdong, China
| | - Huige Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- The GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou 510700, Guangdong, China
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7
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Cong Y, Baimanov D, Zhou Y, Chen C, Wang L. Penetration and translocation of functional inorganic nanomaterials into biological barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114615. [PMID: 36356929 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With excellent physicochemical properties, inorganic nanomaterials (INMs) have exhibited a series of attractive applications in biomedical fields. Biological barriers prevent successful delivery of nanomedicine in living systems that limits the development of nanomedicine especially for sufficient delivery of drugs and effective therapy. Numerous researches have focused on overcoming these biological barriers and homogeneity of organisms to enhance therapeutic efficacy, however, most of these strategies fail to resolve these challenges. In this review, we present the latest progress about how INMs interact with biological barriers and penetrate these barriers. We also summarize that both native structure and components of biological barriers and physicochemical properties of INMs contributed to the penetration capacity. Knowledge about the relationship between INMs structure and penetration capacity will guide the design and application of functional and efficient nanomedicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China & Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Didar Baimanov
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China & Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Yunlong Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China & Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangzhou 510700, Guangdong, PR China; Research Unit of Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Liming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China & Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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