1
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Zhang S, Makoś MZ, Jadrich RB, Kraka E, Barros K, Nebgen BT, Tretiak S, Isayev O, Lubbers N, Messerly RA, Smith JS. Exploring the frontiers of condensed-phase chemistry with a general reactive machine learning potential. Nat Chem 2024; 16:727-734. [PMID: 38454071 PMCID: PMC11087274 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Atomistic simulation has a broad range of applications from drug design to materials discovery. Machine learning interatomic potentials (MLIPs) have become an efficient alternative to computationally expensive ab initio simulations. For this reason, chemistry and materials science would greatly benefit from a general reactive MLIP, that is, an MLIP that is applicable to a broad range of reactive chemistry without the need for refitting. Here we develop a general reactive MLIP (ANI-1xnr) through automated sampling of condensed-phase reactions. ANI-1xnr is then applied to study five distinct systems: carbon solid-phase nucleation, graphene ring formation from acetylene, biofuel additives, combustion of methane and the spontaneous formation of glycine from early earth small molecules. In all studies, ANI-1xnr closely matches experiment (when available) and/or previous studies using traditional model chemistry methods. As such, ANI-1xnr proves to be a highly general reactive MLIP for C, H, N and O elements in the condensed phase, enabling high-throughput in silico reactive chemistry experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Małgorzata Z Makoś
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
- Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ryan B Jadrich
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kipton Barros
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Benjamin T Nebgen
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Olexandr Isayev
- Department of Chemistry, Mellon College of Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas Lubbers
- Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - Richard A Messerly
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - Justin S Smith
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
- NVIDIA Corp., Santa Clara, CA, USA.
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2
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Jadrich RB, Ticknor C, Leiding JA. First principles reactive simulation for equation of state prediction. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:244307. [PMID: 34241343 DOI: 10.1063/5.0050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The high cost of density functional theory (DFT) has hitherto limited the ab initio prediction of the equation of state (EOS). In this article, we employ a combination of large scale computing, advanced simulation techniques, and smart data science strategies to provide an unprecedented ab initio performance analysis of the high explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Comparison to both experiment and thermochemical predictions reveals important quantitative limitations of DFT for EOS prediction and thus the assessment of high explosives. In particular, we find that DFT predicts the energy of PETN detonation products to be systematically too high relative to the unreacted neat crystalline material, resulting in an underprediction of the detonation velocity, pressure, and temperature at the Chapman-Jouguet state. The energetic bias can be partially accounted for by high-level electronic structure calculations of the product molecules. We also demonstrate a modeling strategy for mapping chemical composition across a wide parameter space with limited numerical data, the results of which suggest additional molecular species to consider in thermochemical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Jadrich
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Christopher Ticknor
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Jeffery A Leiding
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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3
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Maerzke KA, Yoon TJ, Jadrich RB, Leiding JA, Currier RP. First-Principles Simulations of CuCl in High-Temperature Water Vapor. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4794-4807. [PMID: 33938730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental data suggest that the solubility of copper in high-temperature water vapor is controlled by the formation of hydrated clusters of the form CuCl(H2O)n, where the average number of water molecules in the cluster generally increases with increasing density [Migdisov, A. A.; et al. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 129, 33-53]. However, the precise nature of these clusters is difficult to probe experimentally. Moreover, there are some discrepancies between experimental estimates of average cluster size and prior simulation work [Mei, Y. Geofluids 2018, 2018, 4279124]. We have performed first-principles Monte Carlo (MC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore these clusters in finer detail. We find that molecular dynamics is not the most appropriate technique for studying aggregation in vapor phases, even at relatively high temperatures. Specifically, our MD simulations exhibit substantial problems in adequately sampling the equilibrium cluster size distribution. In contrast, MC simulations with specialized cluster moves are able to accurately sample the phase space of hydrogen-bonding vapors. At all densities, we find a stable, slightly distorted linear H2O-Cu-Cl structure, which is in agreement with the earlier simulations, surrounded by a variable number of water molecules. The surrounding water molecules do not form a well-defined second solvation shell but rather a loose network of hydrogen-bonded water with molecular CuCl on the outside edge of the water cluster. We also find a broad distribution of hydration numbers, especially at higher densities. In contrast to previous simulation work but in agreement with experimental data, we find that the average hydration number substantially increases with increasing density. Moreover, the value of the hydration number depends on the choice of cluster definition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Maerzke
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Tae Jun Yoon
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ryan B Jadrich
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States.,Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jeffery A Leiding
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Robert P Currier
- Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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4
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Noroozi J, Smith WR. Accurately Predicting CO2 Reactive Absorption Properties in Aqueous Alkanolamine Solutions by Molecular Simulation Requiring No Solvent Experimental Data. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Noroozi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - William R. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON L1H 7K4, Canada
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5
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Jadrich RB, Leiding JA. Accelerating Ab Initio Simulation via Nested Monte Carlo and Machine Learned Reference Potentials. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5488-5497. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B. Jadrich
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jeffery A. Leiding
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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6
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Josephson TR, Singh R, Minkara MS, Fetisov EO, Siepmann JI. Partial molar properties from molecular simulation using multiple linear regression. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1648898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R. Josephson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ramanish Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mona S. Minkara
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Evgenii O. Fetisov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Chemical Physics and Analysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - J. Ilja Siepmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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7
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Rahbari A, Hens R, Dubbeldam D, Vlugt TJH. Improving the accuracy of computing chemical potentials in CFCMC simulations. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1631497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Rahbari
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft, Netherlands
| | - R. Hens
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft, Netherlands
| | - D. Dubbeldam
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - T. J. H. Vlugt
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft, Netherlands
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden Kelly
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - William R. Smith
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa Canada
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9
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Smith WR, Qi W. Molecular Simulation of Chemical Reaction Equilibrium by Computationally Efficient Free Energy Minimization. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1185-1193. [PMID: 30276252 PMCID: PMC6161046 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The molecular simulation of chemical reaction equilibrium (CRE) is a challenging and important problem of broad applicability in chemistry and chemical engineering. The primary molecular-based approach for solving this problem has been the reaction ensemble Monte Carlo (REMC) algorithm [Turner et al. Molec. Simulation2008, 34, (2), 119-146], based on classical force-field methodology. In spite of the vast improvements in computer hardware and software since its original development almost 25 years ago, its more widespread application is impeded by its computational inefficiency. A fundamental problem is that its MC basis inhibits the implementation of significant parallelization, and its successful implementation often requires system-specific tailoring and the incorporation of special MC approaches such as replica exchange, expanded ensemble, umbrella sampling, configurational bias, and continuous fractional component methodologies. We describe herein a novel CRE algorithm (reaction ensemble molecular dynamics, ReMD) that exploits modern computer hardware and software capabilities, and which can be straightforwardly implemented for systems of arbitrary size and complexity by exploiting the parallel computing methodology incorporated within many MD software packages (herein, we use GROMACS for illustrative purposes). The ReMD algorithm utilizes these features in the context of a macroscopically inspired and generally applicable free energy minimization approach based on the iterative approximation of the system Gibbs free energy function by a mathematically simple convex ideal solution model using the composition at each iteration as a reference state. Finally, we additionally describe a simple and computationally efficient a posteriori method to estimate the equilibrium concentrations of species present in very small amounts relative to others in the primary calculation. To demonstrate the algorithm, we show its application to two classic example systems considered previously in the literature: the N2-O2-NO system and the ammonia synthesis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Smith
- Department
of Mathematics and Statistics, University
of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Faculty
of Science, University of Ontario Institute
of Technology, Oshawa, Ontario L1H 7K4, Canada
| | - Weikai Qi
- Department
of Mathematics and Statistics, University
of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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10
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Mullen RG, Corcelli SA, Maginn EJ. Reaction Ensemble Monte Carlo Simulations of CO 2 Absorption in the Reactive Ionic Liquid Triethyl(octyl)phosphonium 2-Cyanopyrrolide. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5213-5218. [PMID: 30136851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The absorption of CO2 into an aprotic heterocyclic anion ionic liquid (IL) is modeled using reaction ensemble Monte Carlo (RxMC) with the semigrand reaction move. RxMC has previously been unable to sample chemical equilibrium involving molecular ions in nanostructured liquids due to the high free-energy requirements to open and close cavities and restructure the surrounding environment. Our results are validated by experiments in the modeled IL, triethyl(octyl)phosphonium 2-cyanopyrrolide ([P2228][cnp]), and in a close analog with longer alkyl chains on the cation. Heats of absorption and reaction from both experiment and simulation are exothermic and of comparable magnitude. Replacing experimental Henry's constants with their simulated counterparts improves the accuracy of a Langmuir-type model at moderate pressures. Nonidealities that affect chemical equilibrium are identified and calculated with high precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Gotchy Mullen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 , United States
| | - Steven A Corcelli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Edward J Maginn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
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11
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Fetisov EO, Shah MS, Knight C, Tsapatsis M, Siepmann JI. Understanding the Reactive Adsorption of H 2 S and CO 2 in Sodium-Exchanged Zeolites. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:512-518. [PMID: 29131466 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purifying sour natural gas streams containing hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide has been a long-standing environmental and economic challenge. In the presence of cation-exchanged zeolites, these two acid gases can react to form carbonyl sulfide and water (H2 S+CO2 ⇌H2 O+COS), but this reaction is rarely accounted for. In this work, we carry out reactive first-principles Monte Carlo (RxFPMC) simulations for mixtures of H2 S and CO2 in all-silica and Na-exchanged forms of zeolite beta to understand the governing principles driving the enhanced conversion. The RxFPMC simulations show that the presence of Na+ cations can change the equilibrium constant by several orders of magnitude compared to the gas phase or in all-silica beta. The shift in the reaction equilibrium is caused by very strong interactions of H2 O with Na+ that reduce the reaction enthalpy by about 20 kJ mol-1 . The simulations also demonstrate that the siting of Al atoms in the framework plays an important role. The RxFPMC method presented here is applicable to any chemical conversion in any confined environment, where strong interactions of guest molecules with the host framework and high activation energies limit the use of other computational approaches to study reaction equilibria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii O Fetisov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Mansi S Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - Christopher Knight
- Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Tsapatsis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
| | - J Ilja Siepmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
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12
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Mullen RG, Maginn EJ. Reaction Ensemble Monte Carlo Simulation of Xylene Isomerization in Bulk Phases and under Confinement. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:4054-4062. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Gotchy Mullen
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
| | - Edward J. Maginn
- Department of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
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13
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Poursaeidesfahani A, Hens R, Rahbari A, Ramdin M, Dubbeldam D, Vlugt TJH. Efficient Application of Continuous Fractional Component Monte Carlo in the Reaction Ensemble. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:4452-4466. [PMID: 28737933 PMCID: PMC5597954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new formulation of the Reaction Ensemble Monte Carlo technique (RxMC) combined with the Continuous Fractional Component Monte Carlo method is presented. This method is denoted by serial Rx/CFC. The key ingredient is that fractional molecules of either reactants or reaction products are present and that chemical reactions always involve fractional molecules. Serial Rx/CFC has the following advantages compared to other approaches: (1) One directly obtains chemical potentials of all reactants and reaction products. Obtained chemical potentials can be used directly as an independent check to ensure that chemical equilibrium is achieved. (2) Independent biasing is applied to the fractional molecules of reactants and reaction products. Therefore, the efficiency of the algorithm is significantly increased, compared to the other approaches. (3) Changes in the maximum scaling parameter of intermolecular interactions can be chosen differently for reactants and reaction products. (4) The number of fractional molecules is reduced. As a proof of principle, our method is tested for Lennard-Jones systems at various pressures and for various chemical reactions. Excellent agreement was found both for average densities and equilibrium mixture compositions computed using serial Rx/CFC, RxMC/CFCMC previously introduced by Rosch and Maginn (Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 2011, 7, 269-279), and the conventional RxMC approach. The serial Rx/CFC approach is also tested for the reaction of ammonia synthesis at various temperatures and pressures. Excellent agreement was found between results obtained from serial Rx/CFC, experimental results from literature, and thermodynamic modeling using the Peng-Robinson equation of state. The efficiency of reaction trial moves is improved by a factor of 2 to 3 (depending on the system) compared to the RxMC/CFCMC formulation by Rosch and Maginn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Poursaeidesfahani
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Hens
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmadreza Rahbari
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mahinder Ramdin
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - David Dubbeldam
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs J H Vlugt
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process and Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
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14
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Furmaniak S, Gauden PA, Kowalczyk P, Patrykiejew A. Monte Carlo study of chemical reaction equilibria in pores of activated carbons. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08992a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic Monte Carlo studies concerning relationships between the porous structure of activated carbons and the equilibria of reactions under confinement are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr A. Gauden
- Physicochemistry of Carbon Materials Research Group
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń
- 87-100 Toruń
- Poland
| | - Piotr Kowalczyk
- School of Engineering and Information Technology
- Murdoch University
- Australia
| | - Andrzej Patrykiejew
- Department for the Modelling of Physico-Chemical Processes
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Maria Curie Skłodowska University in Lublin
- 20-031 Lublin
- Poland
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