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Liu H, Zhao J, Ly TH. Clean Transfer of Two-Dimensional Materials: A Comprehensive Review. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11573-11597. [PMID: 38655635 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The growth of two-dimensional (2D) materials through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has sparked a growing interest among both the industrial and academic communities. The interest stems from several key advantages associated with CVD, including high yield, high quality, and high tunability. In order to harness the application potentials of 2D materials, it is often necessary to transfer them from their growth substrates to their desired target substrates. However, conventional transfer methods introduce contamination that can adversely affect the quality and properties of the transferred 2D materials, thus limiting their overall application performance. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the current clean transfer methods for 2D materials with a specific focus on the understanding of interaction between supporting layers and 2D materials. The review encompasses various aspects, including clean transfer methods, post-transfer cleaning techniques, and cleanliness assessment. Furthermore, it analyzes and compares the advances and limitations of these clean transfer techniques. Finally, the review highlights the primary challenges associated with current clean transfer methods and provides an outlook on future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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2
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Liu H, Thi QH, Man P, Chen X, Chen T, Wong LW, Jiang S, Huang L, Yang T, Leung KH, Leung TT, Gao S, Chen H, Lee CS, Kan M, Zhao J, Deng Q, Ly TH. Controlled Adhesion of Ice-Toward Ultraclean 2D Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210503. [PMID: 36637097 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The scalable 2D device fabrication and integration demand either the large-area synthesis or the post-synthesis transfer of 2D layers. While the direct synthesis of 2D materials on most targeted surfaces remains challenging, the transfer approach from the growth substrate onto the targeted surfaces offers an alternative pathway for applications and integrations. However, the current transfer techniques for 2D materials predominantly involve polymers and organic solvents, which are liable to contaminate or deform the ultrasensitive atomic layers. Here, novel ice-aided transfer and ice-stamp transfer methods are developed, in which water (ice) is the only medium in the entire process. In practice, the adhesion between various 2D materials and ice can be well controlled by temperature. Through such controlled adhesion of ice, it is shown that the new transfer methods can yield ultrahigh quality and exceptional cleanliness in transferred 2D flakes and continuous 2D films, and are applicable for a wide range of substrates. Furthermore, beyond transfer, ice can also be used for cleaning the surfaces of 2D materials at higher temperatures. These novel techniques can enable unprecedented ultraclean 2D materials surfaces and performances, and will contribute to the upcoming technological revolutions associated with 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Quoc Huy Thi
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Ping Man
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Tianren Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Lok Wing Wong
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Lingli Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Tiefeng Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Ka Ho Leung
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Tsz Tung Leung
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Sing Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Min Kan
- Suzhou Purevision Medical Technology Co. LTD., Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
| | - Jiong Zhao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Qingming Deng
- Physics department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low-Dimensional Materials, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, P. R. China
| | - Thuc Hue Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Super-Diamond & Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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Jiang L, van Dijk B, Wu L, Maheu C, Hofmann JP, Tudor V, Koper MTM, Hetterscheid DGH, Schneider GF. Predoped Oxygenated Defects Activate Nitrogen-Doped Graphene for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS Catal 2022; 12:173-182. [PMID: 35028190 PMCID: PMC8749962 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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The presence of defects
and chemical dopants in metal-free carbon
materials plays an important role in the electrocatalysis of the oxygen
reduction reaction (ORR). The precise control and design of defects
and dopants in carbon electrodes will allow the fundamental understanding
of activity-structure correlations for tailoring catalytic performance
of carbon-based, most particularly graphene-based, electrode materials.
Herein, we adopted monolayer graphene – a model carbon-based
electrode – for systematical introduction of nitrogen and oxygen
dopants, together with vacancy defects, and studied their roles in
catalyzing ORR. Compared to pristine graphene, nitrogen doping exhibited
a limited effect on ORR activity. In contrast, nitrogen doping in
graphene predoped with vacancy defects or oxygen enhanced the activities
at 0.4 V vs the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) by 1.2 and 2.0
times, respectively. The optimal activity was achieved for nitrogen
doping in graphene functionalized with oxygenated defects, 12.8 times
more than nitrogen-doped and 7.7 times more than pristine graphene.
More importantly, oxygenated defects are highly related to the 4e– pathway instead of nitrogen dopants. This work indicates
a non-negligible contribution of oxygen and especially oxygenated
vacancy defects for the catalytic activity of nitrogen-doped graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van Dijk
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Longfei Wu
- Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Clément Maheu
- Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan P Hofmann
- Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Viorica Tudor
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Grégory F Schneider
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Langston X, Whitener KE. Graphene Transfer: A Physical Perspective. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2837. [PMID: 34835602 PMCID: PMC8625831 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, synthesized either epitaxially on silicon carbide or via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a transition metal, is gathering an increasing amount of interest from industrial and commercial ventures due to its remarkable electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties, as well as the ease with which it can be incorporated into devices. To exploit these superlative properties, it is generally necessary to transfer graphene from its conductive growth substrate to a more appropriate target substrate. In this review, we analyze the literature describing graphene transfer methods developed over the last decade. We present a simple physical model of the adhesion of graphene to its substrate, and we use this model to organize the various graphene transfer techniques by how they tackle the problem of modulating the adhesion energy between graphene and its substrate. We consider the challenges inherent in both delamination of graphene from its original substrate as well as relamination of graphene onto its target substrate, and we show how our simple model can rationalize various transfer strategies to mitigate these challenges and overcome the introduction of impurities and defects into the graphene. Our analysis of graphene transfer strategies concludes with a suggestion of possible future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith E. Whitener
- Chemistry Division, US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA;
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Abstract
AbstractGraphene as a two-dimensional material is prone to hydrocarbon contaminations, which can significantly alter its intrinsic electrical properties. Herein, we implement a facile hydrogenation-dehydrogenation strategy to remove hydrocarbon contaminations and preserve the excellent transport properties of monolayer graphene. Using electron microscopy we quantitatively characterized the improved cleanness of hydrogenated graphene compared to untreated samples. In situ spectroscopic investigations revealed that the hydrogenation treatment promoted the adsorption ofytyt water at the graphene surface, resulting in a protective layer against the re-deposition of hydrocarbon molecules. Additionally, the further dehydrogenation of hydrogenated graphene rendered a more pristine-like basal plane with improved carrier mobility compared to untreated pristine graphene. Our findings provide a practical post-growth cleaning protocol for graphene with maintained surface cleanness and lattice integrity to systematically carry a range of surface chemistry in the form of a well-performing and reproducible transistor.
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Xiao H, Liang T, Zhang X, Zhao P, Pi X, Xie Q, Xu M. Cera alba-assisted ultraclean graphene transfer for high-performance PbI 2 UV photodetectors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:365204. [PMID: 32464614 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab9789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Large polymer residues introduced by the graphene transfer process is still a major obstacle limiting the integration of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown graphene into next-generation electronic and photoelectronic devices. Here we use cera alba, a natural and environmental-friendly material that derives from honeycomb, as the supporting layer for ultraclean graphene transfer. The transferred graphene has a low surface roughness with a surface height fluctuation within 5 nm and an only 80.08% average sheet resistance of the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-transferred graphene. Further, the ultraclean graphene is used as electrodes for the PbI2-based UV photodetector and enables a 135% improvement on responsivity. The cera alba assisted transfer method reported here could achieve clean and damage-free graphene transfer, promoting the application of CVD-grown two-dimensional (2D) materials in large-area thin-film electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China. State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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7
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AlSalem HS, Al-Goul ST, García-Miranda Ferrari A, Brownson DAC, Velarde L, Koehler SPK. Imaging the reactivity and width of graphene's boundary region. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9612-9615. [PMID: 32776054 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of graphene at its boundary region has been imaged using non-linear spectroscopy to address the controversy whether the terraces of graphene or its edges are more reactive. Graphene was functionalised with phenyl groups, and we subsequently scanned our vibrational sum-frequency generation setup from the functionalised graphene terraces across the edges. A greater phenyl signal is clearly observed at the edges, showing evidence of increased reactivity in the boundary region. We estimate an upper limit of 1 mm for the width of the CVD graphene boundary region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda S AlSalem
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK and School of Chemistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha T Al-Goul
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA and School of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alejandro García-Miranda Ferrari
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. and Manchester Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Dale A C Brownson
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK. and Manchester Fuel Cell Innovation Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Luis Velarde
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
| | - Sven P K Koehler
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
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8
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Zhang X, Jing Q, Ao S, Schneider GF, Kireev D, Zhang Z, Fu W. Ultrasensitive Field-Effect Biosensors Enabled by the Unique Electronic Properties of Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902820. [PMID: 31592577 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a critical overview of current developments on nanoelectronic biochemical sensors based on graphene. Composed of a single layer of conjugated carbon atoms, graphene has outstanding high carrier mobility and low intrinsic electrical noise, but a chemically inert surface. Surface functionalization is therefore crucial to unravel graphene sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of targeted analytes. To achieve optimal performance of graphene transistors for biochemical sensing, the tuning of the graphene surface properties via surface functionalization and passivation is highlighted, as well as the tuning of its electrical operation by utilizing multifrequency ambipolar configuration and a high frequency measurement scheme to overcome the Debye screening to achieve low noise and highly sensitive detection. Potential applications and prospectives of ultrasensitive graphene electronic biochemical sensors ranging from environmental monitoring and food safety, healthcare and medical diagnosis, to life science research, are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Qiushi Jing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shen Ao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78757, USA
| | - Zhengjun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wangyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Belyaeva LA, Jiang L, Soleimani A, Methorst J, Risselada HJ, Schneider GF. Liquids relax and unify strain in graphene. Nat Commun 2020; 11:898. [PMID: 32060270 PMCID: PMC7021765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid substrates often induce non-uniform strain and doping in graphene monolayer, therefore altering the intrinsic properties of graphene, reducing its charge carrier mobilities and, consequently, the overall electrical performance. Here, we exploit confocal Raman spectroscopy to study graphene directly free-floating on the surface of water, and show that liquid supports relief the preexisting strain, have negligible doping effect and restore the uniformity of the properties throughout the graphene sheet. Such an effect originates from the structural adaptability and flexibility, lesser contamination and weaker intermolecular bonding of liquids compared to solid supports, independently of the chemical nature of the liquid. Moreover, we demonstrate that water provides a platform to study and distinguish chemical defects from substrate-induced defects, in the particular case of hydrogenated graphene. Liquid supports, thus, are advantageous over solid supports for a range of applications, particularly for monitoring changes in the graphene structure upon chemical modification. Here, the authors report water as a superior platform to suspend graphene compared to solid substrates that induce non-uniformity and do not provide structural flexibility. They utilize confocal Raman spectroscopy to study graphene floating freely on the surface of water to show that a liquid support relieves the pre-existing strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov A Belyaeva
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Jiang
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alireza Soleimani
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeroen Methorst
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Jelger Risselada
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute of Theoretical Physics, Georg-August University Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Li D, Zou W, Song S, Ye Y, Jiang W, Qin QH, Xiao Y, Ye Z, Chen L, Zuo D. Selective coupling reaction inhibits graphene defects: regulating the orderly precipitation of carbon atoms. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-01124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Fu J, Qiao Y, Song H, Xu Z, Tu J, Ba L, Lu Z. Advanced transferring of large-area freestanding graphene films by using fullerenes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:26LT01. [PMID: 30836332 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab0cab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Freestanding graphene films are desired to be widely applied in biosensor fabrication due to their distinctive physical properties and improved performance. Chemical vapor deposition has been developed to efficiently fabricate large-area graphene. However, some of the fabricated graphene films might break or be contaminated in the current transferring step using polymers. A stable and high-quality transfer method is needed. Herein, we report on an advanced transfer method of large-area graphene film which uses fullerene as a supporting substrate. Unlike polymers, which are commonly eliminated by being dissolved in an organic solution, fullerene can be easily removed by evaporation in a vacuum because it has a different heat stability to graphene. By using the improved transferring method, the percentage of integrated freestanding films after transferring was increased from 60.7% to 93.4%. The vacuum is beneficial in terms of keeping the brittle freestanding films intact. Graphene films transferred using fullerene showed an advanced flatness and a simplicial elementary composition in comparison to those transferred using polymers. Even through there is trace residue, this stable allotrope of graphene is considered to have almost no impact on biomolecule sensing. These advantages make the fullerene transferring method an attractive candidate for fabricating large-area freestanding graphene films, especially for using in the field of biochemistry analysis and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
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12
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Mojtabavi M, VahidMohammadi A, Liang W, Beidaghi M, Wanunu M. Single-Molecule Sensing Using Nanopores in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbide (MXene) Membranes. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3042-3053. [PMID: 30844249 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Label-free nanopore technology for sequencing biopolymers such as DNA and RNA could potentially replace existing methods if improvements in cost, speed, and accuracy are achieved. Solid-state nanopores have been developed over the past two decades as physically and chemically versatile sensors that mimic biological channels, through which transport and sequencing of biomolecules have already been demonstrated. Of particular interest is the use of two-dimensional (2D) materials as nanopore substrates, since these can in theory provide the highest resolution readout (<1 nm of a biopolymer segment) and opportunities for electronic multiplexed readout through their interesting electronic properties. In this work, we report on nanopores comprising atomically thin flakes of 2D transition metal carbides called MXenes. We demonstrate a high-yield (60%), contamination-free, and alignment-free transfer method that involves their self-assembly at a liquid-liquid interface to large-scale (mm-sized) films composed of sheets, followed by nanopore fabrication using focused electron beams. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of MXenes, a class of hydrophilic 2D materials with over 20 compositions known to date, as nanopore membranes for DNA translocation and single-molecule sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Mojtabavi
- Department of Bioengineering , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Armin VahidMohammadi
- Department of Materials Engineering , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Wentao Liang
- Kostas Advanced Nano-Characterization Facility , Northeastern University , Burlington Campus, 141 South Bedford Street , Burlington , Massachusetts 01803 , United States
| | - Majid Beidaghi
- Department of Materials Engineering , Auburn University , Auburn , Alabama 36849 , United States
| | - Meni Wanunu
- Department of Physics , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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13
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Prydatko AV, Belyaeva LA, Jiang L, Lima LMC, Schneider GF. Contact angle measurement of free-standing square-millimeter single-layer graphene. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4185. [PMID: 30305628 PMCID: PMC6180012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Square millimeters of free-standing graphene do not exist per se because of thermal fluctuations in two-dimensional crystals and their tendency to collapse during the detachment from the substrate. Here we form millimeter-scale freely suspended graphene by injecting an air bubble underneath a graphene monolayer floating at the water-air interface, which allowed us to measure the contact angle on fully free-standing non-contaminated graphene. A captive bubble measurement shows that free-standing clean graphene is hydrophilic with a contact angle of 42° ± 3°. The proposed design provides a simple tool to probe and explore the wettability of two-dimensional materials in free-standing geometries and will expand our perception of two-dimensional materials technologies from microscopic to now millimeter scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Prydatko
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liubov A Belyaeva
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Jiang
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lia M C Lima
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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14
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Lima LM, Arjmandi-Tash H, Schneider GF. Lateral Non-covalent Clamping of Graphene at the Edges Using a Lipid Scaffold. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11328-11332. [PMID: 29513510 PMCID: PMC5887084 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Developing a clean handling and transfer process, capable of preserving the integrity of two-dimensional materials, is still a challenge. Here, we present a flexible, dynamic, and lipid-based scaffold that clamps graphene at the edges providing a practical, simple, and clean graphene manipulation and transfer method. Lipid films with different surface pressures are deposited at the air/copper-etchant interface immediately after placing the graphene samples. We show that at surface pressures above 30 mN/m, the lateral support prevents graphene movement and cracking during all etching and transfer. The method provides new insights into the handling of graphene and can yield efficient, sensitive, and clean graphene-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia M.
C. Lima
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hadi Arjmandi-Tash
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory F. Schneider
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute
of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Belyaeva LA, van Deursen PMG, Barbetsea KI, Schneider GF. Hydrophilicity of Graphene in Water through Transparency to Polar and Dispersive Interactions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1703274. [PMID: 29266470 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Establishing contact angles on graphene-on-water has been a long-standing challenge as droplet deposition causes free-floating graphene to rupture. The current work presents ice and hydrogels as substrates mimicking water while offering a stable support for graphene. The lowest water contact angles on graphene ever measured, namely on graphene-on-ice and graphene-on-hydrogel, are recorded. The contact angle measurements of liquids with a range of polarities allow the transparency of graphene toward polar and dispersive interactions to be quantified demonstrating that graphene in water is hydrophilic. These findings are anticipated to shed light on the inconsistencies reported so far on the wetting properties of graphene, and most particularly on their implications toward rationalizing how molecules interact with graphene in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov A Belyaeva
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline M G van Deursen
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kassandra I Barbetsea
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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