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Královič-Kanjaková N, Asi Shirazi A, Hubčík L, Klacsová M, Keshavarzi A, Martínez JC, Combet S, Teixeira J, Uhríková D. Polymyxin B-Enriched Exogenous Lung Surfactant: Thermodynamics and Structure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6847-6861. [PMID: 38501650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The use of an exogenous pulmonary surfactant (EPS) to deliver other relevant drugs to the lungs is a promising strategy for combined therapy. We evaluated the interaction of polymyxin B (PxB) with a clinically used EPS, the poractant alfa Curosurf (PSUR). The effect of PxB on the protein-free model system (MS) composed of four phospholipids (diC16:0PC/16:0-18:1PC/16:0-18:2PC/16:0-18:1PG) was examined in parallel to distinguish the specificity of the composition of PSUR. We used several experimental techniques (differential scanning calorimetry, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, small-angle neutron scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy, and electrophoretic light scattering) to characterize the binding of PxB to both EPS. Electrostatic interactions PxB-EPS are dominant. The results obtained support the concept of cationic PxB molecules lying on the surface of the PSUR bilayer, strengthening the multilamellar structure of PSUR as derived from SAXS and SANS. A protein-free MS mimics a natural EPS well but was found to be less resistant to penetration of PxB into the lipid bilayer. PxB does not affect the gel-to-fluid phase transition temperature, Tm, of PSUR, while Tm increased by ∼+ 2 °C in MS. The decrease of the thickness of the lipid bilayer (dL) of PSUR upon PxB binding is negligible. The hydrophobic tail of the PxB molecule does not penetrate the bilayer as derived from SANS data analysis and changes in lateral pressure monitored by excimer fluorescence at two depths of the hydrophobic region of the bilayer. Changes in dL of protein-free MS show a biphasic dependence on the adsorbed amount of PxB with a minimum close to the point of electroneutrality of the mixture. Our results do not discourage the concept of a combined treatment with PxB-enriched Curosurf. However, the amount of PxB must be carefully assessed (less than 5 wt % relative to the mass of the surfactant) to avoid inversion of the surface charge of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Královič-Kanjaková
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ali Asi Shirazi
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lukáš Hubčík
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Klacsová
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Atoosa Keshavarzi
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Sophie Combet
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - José Teixeira
- Laboratoire Léon-Brillouin (LLB), UMR12 CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | - Daniela Uhríková
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Katiyar D, Manish. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors Targeting Stress Markers. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:1877-1886. [PMID: 38279751 DOI: 10.2174/0113862073278547231210170007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When the body experiences a change in its internal environment due to factors such as mood (euphoria, stress) and illness, it releases biomarkers in large quantities. These biomarkers are used for detecting a disease at its early stages. This involves the detection of insufficient quantities of biocomponents, which can be done by using nanomaterials, conventional materials, and biotechnology; thus, scientists can increase the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors. According to studies conducted in this area, electrochemical sensors have shown promise as a diagnostic tool due to their ability to identify and pinpoint illness biomarkers. The present review article was compiled to gather the latest information on electrochemical biosensors targeting stress markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors searched scholarly databases like ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Medline, and Scopus for information on electrochemical biosensors targeting stress markers. RESULTS In this article, we looked at the recent developments in electrochemical sensors for stress monitoring. Because of advances in nanomaterial and biomolecule processes, electrochemical biosensors have been developed with the sensitivity to detect several biomarkers in real-time in therapeutically relevant materials. CONCLUSION This biomarker sensor strategy can analyze various biofluids (sweat, plasma, urine, and saliva).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Katiyar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, 201206, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manish
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ABES Engineering College, 19th KM Stone, NH-09 Ghaziabad, 201009, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Huisman M, Digard P, Poon WCK, Titmuss S. Evaporation of Concentrated Polymer Solutions Is Insensitive to Relative Humidity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:248102. [PMID: 38181132 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.248102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
A recent theory suggests that the evaporation kinetics of macromolecular solutions is insensitive to the ambient relative humidity (RH) due to the formation of a "polarization layer" of solutes at the air-solution interface. We confirm this insensitivity up to RH≈80% in the evaporation of polyvinyl alcohol solutions from open-ended capillaries. To explain the observed drop in evaporation rate at higher RH, we need to invoke compressive stresses due to interfacial polymer gelation. Moreover, RH-insensitive evaporation sets in earlier than theory predicts, suggesting a further role for a gelled "skin." We discuss the relevance of these observations for respiratory virus transmission via aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Huisman
- SUPA and School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Digard
- Department of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Wilson C K Poon
- SUPA and School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Titmuss
- SUPA and School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
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Bhatia T. Stability of multilamellar lipid tubules in excess water. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2023; 52:749-756. [PMID: 37882815 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-023-01686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
In the lyotropic phase of lipids with excess water, multilamellar tubules (MLTs) grow from defects. A phenomenological model for the stability of MLTs is developed that is universal and independent of the underlying growth mechanisms of MLTs. The stability of MLTs implies that they are in hydrostatic equilibrium and stable as elastic objects that have compression and bending elasticity. The results show that even with solvent pressure differences of 0.1 atm, the density profile is not significantly altered, so suggesting the stability is due to the trapped solvent. The results are of sufficient value in relation to lamellar stability models and may have implications beyond the described MLT models, especially in other models of membrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripta Bhatia
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, Manauli, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
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Roger K, Atasi O, Lalanne B. Measuring mutual diffusion coefficients in aqueous binary mixtures with unidimensional drying cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:994-998. [PMID: 36520070 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical diffusion is a mass transport process caused by thermally generated motions of species. In a binary mixture, the diffusion of one species in one direction involves the diffusion of another species in the opposite direction, which corresponds to a single mutual diffusion coefficient. Here, we report a simple and general method to measure such coefficients in binary liquid mixtures, using the PNIPAM/water system as a study case. Experimentally, we show how a simple unidirectional drying cell coupled with a spatially-resolved characterization method such as Raman microscopy can yield concentration gradients developing in between two boundaries of known and constant chemical potential. Acquiring such gradients over time leads to a time-set that is shown to collapse to a single master curve using a change of variable. Such a scaling law offers a self-checking frame for solving analytically the diffusion-advection equation. As a result, we show that a simple analytical formula relates the measured concentration gradient with the concentration-dependent mutual diffusion coefficient. In the PNIPAM/water system, the mutual diffusion coefficient sharply decreases at low water content. Our work thus highlights the importance of considering the concentration-dependence of the mutual diffusion coefficient in complex aqueous solutions and provides a method to measure it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Roger
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Omer Atasi
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| | - Benjamin Lalanne
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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Assessing suspension and infectivity times of virus-loaded aerosols involved in airborne transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204593119. [PMID: 35930663 PMCID: PMC9371747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204593119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Airborne transmission occurs through droplet-mediated transport of viruses following the expulsion of an aerosol by an infected host. Transmission efficiency results from the interplay between virus survival in the drying droplet and droplet suspension time in the air, controlled by the coupling between water evaporation and droplet sedimentation. Furthermore, droplets are made of a respiratory fluid and thus, display a complex composition consisting of water and nonvolatile solutes. Here, we quantify the impact of this complex composition on the different phenomena underlying transmission. Solutes lead to a nonideal thermodynamic behavior, which sets an equilibrium droplet size that is independent of relative humidity. In contrast, solutes do not significantly hinder transport due to their low initial concentration. Realistic suspension times are computed and increase with increasing relative humidity or decreasing temperature. By uncoupling drying and suspended stages, we observe that enveloped viruses may remain infectious for hours in dried droplets. However, their infectivity decreases with increasing relative humidity or temperature after dozens of minutes. Examining expelled droplet size distributions in the light of these results leads to distinguishing two aerosols. Most droplets measure between 0 and 40 µm and compose an aerosol that remains suspended for hours. Its transmission efficiency is controlled by infectivity, which decreases with increasing humidity and temperature. Larger droplets form an aerosol that only remains suspended for minutes but corresponds to a much larger volume and thus, viral load. Its transmission efficiency is controlled by droplet suspension time, which decreases with increasing humidity and decreasing temperature.
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How the interplay of molecular and colloidal scales controls drying of microgel dispersions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105530118. [PMID: 34750256 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105530118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bringing an aqueous dispersion or solution into open air leads to water evaporation. The resulting drying process initiates the buildup of spatial heterogeneities, as nonvolatile solutes and colloids concentrate. Such composition gradients associate with mesostructure gradients, which, in turn, impact flows within these multicomponent systems. In this work, we investigate the drying of microgel dispersions in respect to two reference systems, a colloidal dispersion and a polymer solution, which, respectively, involve colloidal and molecular length scales. We evidence an intermediate behavior in which a film forms at the air/liquid interface and is clearly separated from bulk by a sharp drying front. However, complex composition and mesostructure gradients develop throughout the drying film, as evidenced by Raman and small-angle X-ray scattering mapping. We show that this results from the soft colloidal structure of microgel, which allows them to interpenetrate, deform, and deswell. As a result, water activity and water transport are drastically decreased in the vicinity of the air/liquid interface. This notably leads to diffusional drying kinetics that are nearly independent on the air relative humidity. The interplay between water fraction, water activity, and mesostructure on water transport is generic and, thus, shown to be pivotal in order to master evaporation in drying complex fluids.
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Compositional, structural and functional properties of discrete coexisting complexes within bronchoalveolar pulmonary surfactant. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1864:183808. [PMID: 34687755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lung surfactant (LS) stabilizes the respiratory surface by forming a film at the alveolar air-liquid interface that reduces surface tension and minimizes the work of breathing. Typically, this surface-active agent has been isolated from animal lungs both for research and biomedical applications. However, these materials are constituted by complex membranous architectures including surface-active and inactive lipid/protein assemblies. In this work, we describe the composition, structure and surface activity of discrete membranous entities that are part of a LS preparation isolated from bronchoalveolar lavages of porcine lungs. Seven different fractions could be resolved from whole surfactant subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Detailed compositional characterization revealed differences in protein and cholesterol content but no distinct saturated:unsaturated phosphatidylcholine ratios. Moreover, no significant differences were detected regarding apparent hydration at the headgroup region of membranes, as reported by the probe Laurdan, and lipid chain mobility analysed by electron spin resonance (ESR) in spite of the variety of membranous assemblies observed by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, six of the seven separated LS subfractions formed similar, essentially disordered-like, interfacial films and performed efficient surface activity, under physiologically relevant conditions. Altogether, our work show that a LS isolated from porcine lungs is comprised by a heterogenous population of membranous assemblies lacking freshly secreted unused LS complexes sustaining highly dehydrated and ordered membranous assemblies as previously reported. We propose that surfactant subfractions may illustrate intermediates in sequential structural steps within the structural transformations occurring along the respiratory compression-expansion cycles.
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Structural hallmarks of lung surfactant: Lipid-protein interactions, membrane structure and future challenges. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 703:108850. [PMID: 33753033 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lung surfactant (LS) is an outstanding example of how a highly regulated and dynamic membrane-based system has evolved to sustain a wealth of structural reorganizations in order to accomplish its biophysical function, as it coats and stabilizes the respiratory air-liquid interface in the mammalian lung. The present review dissects the complexity of the structure-function relationships in LS through an updated description of the lipid-protein interactions and the membrane structures that sustain its synthesis, secretion, interfacial performance and recycling. We also revise the current models and the biophysical techniques employed to study the membranous architecture of LS. It is important to consider that the structure and functional properties of LS are often studied in bulk or under static conditions, in spite that surfactant function is strongly connected with a highly dynamic behaviour, sustained by very polymorphic structures and lipid-lipid, lipid-protein and protein-protein interactions that reorganize in precise spatio-temporal coordinates. We have tried to underline the evidences available of the existence of such structural dynamism in LS. A last important aspect is that the synthesis and assembly of LS is a strongly regulated intracellular process to ensure the establishment of the proper interactions driving LS surface activity, while protecting the integrity of other cell membranes. The use of simplified lipid models or partial natural materials purified from animal tissues could be too simplistic to understand the true molecular mechanisms defining surfactant function in vivo. In this line, we will bring into the attention of the reader the methodological challenges and the questions still open to understand the structure-function relationships of LS at its full biological relevance.
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Bhatia T. Tubules, beads, discs and junctions - Morphologies and dynamics of dispersed multilamellar lipid phases in excess water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:706-713. [PMID: 33317711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, experimental results on the swelling, dispersion and disintegration of the lamellae composed of the lipid, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) in contact with excess water are described. Multilamellar structures nucleate and grow at the interface between the pure solvent and the lipid. The system evolves slowly via flow and coalescence of lamellae through a variety of non-equilibrium morphologies demonstrating that their dynamics is complex and non-universal, with no unique kinetic pathway. The tubular structures disintegrate slowly into the bulk water phase, inside the sealed sample chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bhatia
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science-Park, Golm, 14424 Potsdam.
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Oseliero Filho PL, Gerbelli BB, Fornasier F, Chaves Filho AB, Yoshinaga MY, Miyamoto S, Mortara L, Lacerda CD, Cuccovia IM, Pimentel AS, Oliveira CLP. Structure and Thermotropic Behavior of Bovine- and Porcine-Derived Exogenous Lung Surfactants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:14514-14529. [PMID: 33210931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two commercial exogenous pulmonary surfactants, Curosurf and Survanta, are investigated. Their thermotropic behavior and associated structural changes for the samples in bulk are characterized and described. For Survanta, the obtained results of differential scanning calorimetry showed a thermogram with three peaks on heating and only a single peak on cooling. Curosurf on the other hand, presents calorimetric thermograms with only one peak in both the heating and cooling scans. This distinct thermotropic behavior between the two pulmonary surfactants, a consequence of their particular compositions, is associated with structural changes that were evaluated by simultaneous small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments with in situ temperature variation. Interestingly, for temperatures below ∼35 °C for Curosurf and ∼53 °C for Survanta, the scattering data indicated the coexistence of two lamellar phases with different carbon chain organizations. For temperatures above these limits, the coexistence of phases disappears, giving rise to a fluid phase in both pulmonary surfactants, with multilamelar vesicles for Curosurf and unilamellar vesicles for Survanta. This process is quasi-reversible under cooling, and advanced data analysis for the scattering data indicated differences in the structural and elastic properties of the pulmonary surfactants. The detailed and systematic investigation shown in this work expands on the knowledge of the structure and thermodynamic behavior of Curosurf and Survanta, being relevant from both physiological and biophysical perspectives and also providing a basis for further studies on other types of pulmonary surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Bianca Gerbelli
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Franccesca Fornasier
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22453-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano B Chaves Filho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos Yukio Yoshinaga
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Laura Mortara
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline Dutra Lacerda
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Iolanda Midea Cuccovia
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - André Silva Pimentel
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22453-900, Brazil
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Wang F, Liu J, Zeng H. Interactions of particulate matter and pulmonary surfactant: Implications for human health. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102244. [PMID: 32871405 PMCID: PMC7435289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM), which is the primary contributor to air pollution, has become a pervasive global health threat. When PM enters into a respiratory tract, the first body tissues to be directly exposed are the cells of respiratory tissues and pulmonary surfactant. Pulmonary surfactant is a pivotal component to modulate surface tension of alveoli during respiration. Many studies have proved that PM would interact with pulmonary surfactant to affect the alveolar activity, and meanwhile, pulmonary surfactant would be adsorbed to the surface of PM to change the toxic effect of PM. This review focuses on recent studies of the interactions between micro/nanoparticles (synthesized and environmental particles) and pulmonary surfactant (natural surfactant and its models), as well as the health effects caused by PM through a few significant aspects, such as surface properties of PM, including size, surface charge, hydrophobicity, shape, chemical nature, etc. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that PM leads to oxidative stress, inflammatory response, fibrosis, and cancerization in living bodies. By providing a comprehensive picture of PM-surfactant interaction, this review will benefit both researchers for further studies and policy-makers for setting up more appropriate regulations to reduce the adverse effects of PM on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jifang Liu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, China.
| | - Hongbo Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
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