1
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Venkatesh A, Casano G, Wei R, Rao Y, Lingua H, Karoui H, Yulikov M, Ouari O, Emsley L. Rational Design of Dinitroxide Polarizing Agents for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization to Enhance Overall NMR Sensitivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317337. [PMID: 38193258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We evaluate the overall sensitivity gains provided by a series of eighteen nitroxide biradicals for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state NMR at 9.4 T and 100 K, including eight new biradicals. We find that in the best performing group the factors contributing to the overall sensitivity gains, namely the DNP enhancement, the build-up time, and the contribution factor, often compete with each other leading to very similar overall sensitivity across a range of biradicals. NaphPol and HydroPol are found to provide the best overall sensitivity factors, in organic and aqueous solvents respectively. One of the new biradicals, AMUPolCbm, provides high sensitivity for all three solvent formulations measured here, and can be considered to be a "universal" polarizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Venkatesh
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Current address: National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Ran Wei
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yu Rao
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Lingua
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Menzildjian G, Schlagnitweit J, Casano G, Ouari O, Gajan D, Lesage A. Polarizing agents for efficient high field DNP solid-state NMR spectroscopy under magic-angle spinning: from design principles to formulation strategies. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6120-6148. [PMID: 37325158 PMCID: PMC10266460 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has recently emerged as a cornerstone approach to enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy under Magic Angle Spinning (MAS), opening unprecedented analytical opportunities in chemistry and biology. DNP relies on a polarization transfer from unpaired electrons (present in endogenous or exogenous polarizing agents) to nearby nuclei. Developing and designing new polarizing sources for DNP solid-state NMR spectroscopy is currently an extremely active research field per se, that has recently led to significant breakthroughs and key achievements, in particular at high magnetic fields. This review describes recent developments in this area, highlighting key design principles that have been established over time and led to the introduction of increasingly more efficient polarizing sources. After a short introduction, Section 2 presents a brief history of solid-state DNP, highlighting the main polarization transfer schemes. The third section is devoted to the development of dinitroxide radicals, discussing the guidelines that were progressively established to design the fine-tuned molecular structures in use today. In Section 4, we describe recent efforts in developing hybrid radicals composed of a narrow EPR line radical covalently linked to a nitroxide, highlighting the parameters that modulate the DNP efficiency of these mixed structures. Section 5 reviews recent advances in the design of metal complexes suitable for DNP MAS NMR as exogenous electron sources. In parallel, current strategies that exploit metal ions as endogenous polarization sources are discussed. Section 6 briefly describes the recent introduction of mixed-valence radicals. In the last part, experimental aspects regarding sample formulation are reviewed to make best use of these polarizing agents in a broad panel of application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Menzildjian
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Judith Schlagnitweit
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
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3
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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany,Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany,Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States,Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia,
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4
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Mishra A, Hope MA, Almalki M, Pfeifer L, Zakeeruddin SM, Grätzel M, Emsley L. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enables NMR of Surface Passivating Agents on Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15175-15184. [PMID: 35959925 PMCID: PMC9413210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Surface and bulk molecular modulators are the key to improving the efficiency and stability of hybrid perovskite solar cells. However, due to their low concentration, heterogeneous environments, and low sample mass, it remains challenging to characterize their structure and dynamics at the atomic level, as required to establish structure-activity relationships. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has revealed a wealth of information on the atomic-level structure of hybrid perovskites, but the inherent insensitivity of NMR severely limits its utility to characterize thin-film samples. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) can enhance NMR sensitivity by orders of magnitude, but DNP methods for perovskite materials have so far been limited. Here, we determined the factors that limit the efficiency of DNP NMR for perovskite samples by systematically studying layered hybrid perovskite analogues. We find that the fast-relaxing dynamic cation is the major impediment to higher DNP efficiency, while microwave absorption and particle morphology play a secondary role. We then show that the former can be mitigated by deuteration, enabling 1H DNP enhancement factors of up to 100, which can be harnessed to enhance signals from dopants or additives present in very low concentrations. Specifically, using this new DNP methodology at a high magnetic field and with small sample volumes, we have recorded the NMR spectrum of the 20 nm (6 μg) passivating layer on a single perovskite thin film, revealing a two-dimensional (2D) layered perovskite structure at the surface that resembles the n = 1 homologue but which has greater disorder than in bulk layered perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Mishra
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael A. Hope
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Masaud Almalki
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shaik Mohammed Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory
of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Laboratory
of Magnetic Resonance, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Bertarello A, Berruyer P, Artelsmair M, Elmore CS, Heydarkhan-Hagvall S, Schade M, Chiarparin E, Schantz S, Emsley L. In-Cell Quantification of Drugs by Magic-Angle Spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6734-6741. [PMID: 35385274 PMCID: PMC9026252 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The determination of intracellular drug concentrations can provide a better understanding of the drug function and efficacy. Ideally, this should be performed nondestructively, with no modification of either the drug or the target, and with the capability to detect low amounts of the molecule of interest, in many cases in the μM to nM range (pmol to fmol per million cells). Unfortunately, it is currently challenging to have an experimental technique that provides direct quantitative measurements of intracellular drug concentrations that simultaneously satisfies these requirements. Here, we show that magic-angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS DNP) can be used to fulfill these requirements. We apply a quantitative 15N MAS DNP approach in combination with 15N labeling to quantify the intracellular amount of the drug [15N]CHIR-98014, an activator of the Wingless and Int-1 signaling pathway, determining intracellular drug amounts in the range of tens to hundreds of picomoles per million cells. This is, to our knowledge, the first time that MAS DNP has been used to successfully estimate intracellular drug amounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bertarello
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierrick Berruyer
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Markus Artelsmair
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Sepideh Heydarkhan-Hagvall
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceutical R&D AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Markus Schade
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | - Staffan Schantz
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Abstract
NMR is a noninvasive, molecular-level spectroscopic technique widely used for chemical characterization. However, it lacks the sensitivity to probe the small number of spins at surfaces and interfaces. Here, we use nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond as quantum sensors to optically detect NMR signals from chemically modified thin films. To demonstrate the method's capabilities, aluminum oxide layers, common supports in catalysis and materials science, are prepared by atomic layer deposition and are subsequently functionalized by phosphonate chemistry to form self-assembled monolayers. The surface NV-NMR technique detects spatially resolved NMR signals from the monolayer, indicates chemical binding, and quantifies molecular coverage. In addition, it can monitor in real time the formation kinetics at the solid-liquid interface. With our approach, we show that NV quantum sensors are a surface-sensitive NMR tool with femtomole sensitivity for in situ analysis in catalysis, materials, and biological research.
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7
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NMR spectroscopy probes microstructure, dynamics and doping of metal halide perovskites. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:624-645. [PMID: 37118421 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique to probe atomic-level microstructure and structural dynamics in metal halide perovskites. It can be used to measure dopant incorporation, phase segregation, halide mixing, decomposition pathways, passivation mechanisms, short-range and long-range dynamics, and other local properties. This Review describes practical aspects of recording solid-state NMR data on halide perovskites and how these afford unique insights into new compositions, dopants and passivation agents. We discuss the applicability, feasibility and limitations of 1H, 13C, 15N, 14N, 133Cs, 87Rb, 39K, 207Pb, 119Sn, 113Cd, 209Bi, 115In, 19F and 2H NMR in typical experimental scenarios. We highlight the pivotal complementary role of solid-state mechanosynthesis, which enables highly sensitive NMR studies by providing large quantities of high-purity materials of arbitrary complexity and of chemical shifts calculated using density functional theory. We examine the broader impact of solid-state NMR on materials research and how its evolution over seven decades has benefitted structural studies of contemporary materials such as halide perovskites. Finally, we summarize some of the open questions in perovskite optoelectronics that could be addressed using solid-state NMR. We, thereby, hope to stimulate wider use of this technique in materials and optoelectronics research.
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8
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Reif B, Ashbrook SE, Emsley L, Hong M. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:2. [PMID: 34368784 PMCID: PMC8341432 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-020-00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an atomic-level method used to determine the chemical structure, three-dimensional structure, and dynamics of solids and semi-solids. This Primer summarizes the basic principles of NMR as applied to the wide range of solid systems. The fundamental nuclear spin interactions and the effects of magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses on nuclear spins are the same as in liquid-state NMR. However, because of the anisotropy of the interactions in the solid state, the majority of high-resolution solid-state NMR spectra is measured under magic-angle spinning (MAS), which has profound effects on the types of radiofrequency pulse sequences required to extract structural and dynamical information. We describe the most common MAS NMR experiments and data analysis approaches for investigating biological macromolecules, organic materials, and inorganic solids. Continuing development of sensitivity-enhancement approaches, including 1H-detected fast MAS experiments, dynamic nuclear polarization, and experiments tailored to ultrahigh magnetic fields, is described. We highlight recent applications of solid-state NMR to biological and materials chemistry. The Primer ends with a discussion of current limitations of NMR to study solids, and points to future avenues of development to further enhance the capabilities of this sophisticated spectroscopy for new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Reif
- Technische Universität München, Department Chemie, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Sharon E. Ashbrook
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des sciences et ingénierie chimiques, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mei Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 170 Albany Street, Cambridge, MA 02139
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9
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Viger-Gravel J, Pinon AC, Björgvinsdóttir S, Skantze U, Svensk Ankarberg A, Von Corswant C, Schantz S, Emsley L. High Sensitivity Detection of a Solubility Limiting Surface Transformation of Drug Particles by DNP SENS. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2452-2456. [PMID: 33417900 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the presence of a surface species for the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) AZD9496 with dynamic nuclear polarization surface enhanced nuclear spectroscopy (DNP SENS). We show that using DNP we can elucidate the presence of an amorphous form of the API at the surface of crystalline particles of the salt form. The amorphous form of the API has distinguishable 13C chemical shifts when compared to the salt form under various acidic conditions. The predominant form in frozen particles of AZD9496 is the salt, and we provide evidence to suggest that the amorphous layer at the surface is mainly made up of the dissociated free form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Viger-Gravel
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Organic Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arthur C Pinon
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Swedish NMR Center, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Snædís Björgvinsdóttir
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urban Skantze
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Science, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Svensk Ankarberg
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christian Von Corswant
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Schantz
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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10
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Abfalterer A, Shamsi J, Kubicki DJ, Savory CN, Xiao J, Divitini G, Li W, Macpherson S, Gałkowski K, MacManus-Driscoll JL, Scanlon DO, Stranks SD. Colloidal Synthesis and Optical Properties of Perovskite-Inspired Cesium Zirconium Halide Nanocrystals. ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2020; 2:1644-1652. [PMID: 33313512 PMCID: PMC7724740 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.0c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices based on lead halide perovskites are processed in facile ways, yet are remarkably efficient. There are extensive research efforts investigating lead-free perovskite and perovskite-related compounds, yet there are challenges to synthesize these materials in forms that can be directly integrated into thin film devices rather than as bulk powders. Here, we report on the colloidal synthesis and characterization of lead-free, antifluorite Cs2ZrX6 (X = Cl, Br) nanocrystals that are readily processed into thin films. We use transmission electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction measurements to determine their size and structural properties, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance measurements reveal the presence of oleate ligand, together with a disordered distribution of Cs surface sites. Density functional theory calculations reveal the band structure and fundamental band gaps of 5.06 and 3.91 eV for Cs2ZrCl6 and Cs2ZrBr6, respectively, consistent with experimental values. Finally, we demonstrate that the Cs2ZrCl6 and Cs2ZrBr6 nanocrystal thin films exhibit tunable, broad white photoluminescence with quantum yields of 45% for the latter, with respective peaks in the blue and green spectral regions and mixed systems exhibiting properties between them. Our work represents a critical step toward the application of lead-free Cs2ZrX6 nanocrystal thin films into next-generation light-emitting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Abfalterer
- Cavendish Laboratory,
Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Javad Shamsi
- Cavendish Laboratory,
Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik J. Kubicki
- Cavendish Laboratory,
Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N. Savory
- Department
of Chemistry and Thomas Young Centre, University
College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - James Xiao
- Cavendish Laboratory,
Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Divitini
- Department
of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department
of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Macpherson
- Cavendish Laboratory,
Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Krzysztof Gałkowski
- Cavendish Laboratory,
Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics,
Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus
University, 5th Grudziądzka
St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll
- Department
of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - David O. Scanlon
- Department
of Chemistry and Thomas Young Centre, University
College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory,
Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering and
Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, United Kingdom
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11
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Tamski M, Milani J, Roussel C, Ansermet JP. Electrochemical Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:17769-17776. [PMID: 32766651 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy suffers from low sensitivity due to the low nuclear spin polarization obtained within practically achievable external magnetic fields. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) refers to techniques that increase the NMR signal intensity by transferring spin polarization from electrons to the nuclei. Until now, a common method of introducing unpaired electrons to a sample has been to add to it a radical such as TEMPOL or trityl. The alternative we address here is to use electrochemical oxidation and/or reduction of a redox mediator to generate radical species that can be used for DNP. Surprisingly, the potential of electrochemically-generated radicals as a source of hyperpolarization for DNP has not been investigated so far. In this communication, we show the proof of principle of performing an in situ DNP experiment at a low magnetic field in a solution phase, with electrochemically generated methyl viologen cation radicals. Electrochemistry as a source of radicals can offer exciting prospects for DNP. The electrode may be one that generates radicals with a high spin polarization. The concentration of radicals in the sample can be adjusted by changing the duration and magnitude of the applied electrode potential. Removal of the radical from the sample after spin polarization transfer is also possible, thereby increasing the lifetime of the nuclear hyperpolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Tamski
- Institut de physique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Piveteau L, Dirin DN, Gordon CP, Walder BJ, Ong TC, Emsley L, Copéret C, Kovalenko MV. Colloidal-ALD-Grown Core/Shell CdSe/CdS Nanoplatelets as Seen by DNP Enhanced PASS-PIETA NMR Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3003-3018. [PMID: 32078332 PMCID: PMC7227022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ligand exchange and CdS shell growth onto colloidal CdSe nanoplatelets (NPLs) using colloidal atomic layer deposition (c-ALD) were investigated by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments, in particular, dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhanced phase adjusted spinning sidebands-phase incremented echo-train acquisition (PASS-PIETA). The improved sensitivity and resolution of DNP enhanced PASS-PIETA permits the identification and study of the core, shell, and surface species of CdSe and CdSe/CdS core/shell NPLs heterostructures at all stages of c-ALD. The cadmium chemical shielding was found to be proportionally dependent on the number and nature of coordinating chalcogen-based ligands. DFT calculations permitted the separation of the the 111/113Cd chemical shielding into its different components, revealing that the varying strength of paramagnetic and spin-orbit shielding contributions are responsible for the chemical shielding trend of cadmium chalcogenides. Overall, this study points to the roughening and increased chemical disorder at the surface during the shell growth process, which is not readily captured by the conventional characterization tools such as electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piveteau
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse
129, Zurich CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry N. Dirin
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse
129, Zurich CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Christopher P. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Brennan J. Walder
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ta-Chung Ong
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Maksym V. Kovalenko
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH
Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Empa-Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Überlandstrasse
129, Zurich CH-8600, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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Rankin AGM, Trébosc J, Pourpoint F, Amoureux JP, Lafon O. Recent developments in MAS DNP-NMR of materials. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019; 101:116-143. [PMID: 31189121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the characterization of the atomic-level structure and dynamics of materials. Nevertheless, the use of this technique is often limited by its lack of sensitivity, which can prevent the observation of surfaces, defects or insensitive isotopes. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has been shown to improve by one to three orders of magnitude the sensitivity of NMR experiments on materials under Magic-Angle Spinning (MAS), at static magnetic field B0 ≥ 5 T, conditions allowing for the acquisition of high-resolution spectra. The field of DNP-NMR spectroscopy of materials has undergone a rapid development in the last ten years, spurred notably by the availability of commercial DNP-NMR systems. We provide here an in-depth overview of MAS DNP-NMR studies of materials at high B0 field. After a historical perspective of DNP of materials, we describe the DNP transfers under MAS, the transport of polarization by spin diffusion and the various contributions to the overall sensitivity of DNP-NMR experiments. We discuss the design of tailored polarizing agents and the sample preparation in the case of materials. We present the DNP-NMR hardware and the influence of key experimental parameters, such as microwave power, magnetic field, temperature and MAS frequency. We give an overview of the isotopes that have been detected by this technique, and the NMR methods that have been combined with DNP. Finally, we show how MAS DNP-NMR has been applied to gain new insights into the structure of organic, hybrid and inorganic materials with applications in fields, such as health, energy, catalysis, optoelectronics etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G M Rankin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Julien Trébosc
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France; Univ. Lille, CNRS-FR2638, Fédération Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Frédérique Pourpoint
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Amoureux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France; Bruker Biospin, 34 rue de l'industrie, F-67166, Wissembourg, France
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181, UCCS, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, F-75231, Paris, France.
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Chmelka BF. Materializing opportunities for NMR of solids. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:91-97. [PMID: 31377152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in sensitivity and resolution of NMR of solids are opening a bonanza of fundamental and technological opportunities in materials science. Many of these are at the boundaries of related disciplines that provide creative inputs to motivate the development of new methodologies and possibilities for new applications. As Boltzmann limitations are surmounted by dynamic-nuclear-polarization- and laser-enhanced hyperpolarization techniques, the correlative benefits of multidimensional NMR are becoming more and more impactful. Nevertheless, there are limits, and the atomic-level information provided by solid-state NMR will be most useful in combination with state-of-the-art diffraction, microscopy, computational, and materials synthesis methods. Collectively these can be expected to lead to design criteria that will promote discovery of new materials, lead to novel or improved material properties, catalyze new applications, and motivate further methodological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley F Chmelka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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