1
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Wei S, Li M, Lang X, Robertson NR, Park SY, Cutler SR, Wheeldon I. Repurposing plant hormone receptors as chemically-inducible genetic switches for dynamic regulation in yeast. Metab Eng 2024; 83:102-109. [PMID: 38554744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Precise control of gene expression is critical for optimizing cellular metabolism and improving the production of valuable biochemicals. However, hard-wired approaches to pathway engineering, such as optimizing promoters, can take time and effort. Moreover, limited tools exist for controlling gene regulation in non-conventional hosts. Here, we develop a two-channel chemically-regulated gene expression system for the multi-stress tolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus and use it to tune ethyl acetate production, a native metabolite produced at high titers in this yeast. To achieve this, we repurposed the plant hormone sensing modules (PYR1ABA/HAB1 and PYR1*MANDI/HAB1*) for high dynamic-range gene activation and repression controlled by either abscisic acid (ABA) or mandipropamid (mandi). To redirect metabolic flux towards ethyl acetate biosynthesis, we simultaneously repress pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDA1) and activate pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC1) to enhance ethyl acetate titers. Thus, we have developed new tools for chemically tuning gene expression in K. marxianus and S. cerevisiae that should be deployable across many non-conventional eukaryotic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wei
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Mengwan Li
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Xuye Lang
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas R Robertson
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sang-Youl Park
- Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Sean R Cutler
- Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA; Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ian Wheeldon
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA; Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA; Center for Industrial Biotechnology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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2
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Pani S, Qiu T, Kentala K, Azizi SA, Dickinson BC. Bioorthogonal masked acylating agents for proximity-dependent RNA labelling. Nat Chem 2024; 16:717-726. [PMID: 38594368 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
RNA localization is highly regulated, with subcellular organization driving context-dependent cell physiology. Although proximity-based labelling technologies that use highly reactive radicals or carbenes provide a powerful method for unbiased mapping of protein organization within a cell, methods for unbiased RNA mapping are scarce and comparably less robust. Here we develop α-alkoxy thioenol and chloroenol esters that function as potent acylating agents upon controlled ester unmasking. We pair these probes with subcellular-localized expression of a bioorthogonal esterase to establish a platform for spatial analysis of RNA: bioorthogonal acylating agents for proximity labelling and sequencing (BAP-seq). We demonstrate that, by selectively unmasking the enol probe in a locale of interest, we can map RNA distribution in membrane-bound and membrane-less organelles. The controlled-release acylating agent chemistry and corresponding BAP-seq method expand the scope of proximity labelling technologies and provide a powerful approach to interrogate the cellular organization of RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashree Pani
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaitlin Kentala
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Saara-Anne Azizi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Li J, Gu A, Nong XM, Zhai S, Yue ZY, Li MY, Liu Y. Six-Membered Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocyclic Anti-Tumor Agents: Synthesis and Applications. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202300293. [PMID: 38010365 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stands as a serious malady, posing substantial risks to human well-being and survival. This underscores the paramount necessity to explore and investigate novel antitumor medications. Nitrogen-containing compounds, especially those derived from natural sources, form a highly significant category of antitumor agents. Among these, antitumor agents with six-membered aromatic nitrogen heterocycles have consistently attracted the attention of chemists and pharmacologists. Accordingly, we present a comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies and clinical implications of these compounds in this review. This entails an in-depth analysis of synthesis pathways for pyridine, quinoline, pyrimidine, and quinazoline. Additionally, we explore the historical progression, targets, mechanisms of action, and clinical effectiveness of small molecule inhibitors possessing these structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Ao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Nong
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Shuyang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhu-Ying Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Meng-Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
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4
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Dai Y, Qian M, Li Y. Structural Modification Endows Small-Molecular SN38 Derivatives with Multifaceted Functions. Molecules 2023; 28:4931. [PMID: 37446591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a camptothecin derivative, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) combats cancer by inhibiting topoisomerase I. SN38 is one of the most active compounds among camptothecin derivatives. In addition, SN38 is also a theranostic reagent due to its intrinsic fluorescence. However, the poor water solubility, high systemic toxicity and limited action against drug resistance and metastasis of tumor cells of SN38 indicates that there is great space for the structural modification of SN38. From the perspective of chemical modification, this paper summarizes the progress of SN38 in improving solubility, increasing activity, reducing toxicity and possessing multifunction and analyzes the strategies of structure modification to provide a reference for drug development based on SN38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei 230088, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Meng Qian
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei 230088, China
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5
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Schemenauer D, Pool EH, Raynor SN, Ruiz GP, Goehring LM, Koelper AJ, Wilson MA, Durand AJ, Kourtoglou EC, Larsen EM, Lavis LD, Esteb JJ, Hoops GC, Johnson RJ. Sequence and Structural Motifs Controlling the Broad Substrate Specificity of the Mycobacterial Hormone-Sensitive Lipase LipN. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13252-13264. [PMID: 37065048 PMCID: PMC10099132 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a complex life cycle transitioning between active and dormant growth states depending on environmental conditions. LipN (Rv2970c) is a conserved mycobacterial serine hydrolase with regulated catalytic activity at the interface between active and dormant growth conditions. LipN also catalyzes the xenobiotic degradation of a tertiary ester substrate and contains multiple conserved motifs connected with the ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of difficult tertiary ester substrates. Herein, we expanded a library of fluorogenic ester substrates to include more tertiary and constrained esters and screened 33 fluorogenic substrates for activation by LipN, identifying its unique substrate signature. LipN preferred short, unbranched ester substrates, but had its second highest activity against a heteroaromatic five-membered oxazole ester. Oxazole esters are present in multiple mycobacterial serine hydrolase inhibitors but have not been tested widely as ester substrates. Combined structural modeling, kinetic measurements, and substitutional analysis of LipN showcased a fairly rigid binding pocket preorganized for catalysis of short ester substrates. Substitution of diverse amino acids across the binding pocket significantly impacted the folded stability and catalytic activity of LipN with two conserved motifs (HGGGW and GDSAG) playing interconnected, multidimensional roles in regulating its substrate specificity. Together this detailed substrate specificity profile of LipN illustrates the complex interplay between structure and function in mycobacterial hormone-sensitive lipase homologues and indicates oxazole esters as promising inhibitor and substrate scaffolds for mycobacterial hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
E. Schemenauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Emily H. Pool
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Stephanie N. Raynor
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Gabriela P. Ruiz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Leah M. Goehring
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Andrew J. Koelper
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Madeleine A. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durand
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Elexi C. Kourtoglou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Erik M. Larsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Luke D. Lavis
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - John J. Esteb
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Geoffrey C. Hoops
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - R. Jeremy Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
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6
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Jiang HK, Ambrose NL, Chung CZ, Wang YS, Söll D, Tharp JM. Split aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for proximity-induced stop codon suppression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219758120. [PMID: 36787361 PMCID: PMC9974479 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219758120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology tools for regulating gene expression have many useful biotechnology and therapeutic applications. Most tools developed for this purpose control gene expression at the level of transcription, and relatively few methods are available for regulating gene expression at the translational level. Here, we design and engineer split orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (o-aaRS) as unique tools to control gene translation in bacteria and mammalian cells. Using chemically induced dimerization domains, we developed split o-aaRSs that mediate gene expression by conditionally suppressing stop codons in the presence of the small molecules rapamycin and abscisic acid. By activating o-aaRSs, these molecular switches induce stop codon suppression, and in their absence stop codon suppression is turned off. We demonstrate, in Escherichia coli and in human cells, that split o-aaRSs function as genetically encoded AND gates where stop codon suppression is controlled by two distinct molecular inputs. In addition, we show that split o-aaRSs can be used as versatile biosensors to detect therapeutically relevant protein-protein interactions, including those involved in cancer, and those that mediate severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Kai Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei11529, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu100044, Taiwan
| | - Nicole L. Ambrose
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Christina Z. Chung
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Yane-Shih Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei11529, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei10617, Taiwan
| | - Dieter Söll
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT06511
| | - Jeffery M. Tharp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN46202
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7
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Abstract
Chemiluminescent molecules which emit light in response to a chemical reaction are powerful tools for the detection and measurement of biological analytes and enable the understanding of complex biochemical processes in living systems. Triggerable chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetanes have been studied and tuned over the past decades to advance quantitative measurement of biological analytes and molecular imaging in live cells and animals. A crucial determinant of success for these 1,2-dioxetane based sensors is their chemical structure, which can be manipulated to achieve desired chemical properties. In this Perspective, we survey the structural space of triggerable 1,2-dioxetane and assess how their design features affect chemiluminescence properties including quantum yield, emission wavelength, and decomposition kinetics. Based on this appraisal, we identify some structural modifications of 1,2-dioxetanes that are ripe for exploration in the context of chemiluminescent biological sensors.
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8
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Zhu B, Qian C, Tang H, Kitaguchi T, Ueda H. Creating a Thermostable β-Glucuronidase Switch for Homogeneous Immunoassay by Disruption of Conserved Salt Bridges at Diagonal Interfaces. Biochemistry 2023; 62:309-317. [PMID: 35849118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase (GUS) has been used as a reporter enzyme in molecular biology and engineered as an enzyme switch for the development of homogeneous biosensors. In this study, we developed a thermostable GUS enzyme switch based on the thermostable GUS mutant TR3337 by disrupting a conserved salt bridge (H514-E523) between the diagonal subunits of its homotetramer. A combinatorial library (240 variants) was screened using a novel high-throughput strategy, which led to the identification of mutant DLW (H514D/M516L/Y517W) as a functional enzyme switch in a caffeine-recognizing immunosensor. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to predict the topology change around position 514, and a side-chain flip of D514 (repulsion with E523) was observed in the DLW mutant. Up to 1.8-fold of signal-to-background ratio was confirmed when measured at up to 45 °C, thereby highlighting the DLW mutant as a versatile tool for developing thermostable immunosensors for in vitro and in cellulo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Cheng Qian
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Haoxuan Tang
- Graduate School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kitaguchi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
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9
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Kagalwala HN, Reeves RT, Lippert AR. Chemiluminescent spiroadamantane-1,2-dioxetanes: Recent advances in molecular imaging and biomarker detection. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Yang Z, Fok HKF, Luo J, Yang Y, Wang R, Huang X, Sun F. B 12-induced reassembly of split photoreceptor protein enables photoresponsive hydrogels with tunable mechanics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5482. [PMID: 35363531 PMCID: PMC10938628 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the tools based on split proteins have found broad applications, ranging from controlled biological signaling to advanced molecular architectures, many of them suffer from drawbacks such as background reassembly, low thermodynamic stability, and static structural features. Here, we present a chemically inducible protein assembly method enabled by the dissection of the carboxyl-terminal domain of a B12-dependent photoreceptor, CarHC. The resulting segments reassemble efficiently upon addition of cobalamin (AdoB12, MeB12, or CNB12). Photolysis of the cofactors such as AdoB12 and MeB12 further leads to stable protein adducts harboring a bis-His-ligated B12. Split CarHC enables the creation of a series of protein hydrogels, of which the mechanics can be either photostrengthened or photoweakened, depending on the type of B12. These materials are also well suited for three dimensional cell culturing. Together, this new protein chemistry, featuring negligible background autoassembly, stable conjugation, and phototunability, has opened up opportunities for designing smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongguang Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong Kiu Francis Fok
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiren Luo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ri Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Greater Bay Biomedical InnoCenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University–The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen 518036, China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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11
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Jones K, Snodgrass HM, Belsare K, Dickinson BC, Lewis JC. Phage-Assisted Continuous Evolution and Selection of Enzymes for Chemical Synthesis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1581-1590. [PMID: 34584960 PMCID: PMC8461764 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-dependent biosensors are valuable tools for coupling the intracellular concentrations of small molecules to easily detectable readouts such as absorbance, fluorescence, or cell growth. While ligand-dependent biosensors are widely used for monitoring the production of small molecules in engineered cells and for controlling or optimizing biosynthetic pathways, their application to directed evolution for biocatalysts remains underexplored. As a consequence, emerging continuous evolution technologies are rarely applied to biocatalyst evolution. Here, we develop a panel of ligand-dependent biosensors that can detect a range of small molecules. We demonstrate that these biosensors can link enzymatic activity to the production of an essential phage protein to enable biocatalyst-dependent phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE) and phage-assisted continuous selection (PACS). By combining these phage-based evolution and library selection technologies, we demonstrate that we can evolve enzyme variants with improved and expanded catalytic properties. Finally, we show that the genetic diversity resulting from a highly mutated PACS library is enriched for active enzyme variants with altered substrate scope. These results lay the foundation for using phage-based continuous evolution and selection technologies to engineer biocatalysts with novel substrate scope and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysten
A. Jones
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Harrison M. Snodgrass
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Ketaki Belsare
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Bryan C. Dickinson
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Jared C. Lewis
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
- E-mail:
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12
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Lai Y, Zhang T, Song W, Li Z, Lin W. Evaluation of Cell Viability with a Single Fluorescent Probe Based on Two Kinds of Fluorescence Signal Modes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12487-12493. [PMID: 34455772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accurate evaluation of cell viability is important for dosage tests of anticancer drugs, pathology, and numerous biological experiments. However, due to the serious insufficieny of fluorescent probes, which can distinguish various cell states, the study of cell viability is immensely limited. To resolve this issue, we design and synthesize a new probe ACD-E to monitor cell viability with two kinds of fluorescence signal modes, the first single fluorescent probe that can distinguish three different cell states and furnish accurate information in biological experiments. ACD-E can discriminate live and dead cells in a dual-color mode by evaluating cell mitochondrial esterase activity and can also discriminate live and early necrosis cells by determining mitochondrial viscosity in a "turn-on" mode in the near-infrared region. Significantly, the novel ACD-E can also distinguish cell viability in vivo. This work establishes a robust strategy for monitoring multiple cell states using a single fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbo Lai
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Zihong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, P. R. China
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13
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Haris U, Kagalwala HN, Kim YL, Lippert AR. Seeking Illumination: The Path to Chemiluminescent 1,2-Dioxetanes for Quantitative Measurements and In Vivo Imaging. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2844-2857. [PMID: 34110136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence is a fascinating phenomenon that evolved in nature and has been harnessed by chemists in diverse ways to improve life. This Account tells the story of our research group's efforts to formulate and manifest spiroadamantane 1,2-dioxetanes with triggerable chemiluminescence for imaging and monitoring important reactive analytes in living cells, animals, and human clinical samples. Analytes like reactive sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as pH and hypoxia can be indicators of cellular function or dysfunction and are often implicated in the causes and effects of disease. We begin with a foundation in binding-based and activity-based fluorescence imaging that has provided transformative tools for understanding biological systems. The intense light sources required for fluorescence excitation, however, introduce autofluorescence and light scattering that reduces sensitivity and complicates in vivo imaging. Our work and the work of our collaborators were the first to demonstrate that spiroadamantane 1,2-dioxetanes had sufficient brightness and biological compatibility for in vivo imaging of enzyme activity and reactive analytes like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) inside of living mice. This launched an era of renewed interest in 1,2-dioxetanes that has resulted in a plethora of new chemiluminescence imaging agents developed by groups around the world. Our own research group focused its efforts on reactive sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen species, pH, and hypoxia, resulting in a large family of bright chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetanes validated for cell monitoring and in vivo imaging. These chemiluminescent probes feature low background and high sensitivity that have been proven quite useful for studying signaling, for example, the generation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in cellular models of immune function and phagocytosis. This high sensitivity has also enabled real-time quantitative reporting of oxygen-dependent enzyme activity and hypoxia in living cells and tumor xenograft models. We reported some of the first ratiometric chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetane systems for imaging pH and have introduced a powerful kinetics-based approach for quantification of reactive species like azanone (nitroxyl, HNO) and enzyme activity in living cells. These tools have been applied to untangle complex signaling pathways of peroxynitrite production in radiation therapy and as substrates in a split esterase system to provide an enzyme/substrate pair to rival luciferase/luciferin. Furthermore, we have pushed chemiluminescence toward commercialization and clinical translation by demonstrating the ability to monitor airway hydrogen peroxide in the exhaled breath of asthma patients using transiently produced chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetanedione intermediates. This body of work shows the powerful possibilities that can emerge when working at the interface of light and chemistry, and we hope that it will inspire future scientists to seek out ever brighter and more illuminating ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uroob Haris
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Husain N. Kagalwala
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Yujin Lisa Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Alexander R. Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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14
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Makhija S, Brown D, Rudlaff RM, Doh JK, Bourke S, Wang Y, Zhou S, Cheloor-Kovilakam R, Huang B. Versatile Labeling and Detection of Endogenous Proteins Using Tag-Assisted Split Enzyme Complementation. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:671-681. [PMID: 33734687 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in genome engineering have expanded our capabilities to study proteins in their natural states. In particular, the ease and scalability of knocking-in small peptide tags has enabled high throughput tagging and analysis of endogenous proteins. To improve enrichment capacities and expand the functionality of knock-ins using short tags, we developed the tag-assisted split enzyme complementation (TASEC) approach, which uses two orthogonal small peptide tags and their cognate binders to conditionally drive complementation of a split enzyme upon labeled protein expression. Using this approach, we have engineered and optimized the tag-assisted split HaloTag complementation system (TA-splitHalo) and demonstrated its versatile applications in improving the efficiency of knock-in cell enrichment, detection of protein-protein interaction, and isolation of biallelic gene edited cells through multiplexing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Makhija
- UC Berkeley - UCSF Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - David Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Rachel M. Rudlaff
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Julia K. Doh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Struan Bourke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Yina Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Shuqin Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- School of Pharmacy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Rasmi Cheloor-Kovilakam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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15
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Li ES, Saha MS. Optimizing Calcium Detection Methods in Animal Systems: A Sandbox for Synthetic Biology. Biomolecules 2021; 11:343. [PMID: 33668387 PMCID: PMC7996158 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1970s, the emergence and expansion of novel methods for calcium ion (Ca2+) detection have found diverse applications in vitro and in vivo across a series of model animal systems. Matched with advances in fluorescence imaging techniques, the improvements in the functional range and stability of various calcium indicators have significantly enhanced more accurate study of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics and its effects on cell signaling, growth, differentiation, and regulation. Nonetheless, the current limitations broadly presented by organic calcium dyes, genetically encoded calcium indicators, and calcium-responsive nanoparticles suggest a potential path toward more rapid optimization by taking advantage of a synthetic biology approach. This engineering-oriented discipline applies principles of modularity and standardization to redesign and interrogate endogenous biological systems. This review will elucidate how novel synthetic biology technologies constructed for eukaryotic systems can offer a promising toolkit for interfacing with calcium signaling and overcoming barriers in order to accelerate the process of Ca2+ detection optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret S. Saha
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA;
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16
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Dolberg TB, Meger AT, Boucher JD, Corcoran WK, Schauer EE, Prybutok AN, Raman S, Leonard JN. Computation-guided optimization of split protein systems. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:531-539. [PMID: 33526893 PMCID: PMC8084939 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Splitting bioactive proteins into conditionally reconstituting fragments is a powerful strategy for building tools to study and control biological systems. However, split proteins often exhibit a high propensity to reconstitute even without the conditional trigger, limiting their utility. Current approaches for tuning reconstitution propensity are laborious, context-specific, or often ineffective. Here, we report a computational design strategy grounded in fundamental protein biophysics to guide experimental evaluation of a sparse set of mutants to identify an optimal functional window. We hypothesized that testing a limited set of mutants would direct subsequent mutagenesis efforts by predicting desirable mutant combinations from a vast mutational landscape. This strategy varies the degree of interfacial destabilization while preserving stability and catalytic activity. We validate our method by solving two distinct split protein design challenges, generating both design and mechanistic insights. This new technology will streamline the generation and use of split protein systems for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor B Dolberg
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Anthony T Meger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan D Boucher
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - William K Corcoran
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Schauer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Alexis N Prybutok
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Srivatsan Raman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Joshua N Leonard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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17
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Yudenko A, Smolentseva A, Maslov I, Semenov O, Goncharov IM, Nazarenko VV, Maliar NL, Borshchevskiy V, Gordeliy V, Remeeva A, Gushchin I. Rational Design of a Split Flavin-Based Fluorescent Reporter. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:72-83. [PMID: 33325704 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein-fragment complementation assays are used ubiquitously for probing protein-protein interactions. Most commonly, the reporter protein is split in two parts, which are then fused to the proteins of interest and can reassemble and provide a readout if the proteins of interest interact with each other. The currently known split fluorescent proteins either can be used only in aerobic conditions and assemble irreversibly, or require addition of exogenous chromophores, which complicates the design of experiments. In recent years, light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domains of several photoreceptor proteins have been developed into flavin-based fluorescent proteins (FbFPs) that, under some circumstances, can outperform commonly used fluorescent proteins such as GFP. Here, we show that CagFbFP, a small thermostable FbFP based on a LOV domain-containing protein from Chloroflexus aggregans, can serve as a split fluorescent reporter. We use the available genetic and structural information to identify three loops between the conserved secondary structure elements, Aβ-Bβ, Eα-Fα, and Hβ-Iβ, that tolerate insertion of flexible poly-Gly/Ser segments and eventually splitting. We demonstrate that the designed split pairs, when fused to interacting proteins, are fluorescent in vivo in E. coli and human cells and have low background fluorescence. Our results enable probing protein-protein interactions in anaerobic conditions without using exogenous fluorophores and provide a basis for further development of LOV and PAS (Per-Arnt-Sim) domain-based fluorescent reporters and optogenetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Yudenko
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Anastasia Smolentseva
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Ivan Maslov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Oleg Semenov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Ivan M. Goncharov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Vera V. Nazarenko
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Nina L. Maliar
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Valentin Borshchevskiy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Valentin Gordeliy
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
- Institut de Biologie Structurale J.-P. Ebel, Université Grenoble Alpes-CEA-CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- JuStruct: Jülich Center for Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alina Remeeva
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Ivan Gushchin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
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18
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Dewey JA, Dickinson BC. Split T7 RNA polymerase biosensors to study multiprotein interaction dynamics. Methods Enzymol 2020; 641:413-432. [PMID: 32713533 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are involved in nearly all cellular processes. PPIs are particularly crucial for mediating selectivity along signaling pathways. Thus, measuring the competitive interplay between PPIs in a cell is important for both understanding fundamental cellular regulation and developing therapeutics targeting those whose dysregulation is associated with disease. A variety of split protein reporter-based tools are available to measure if two proteins interact within a cell and thereby characterize the general determinants of their interactions. PPIs, however, occur within complex networks facilitated by dynamic biophysical nuances that determine activity and selectivity. Evolved, proximity-dependent split T7 RNA polymerase (RNAP) biosensors have recently been used to perform deep mutational scanning of PPI interfaces, and to create synthetic gene circuits. In this chapter, we present the application of proximity-dependent split RNAP biosensors as a method to measure multidimensional PPIs in live cells. Orthogonal split RNAP "tags" encode each interaction in a unique RNA signal, thereby enabling the study of multiple competitive PPIs in live cells. Each unique RNA signal can be quantified via established RNA analysis methods. Herein, we provide advice and protocols to aid other researchers in using the split RNAP biosensor, focusing primarily on how to detect multiple PPIs in mammalian cells, including their dynamic interplay in the presence of small molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Dewey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bryan C Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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19
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Thiel Z, Nguyen J, Rivera‐Fuentes P. Genetically Encoded Activators of Small Molecules for Imaging and Drug Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7669-7677. [PMID: 31898373 PMCID: PMC7318188 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical biologists have developed many tools based on genetically encoded macromolecules and small, synthetic compounds. The two different approaches are extremely useful, but they have inherent limitations. In this Minireview, we highlight examples of strategies that combine both concepts to tackle challenging problems in chemical biology. We discuss applications in imaging, with a focus on super-resolved techniques, and in probe and drug delivery. We propose future directions in this field, hoping to inspire chemical biologists to develop new combinations of synthetic and genetically encoded probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Thiel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringEPF LausanneCH C2 425, Station 61015LausanneSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Jade Nguyen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringEPF LausanneCH C2 425, Station 61015LausanneSwitzerland
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryETH ZurichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 38093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pablo Rivera‐Fuentes
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringEPF LausanneCH C2 425, Station 61015LausanneSwitzerland
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20
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Thiel Z, Nguyen J, Rivera‐Fuentes P. Genetically Encoded Activators of Small Molecules for Imaging and Drug Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Thiel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering EPF Lausanne CH C2 425, Station 6 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jade Nguyen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering EPF Lausanne CH C2 425, Station 6 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Pablo Rivera‐Fuentes
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering EPF Lausanne CH C2 425, Station 6 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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21
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Sierecki E. A Novel Split Reporter Uncages New Possibilities. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1744-1746. [PMID: 31807674 PMCID: PMC6891854 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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