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Abstract
Most proteins receive an acetyl group at the N terminus while in their nascency as the result of modification by co-translationally acting N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs). The N-terminal acetyl group can influence several aspects of protein functionality. From studies of NAT-lacking cells, it is evident that several cellular processes are affected by this modification. More recently, an increasing number of genetic cases have demonstrated that N-terminal acetylation has crucial roles in human physiology and pathology. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of the human NAT enzymes and their properties, substrate coverage, cellular roles and connections to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Aksnes
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina McTiernan
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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Vinson DA, Stephens KE, O’Meally RN, Bhat S, Dancy BCR, Cole RN, Yegnasubramanian S, Taverna SD. De novo methylation of histone H3K23 by the methyltransferases EHMT1/GLP and EHMT2/G9a. Epigenetics Chromatin 2022; 15:36. [PMID: 36411491 PMCID: PMC9677696 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-022-00468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications to histone proteins serve an important role in regulating permissive and repressive chromatin states, but despite the identification of many histone PTMs and their perceived role, the epigenetic writers responsible for generating these chromatin signatures are not fully characterized. Here, we report that the canonical histone H3K9 methyltransferases EHMT1/GLP and EHMT2/G9a are capable of catalyzing methylation of histone H3 lysine 23 (H3K23). Our data show that while both enzymes can mono- and di-methylate H3K23, only EHMT1/GLP can tri-methylate H3K23. We also show that pharmacologic inhibition or genetic ablation of EHMT1/GLP and/or EHMT2/G9a leads to decreased H3K23 methylation in mammalian cells. Taken together, this work identifies H3K23 as a new direct methylation target of EHMT1/GLP and EHMT2/G9a, and highlights the differential activity of these enzymes on H3K23 as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Vinson
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Kimberly E. Stephens
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.241054.60000 0004 4687 1637Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Robert N. O’Meally
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Shri Bhat
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Blair C. R. Dancy
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500 USA
| | - Robert N. Cole
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Sean D. Taverna
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Aldrich CC, Calderón F, Conway SJ, He C, Hooker JM, Huryn DM, Lindsley CW, Liotta DC, Müller CE. Virtual Special Issue: Epigenetics 2022. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2673-2678. [PMID: 36268572 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Aldrich CC, Calderón F, Conway SJ, He C, Hooker JM, Huryn DM, Lindsley CW, Liotta DC, Müller CE. Virtual Special Issue: Epigenetics 2022. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:829-834. [PMID: 36268124 PMCID: PMC9578134 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aldrich CC, Calderón F, Conway SJ, He C, Hooker JM, Huryn DM, Lindsley CW, Liotta DC, Müller CE. Virtual Special Issue: Epigenetics 2022. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1975-1980. [PMID: 36073808 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Aldrich CC, Calderón F, Conway SJ, He C, Hooker JM, Huryn DM, Lindsley CW, Liotta DC, Müller CE. Virtual Special Issue: Epigenetics 2022. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1524-1529. [PMID: 36262399 PMCID: PMC9575161 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Aldrich CC, Calderón F, Conway SJ, He C, Hooker JM, Huryn DM, Lindsley CW, Liotta DC, Müller CE. Virtual Special Issue: Epigenetics 2022. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11894-11899. [PMID: 36073827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Aldrich CC, Calderón F, Conway SJ, He C, Hooker JM, Huryn DM, Lindsley CW, Liotta DC, Müller CE. Virtual Special Issue: Epigenetics 2022. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022. [PMID: 36067366 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Mitchener MM, Muir TW. Oncohistones: Exposing the nuances and vulnerabilities of epigenetic regulation. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2925-2938. [PMID: 35985302 PMCID: PMC9482148 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Work over the last decade has uncovered a new layer of epigenetic dysregulation. It is now appreciated that somatic missense mutations in histones, the packaging agents of genomic DNA, are often associated with human pathologies, especially cancer. Although some of these "oncohistone" mutations are thought to be key drivers of cancer, the impacts of the majority of them on disease onset and progression remain to be elucidated. Here, we survey this rapidly expanding research field with particular emphasis on how histone mutants, even at low dosage, can corrupt chromatin states. This work is unveiling the remarkable intricacies of epigenetic control mechanisms. Throughout, we highlight how studies of oncohistones have leveraged, and in some cases fueled, the advances in our ability to manipulate and interrogate chromatin at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom W Muir
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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