Celastrol Targets Cullin-Associated and Neddylation-Dissociated 1 to Prevent Fibroblast-Myofibroblast Transformation against Pulmonary Fibrosis

New insights into SUMOylation and NEDDylation in fibrosis

Fibrosis is the outcome of any abnormal tissue repair process that results in normal tissue replacement with scar tissue, leading to persistent tissue damage and cellular injury. During the process of fibrosis, many cytokines and chemokines are involved, and their activities are controlled by post-translational modifications, especially SUMOylation and NEDDylation. Both these modifications entail a three-step process of activation, conjugation, and ligation that involves three kinds of enzymes, namely, E1 activating, E2 conjugating, and E3 ligase enzymes. SUMOylation participates in organ fibrosis by modulating FXR, PML, TGF-β receptor I, Sirt3, HIF-1α, and Sirt1, while NEDDylation influences organ fibrosis by regulating cullin3, NIK, SRSF3, and UBE2M. Further investigations exhibit the therapeutic potentials of SUMOylation/NEDDylation activators and inhibitors against organ fibrosis, especially ginkgolic acid in SUMOylation and MLN4924 in NEDDylation. These results demonstrate the therapeutic effects of SUMOylation and NEDDylation against organ fibrosis and highlight their activators as well as inhibitors as potential candidates. In the future, deeper investigations of SUMOylation and NEDDylation are needed to identify novel substrates against organ fibrosis; moreover, clinical investigations are needed to determine the therapeutic effects of their activators and inhibitors that can benefit patients. This review highlights that SUMOylation and NEDDylation function as potential therapeutic targets for organ fibrosis.

Complex Inhibitory Activity of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids against Cutaneous Melanoma In Vitro and In Vivo: A Literature Review and Reconstruction of Their Melanoma-Related Protein Interactome

Pentacyclic triterpenoids (PTs) are a class of plant metabolites with a wide range of pharmacological activities, including strong antitumor potential against skin malignancies. By acting on multiple signaling pathways that control key cellular processes, PTs are able to exert complex effects on melanoma progression in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we have analyzed the works published in the past decade and devoted to the effects of PTs, both natural and semisynthetic, on cutaneous melanoma pathogenesis, including not only their direct action on melanoma cells but also their influence on the tumor microenvironment and abberant melanogenesis, often associated with melanoma aggressiveness. Special attention will be paid to the molecular basis of the pronounced antimelanoma potency of PTs, including a detailed consideration of the pathways sensitive to PTs in melanoma cells, as well as the reconstruction of the melanoma-related protein interactome of PTs using a network pharmacology approach based on previously published experimentally verified protein targets of PTs. The information collected on the primary targets of PTs was compiled in the Protein Interactome of PTs (PIPTs) database, freely available at http://www.pipts-db.ru/, which can be used to further optimize the mechanistic studies of PTs in the context of melanoma and other malignancies. By summarizing recent research findings, this review provides valuable information to scientists working in the fields related to the evaluation of melanoma pathogenesis and development of PTs-based drug candidates.

Kidney fibrosis molecular mechanisms Spp1 influences fibroblast activity through transforming growth factor beta smad signaling

Kidney fibrosis marks a critical phase in chronic kidney disease with its molecular intricacies yet to be fully understood. This study's deep dive into single-cell sequencing data of renal tissue during fibrosis pinpoints the pivotal role of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in the fibrotic transformation. Through identifying distinct cell populations and conducting transcriptomic analysis, Spp1 emerged as a key gene associated with renal fibrosis. The study's experimental findings further confirm Spp1's vital function in promoting fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation via the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, underscoring its contribution to fibrosis progression. The suppression of Spp1 expression notably hindered this differentiation process, spotlighting Spp1 as a promising therapeutic target for halting renal fibrosis. This condensed summary encapsulates the essence and findings of the original research within the specified word limit.

Celastrol-Ligustrazine compound proven to be a novel drug candidate for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by intervening in the TGF-β1 mediated pathways-an experimental in vitro and vivo study

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a disease characterized by pulmonary interstitial fibrosis and collagen proliferation, currently lacking effective therapeutic options. The combined use of Celastrol and Ligustrazine has been proved to synergistically improve the pathological processes of inflammation and fibrosis. In earlier studies, we designed and synthesized a Celastrol-Ligustrazine compound CL-001, though its role in IPF remains unclear. Here, the effects and mechanisms of CL-001 in bleomycin (BLM)-induced IPF were investigated. In vivo, CL-001 significantly improved lung function, reduced pulmonary inflammation, and decreased collagen deposition, thereby preventing the progression of IPF. In vitro, CL-001 concurrently inhibited both Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways, thereby suppressing TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and epithelial cell migration. This inhibitory effect was superior to that of Celastrol or Ligustrazine administered alone. Additionally, CL-001 significantly increased the level of apoptosis and promoted the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Caspase-8 and PARP), ultimately leading to widespread apoptosis in activated lung epithelial cells. In summary, CL-001 exhibits excellent anti-IPF effects both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its potential as a novel candidate drug for IPF, warranting further development.

Monomeric compounds from natural products for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis: a review

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is the end stage of lung injury and chronic lung diseases that results in diminished lung function, respiratory failure, and ultimately mortality. Despite extensive research, the pathogenesis of this disease remains elusive, and effective therapeutic options are currently limited, posing a significant clinical challenge. In addition, research on traditional Chinese medicine and naturopathic medicine is hampered by several complications due to complex composition and lack of reference compounds. Natural product monomers, possessing diverse biological activities and excellent safety profiles, have emerged as potential candidates for preventing and treating PF. The effective anti-PF ingredients identified can be generally divided into flavonoids, saponins, polysaccharides, and alkaloids. Specifically, these monomeric compounds can attenuate inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and other physiopathological processes of the lung through many signaling pathways. They also improve pulmonary factors. Additionally, they ameliorate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibroblast-myofibroblast transdifferentiation (FMT) by regulating multiple signal amplifiers in the lungs, thereby mitigating PF. This review highlights the significant role of monomer compounds derived from natural products in reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and inhibiting EMT process. The article provides comprehensive information and serves as a solid foundation for further exploration of new strategies to harness the potential of botanicals in the treatment of PF.

Celastrol alleviates subconjunctival fibrosis induced by silicone implants mimicking glaucoma surgery

Subconjunctival fibrosis is critical to the outcomes of several ophthalmic conditions or procedures, such as glaucoma filtering surgery. This study aimed to investigate the anti-fibrotic effect of celastrol on subconjunctival fibrosis and to further reveal the underlying mechanisms. We used celastrol-loaded nanomicelles hydrogel hybrid as a sustained-release drug. A rabbit model of subconjunctival fibrosis following silicone implantation was used for in vivo study, and TGF-β1-induced human pterygium fibroblast (HPF) activation as an in vitro model. The effects of celastrol on inhibiting TGF-β1-induced migration and proliferation of HPFs were evaluated by scratch wound assay and CCK-8, respectively. Immunofluorescence and western blotting were used to examine the effect of celastrol on the expression of α-SMA, collagen I, fibronectin, and the targets of the Hippo signaling pathway. We found that in vivo celastrol treatment reduced the expression of YAP and TAZ in subconjunctival tissue. Moreover, celastrol alleviated collagen deposition and subconjunctival fibrosis at 8 weeks. No obvious tissue toxicity was observed in the rabbit models. Mechanistically, celastrol significantly inhibited TGF-β1-induced proliferation and migration of HPFs. Pretreatment of HPFs with celastrol also suppressed the TGF-β1-induced protein expression of α-SMA, collagen I, fibronectin, TGF-βRII, phosphorylated Smad2/3, YAP, TAZ, and TEAD1. In conclusion, celastrol effectively prevented subconjunctival fibrosis through inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad2/3-YAP/TAZ pathway. Celastrol could serve as a promising therapy for subconjunctival fibrosis.

Degradation-Based Protein Profiling: A Case Study of Celastrol

Natural products, while valuable for drug discovery, encounter limitations like uncertainty in targets and toxicity. As an important active ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine, celastrol exhibits a wide range of biological activities, yet its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, they introduced an innovative "Degradation-based protein profiling (DBPP)" strategy, which combined PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTAC) technology with quantitative proteomics and Immunoprecipitation-Mass Spectrometry (IP-MS) techniques, to identify multiple targets of natural products using a toolbox of degraders. Taking celastrol as an example, they successfully identified its known targets, including inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PI3Kα), and cellular inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A), as well as potential new targets such as checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), O-GlcNAcase (OGA), and DNA excision repair protein ERCC-6-like (ERCC6L). Furthermore, the first glycosidase degrader is developed in this work. Finally, by employing a mixed PROTAC toolbox in quantitative proteomics, they also achieved multi-target identification of celastrol, significantly reducing costs while improving efficiency. Taken together, they believe that the DBPP strategy can complement existing target identification strategies, thereby facilitating the rapid advancement of the pharmaceutical field.

Celastrol: The new dawn in the treatment of vascular remodeling diseases

Evidence is mounting that abnormal vascular remodeling leads to many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This suggests that vascular remodeling can be a crucial target for the prevention and treatment of CVDs. Recently, celastrol, an active ingredient of the broadly used Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has attracted extensive interest for its proven potential to improve vascular remodeling. Substantial evidence has shown that celastrol improves vascular remodeling by ameliorating inflammation, hyperproliferation, and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells, vascular calcification, endothelial dysfunction, extracellular matrix remodeling, and angiogenesis. Moreover, numerous reports have proven the positive effects of celastrol and its therapeutic promise in treating vascular remodeling diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and pulmonary artery hypertension. The present review summarizes and discusses the molecular mechanism of celastrol regulating vascular remodeling and provides preclinical proof for future clinical applications of celastrol.