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Wang C, Li J, Zhao L, Qian P. Shape transformations of red blood cells in the capillary and their possible connections to oxygen transportation. J Biol Phys 2022; 48:79-92. [PMID: 34799817 PMCID: PMC8866595 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-021-09594-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a series of numerical simulations have been performed to obtain the steady shapes of red blood cells under a shear force field in the capillary. Two possible classes of steady shapes, the axisymmetric parachute and the non-axisymmetric parachute, are found. If we assume that oxygen diffusion across the red cell membrane is mediated by membrane curvature, it is found that the non-axisymmetric parachute will be more favorable due to its special shape which enables it to have a larger portion of membrane patch capable of releasing oxygen to tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqun Wang
- Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China ,Beijing Computing Center, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Macromolecular Science, the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liutao Zhao
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350 China ,Beijing Computing Center, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Ping Qian
- Department of Physics, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Tsuji G, Sunami T, Oki M, Ichihashi N. Exchange of Proteins in Liposomes through Streptolysin O Pores. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1966-1973. [PMID: 33586304 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes, which are vesicles surrounded by lipid membranes, can be used as biochemical reactors by encapsulating various reactions. Accordingly, they are useful for studying cellular functions under controlled conditions that mimic the environment within a cell. However, one of the shortcomings of liposomes as biochemical reactors is the difficulty of introducing or removing proteins due to the impermeability of the membrane. In this study, we established a method for exchanging proteins in liposomes by forming reversible pores in the membrane. We used the toxic protein streptolysin O (SLO); this forms pores in membranes made of phospholipids containing cholesterol that can be closed by the addition of calcium ions. After optimizing the experimental procedure and lipid composition, we observed the exchange of fluorescent proteins (transferrin Alexa Fluor 488 and 647) in 9.9 % of liposomes. We also introduced T7 RNA polymerase, a 98-kDa enzyme, and observed RNA synthesis in ∼8 % of liposomes. Our findings establish a new method for controlling the internal protein composition of liposomes, thereby increasing their utility as bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gakushi Tsuji
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sunami
- Institute for Academic InitiativesOsaka University, Osaka University (Japan), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaya Oki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui-shi, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
| | - Norikazu Ichihashi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.,Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.,Universal Biology Institute, The University of Tokyo 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
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Abstract
The cell-free molecular synthesis of biochemical systems is a rapidly growing field of research. Advances in the Human Genome Project, DNA synthesis, and other technologies have allowed the in vitro construction of biochemical systems, termed cell-free biology, to emerge as an exciting domain of bioengineering. Cell-free biology ranges from the molecular to the cell-population scales, using an ever-expanding variety of experimental platforms and toolboxes. In this review, we discuss the ongoing efforts undertaken in the three major classes of cell-free biology methodologies, namely protein-based, nucleic acids–based, and cell-free transcription–translation systems, and provide our perspectives on the current challenges as well as the major goals in each of the subfields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Noireaux
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Biophysics, and the Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Agrawal A, Apoorva K, Ayappa KG. Transmembrane oligomeric intermediates of pore forming toxin Cytolysin A determine leakage kinetics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07304f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leakage kinetics of Cytolysin A, an α pore forming toxin, occurs through stochastic insertion of oligomeric intermediates or ‘arcs’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Agrawal
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - K. Apoorva
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Hyderabad-502205
- India
| | - K. G. Ayappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering
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Ohta N, Kato Y, Watanabe H, Mori H, Matsuura T. In vitro membrane protein synthesis inside Sec translocon-reconstituted cell-sized liposomes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36466. [PMID: 27808179 PMCID: PMC5093552 DOI: 10.1038/srep36466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis using an in vitro transcription-translation system (IVTT) inside cell-sized liposomes has become a valuable tool to study the properties of biological systems under cell-mimicking conditions. However, previous liposome systems lacked the machinery for membrane protein translocation. Here, we reconstituted the translocon consisting of SecYEG from Escherichia coli inside cell-sized liposomes. The cell-sized liposomes also carry the reconstituted IVTT, thereby providing a cell-mimicking environment for membrane protein synthesis. By using EmrE, a multidrug transporter from E. coli, as a model membrane protein, we found that both the amount and activity of EmrE synthesized inside the liposome is increased approximately three-fold by incorporating the Sec translocon. The topological change of EmrE induced by the translocon was also identified. The membrane integration of 6 out of 9 E. coli inner membrane proteins that was tested was increased by incorporation of the translocon. By introducing the Sec translocon, the membrane integration efficiency of the membrane protein of interest was increased, and enabled the integration of membrane proteins that otherwise cannot be inserted. In addition, this work represents an essential step toward the construction of an artificial cell through a bottom-up approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ohta
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kato
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Watanabe
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotada Mori
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-tyou, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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