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N M, Kumar PS, Manna D. Chemical Methods to Identify Epigenetic Modifications in Cytosine Bases. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202301005. [PMID: 38206202 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Chemical modifications to Cytosine bases are among the most studied epigenetic markers and their detection in the human genome plays a crucial role in gaining more insights about gene regulation, prognosis of genetic disorders and unraveling genetic inheritance patterns. The Cytosine methylated at the 5th position and oxidized derivatives thereof generated in the demethylation pathways, perform separate and unique epigenetic functions in an organism. As the presence of various Cytosine modifications is associated with diverse diseases, including cancer, there has been a strong focus on developing methods, both chemical and alternative approaches, capable of detecting these modifications at a single-base resolution across the entire genome. In this comprehensive review, we aim to consolidate the various chemical methods and understanding their chemistry that have been established to date for the detection of various Cytosine modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumitha N
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parvathy S Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Debasish Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Michel BY, Dziuba D, Benhida R, Demchenko AP, Burger A. Probing of Nucleic Acid Structures, Dynamics, and Interactions With Environment-Sensitive Fluorescent Labels. Front Chem 2020; 8:112. [PMID: 32181238 PMCID: PMC7059644 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence labeling and probing are fundamental techniques for nucleic acid analysis and quantification. However, new fluorescent probes and approaches are urgently needed in order to accurately determine structural and conformational dynamics of DNA and RNA at the level of single nucleobases/base pairs, and to probe the interactions between nucleic acids with proteins. This review describes the means by which to achieve these goals using nucleobase replacement or modification with advanced fluorescent dyes that respond by the changing of their fluorescence parameters to their local environment (altered polarity, hydration, flipping dynamics, and formation/breaking of hydrogen bonds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Y. Michel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 – Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Dmytro Dziuba
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 – Parc Valrose, Nice, France
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, UMR 7021 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 – Parc Valrose, Nice, France
- Mohamed VI Polytechnic University, UM6P, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Alexander P. Demchenko
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnologies, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Physical, Technical and Computer Science, Yuriy Fedkovych National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
| | - Alain Burger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 – Parc Valrose, Nice, France
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Duprey JLHA, Bassani DM, Hyde EI, Jonusauskas G, Ludwig C, Rodger A, Spencer N, Vyle JS, Wilkie J, Zhao ZY, Tucker JHR. Rationalisation of a mechanism for sensing single point variants in target DNA using anthracene-tagged base discriminating probes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:6576-6585. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01710g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence sensing mechanism for identifying single base changes in target DNA strands has been established through detailed biophysical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario M. Bassani
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255
- Université Bordeaux
- Talence 33405
- France
| | - Eva I. Hyde
- School of Biosciences
- The University of Birmingham
- Edgbaston
- UK
| | - Gediminas Jonusauskas
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine
- UMR CNRS 5798
- Université Bordeaux
- Talence 33405
- France
| | - Christian Ludwig
- Henry Wellcome Building for Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences
- College of Medical & Dental Sciences
- University of Birmingham
- Edgbaston
| | - Alison Rodger
- Department of Molecular Sciences
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Macquarie University
- North Ryde
- Australia
| | - Neil Spencer
- School of Chemistry
- University of Birmingham
- Edgbaston
- UK
| | - Joseph S. Vyle
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University Belfast
- Belfast
- UK
| | - John Wilkie
- School of Chemistry
- University of Birmingham
- Edgbaston
- UK
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Kejík Z, Kaplánek R, Havlík M, Bříza T, Jakubek M, Králová J, Mikula I, Martásek P, Král V. Optical probes and sensors as perspective tools in epigenetics. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2295-2306. [PMID: 28285925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of DNA cytosine bases and histone posttranslational modifications play key roles in the control of gene expression and specification of cell states. Such modifications affect many important biological processes and changes to these important regulation mechanisms can initiate or significantly contribute to the development of many serious pathological states. Therefore, recognition and determination of chromatin modifications is an important goal in basic and clinical research. Two of the most promising tools for this purpose are optical probes and sensors, especially colourimetric and fluorescence devices. The use of optical probes and sensors is simple, without highly expensive instrumentation, and with excellent sensitivity and specificity for target structural motifs. Accordingly, the application of various probes and sensors in the recognition and determination of cytosine modifications and structure of histones and histone posttranslational modifications, are discussed in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Kejík
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Kaplánek
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Havlík
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Bříza
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jakubek
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Králová
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Mikula
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Martásek
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Su M, Kirchner A, Stazzoni S, Müller M, Wagner M, Schröder A, Carell T. 5-Formylcytosine Could Be a Semipermanent Base in Specific Genome Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11797-800. [PMID: 27561097 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
5-Formyl-2'-deoxycytosine (fdC) is a recently discovered epigenetic base in the genome of stem cells, with yet unknown functions. Sequencing data show that the base is enriched in CpG islands of promoters and hence likely involved in the regulation of transcription during cellular differentiation. fdC is known to be recognized and excised by the enzyme thymine-DNA-glycosylase (Tdg). As such, fdC is believed to function as an intermediate during active demethylation. In order to understand the function of the new epigenetic base fdC, it is important to analyze its formation and removal at defined genomic sites. Here, we report a new method that combines sequence-specific chemical derivatization of fdC with droplet digital PCR that enables such analysis. We show initial data, indicating that the repair protein Tdg removes only 50 % of the fdCs at a given genomic site, arguing that fdC is a semipermanent base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Su
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Angie Kirchner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Samuele Stazzoni
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Markus Müller
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Mirko Wagner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Arne Schröder
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377, München, Germany.
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Su M, Kirchner A, Stazzoni S, Müller M, Wagner M, Schröder A, Carell T. 5-Formylcytosin ist vermutlich eine semipermanente Base an definierten Genompositionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Su
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Angie Kirchner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Samuele Stazzoni
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Markus Müller
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Mirko Wagner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Arne Schröder
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Thomas Carell
- Center for Integrated Protein Science at the Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 München Deutschland
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